Topic 2 News Agency and newspapers(I)

1、 A news agency is an organization of journalists established to supply news reports to news organizations: newspapers, magazines, and radio and television broadcasters. Such an agency may also be referred to as a wire service, newswire or news service. The oldest news agency is Agence France-Presse

2、(AFP).1 It was founded in 1835 by a Parisian translator and advertising agent, Charles-Louis Havas as Agence Havas. Two of his employees, Paul Julius Reuter and Bernhard Wolff, later set up rival news agencies in London and Berlin respectively. In order to reduce overhead and develop the lucrative a

3、dvertising side of the business, Havass sons, who had succeeded him in 1852, signed agreements with Reuter and Wolff, giving each news agency an exclusive reporting zone in different parts of Europe. News agencies can be corporations that sell news (e.g. Press Association, Thomson Reuters, AHN). Oth

4、er agencies work cooperatively with large media companies, generating their news centrally and sharing local news stories the major news agencies may chose to pick up and redistribute (i.e. AP, Agence France-Presse (AFP) or American Press Agency (APA). Commercial newswire services charge businesses

5、to distribute their news (e.g. Business Wire, Marketwire, and ABN Newswire). Governments may also control news agencies: China (Xinhua), Canada, Russia (ITAR-TASS) and other countries also have government-funded news agencies which also use information from other agencies as well. The major news age

6、ncies generally prepare hard news stories and feature articles that can be used by other news organizations with little or no modification, and then sell them to other news organizations. They provide these articles in bulk electronically through wire services (originally they used telegraphy; today

7、 they frequently use the Internet). Corporations, individuals, analysts and intelligence agencies may also subscribe. News sources collectively described as alternative media provide reporting which emphasizes a self-defined non-corporate view as a contrast to the points of view expressed in corpora

8、te media and government-generated news releases. Internet-based alternative news agencies form one component of these sources. 美聯(lián)社、路透社、法新社、塔斯社、合眾社、新華社等主要通訊社，是全球性的新聞壟斷寡頭，重大新聞基本上都是他們遍布全球的記者在第一時(shí)間搶發(fā)出來(lái)的。The Associated Press is an American news agency. The AP is a cooperative owned by its contributing new

9、spapers, radio and television stations in the United States, which both contribute stories to the AP and use material written by its staff journalists. Many newspapers and broadcasters outside the United States are AP subscribers, paying a fee to use AP material without being contributing members of

10、 the cooperative.As of 2005, the news collected by the AP is published and republished by more than 1,700 newspapers, in addition to more than 5,000 television and radio broadcasters. The photograph library of the AP consists of over 10 million images. The Associated Press operates 243 news bureaus,

11、 and it serves at least 120 countries, with an international staff located all over the world. As part of their cooperative agreement with The Associated Press, most member news organizations grant automatic permission for the AP to distribute their local news reports. For example, on page two of ev

12、ery edition of The Washington Post, the newspapers masthead includes the statement, The Associated Press is entitled exclusively to use for re-publication of all news dispatches credited to it or not otherwise credited in this paper and all local news of spontaneous origin published herein. The Asso

13、ciated Press began diversifying its news gathering capabilities, and by 2007 AP was generating only about 30% of its revenue from United States newspapers. 37% came from the global broadcast customers, 15% from online ventures, and 18% came from international newspapers and from photography. Other E

14、nglish-language news services, such as Reuters and the English-language service of Agence France-Presse, are based outside the United States. More recently launched internet news services, such as All Headline News (AHN) are becoming competitive to the traditional wire services like the AP. The AP e

15、mploys the inverted pyramid formula for writing that enables the news outlets to edit a story to fit its available publication area without losing the storys essential meaning and news information. 1892年美聯(lián)社正式成立於伊利諾州，目前總社設(shè)於紐約。 美聯(lián)社是一個(gè)合作性的非營(yíng)利組織，在美國(guó)本土采會(huì)員制，會(huì)員繳交會(huì)費(fèi)并發(fā)送新聞稿至總社，總社則免費(fèi)提供各地新聞資訊給會(huì)員。 而國(guó)外報(bào)紙、電臺(tái)、電視若要獲

16、得新聞則須繳費(fèi)訂購(gòu)。 給地球各個(gè)角落帶來(lái)光明的只有兩個(gè)：天上的太陽(yáng)和地上的美聯(lián)社 馬克吐溫，19世紀(jì) 我猜想，當(dāng)我死后站在天堂之門(mén)的時(shí)候，碰到的第一個(gè)人會(huì)是名美聯(lián)社記者。 -甘地對(duì)美聯(lián)社記者吉姆米爾斯說(shuō)過(guò)一句令美聯(lián)社無(wú)不得意的話 路透社是英國(guó)最早的一家通訊社，由Paul Julius Reuter於1851年在倫敦創(chuàng)社。 路透社主要在采訪國(guó)外新聞，然后提供給英國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)的報(bào)紙、廣播及電視，同時(shí)也將這些新聞發(fā)送給國(guó)外的訂戶。 網(wǎng)址：http:/ Reuters is a global news agency headquartered in London, United Kingdom owned

17、by Thomson Reuters. Until 2008 the Reuters news agency formed part of an independent company, Reuters Group plc, which was also a provider of financial market data. Since the merger between Reuters Group and The Thomson Corporation the Reuters news agency has been a subsidiary of Thomson Reuters, fo

18、rming part of its Markets Division. Policy of objective language Reuters has a strict policy towards upholding journalistic objectivity. This policy has caused comment on the possible insensitivity of its non-use of the word terrorist in reports, including the 11 September attacks. Reuters has been

19、careful to only use the word terrorist in quotes, whether quotations or scare quotes. Reuters global news editor Stephen Jukes wrote, We all know that one mans terrorist is another mans freedom fighter, and that Reuters upholds the principle that we do not use the word terrorist. The Washington Post

20、 media critic Howard Kurtz responded, After the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, and again after the attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon, Reuters allowed the events to be described as acts of terror. But as of last week, even that terminology is banned. Reuters later apologised for this charac

21、terisation of their policy,8 although they maintained the policy itself.However, when reporting the 7 July 2005 London bombings, the service reported, Police said they suspected terrorists were behind the bombings. This line appeared to break with their previous policy and was also criticised.10 Reu

22、ters later clarified by pointing out they include the word when we are quoting someone directly or in indirect speech, and the headline was an example of the latter.11 The news organisation has subsequently used terrorist without quotations when the article clarifies that it is someone elses words.

23、However, when reporting the 7 July 2005 London bombings, the service reported, Police said they suspected terrorists were behind the bombings. This line appeared to break with their previous policy and was also criticised.10 Reuters later clarified by pointing out they include the word when we are q

24、uoting someone directly or in indirect speech, and the headline was an example of the latter.11 The news organisation has subsequently used terrorist without quotations when the article clarifies that it is someone elses words.法新社的前身為哈瓦斯社，於1835年創(chuàng)立於法國(guó)巴黎。二次大戰(zhàn)後，法國(guó)政府將所有的電訊社包括哈瓦斯社合并為現(xiàn)在的法新社，并給予官方的補(bǔ)助。法新社除了

25、發(fā)送一般新聞稿外，也提供工商行情、時(shí)尚流行及其他特稿。網(wǎng)址：http:/www.afp.fr 塔斯社在世界五大通訊社中地位較特別。它直接隸屬於俄羅斯政府，同時(shí)也具有一般通訊社的特色，有派駐國(guó)外各地的記者、有處理電訊稿的總社、以及對(duì)外發(fā)布新聞的設(shè)備。它對(duì)國(guó)外的報(bào)紙、廣播及電視不收費(fèi)用。 網(wǎng)址：http:/www.itar- 合眾國(guó)際社是目前世界上獨(dú)立經(jīng)營(yíng)的最大通訊社，由於它是營(yíng)利機(jī)構(gòu)，可說(shuō)是真正賣(mài)新聞的通訊社。它的總社設(shè)在紐約。 除了發(fā)出新聞電訊稿之外，它還有幾家附屬機(jī)構(gòu)，如聯(lián)合特稿通訊（United Feature Syndicate）專(zhuān)門(mén)提供各報(bào)社漫畫(huà)、專(zhuān)欄文章等特稿。 網(wǎng)址：http:/

26、埃菲社于年月西班牙內(nèi)戰(zhàn)結(jié)束前創(chuàng)建，是西班牙最大的通訊社，也是全世界所有講西班牙語(yǔ)國(guó)家中規(guī)模最大的通訊社。 總社設(shè)在馬德里，在國(guó)內(nèi)外均設(shè)有分社。埃菲社先后收買(mǎi)了法夫拉、法羅、費(fèi)布斯等通訊社的股份，并始終保持股份公司的形式。日本共同通訊社簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)共同社，于1945年11月1日成立，是日本最大的通訊社，社團(tuán)法人組織。該社實(shí)際上是半官方的通訊社，其報(bào)道在一定程度上反映了日本政府的意圖。共同社每天24小時(shí)工作，重大新聞隨時(shí)播發(fā)“快訊”。除播發(fā)國(guó)內(nèi)外重要消息外，還大量報(bào)道經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)新聞，體育新聞。并有為各新聞機(jī)構(gòu)和企業(yè)服務(wù)的經(jīng)濟(jì)專(zhuān)線。此外還向各地方報(bào)紙發(fā)布特稿，各報(bào)可根據(jù)合同選用和約稿。共同社對(duì)外廣播只有英文

27、一種，分有線和無(wú)線兩種。網(wǎng)址：http:/home.kyodo.co.jp/ 新華社的前身是1931年11月在瑞金成立的紅色中華通訊社，也是用我軍最早繳獲的那一部半電臺(tái)起家的。 最早的業(yè)務(wù)有二：一是用那半部電臺(tái)（只能收不能發(fā)）抄收各大通訊社的電文，包括路透社、同盟社和國(guó)內(nèi)的中央社等，然后編發(fā)成一份刊物供大家參閱，這份刊物也就是后來(lái)的參考消息。二是用那部能發(fā)報(bào)的電臺(tái)，以紅色中華通訊社的名義播發(fā)電訊。 網(wǎng)址：/ Xinhua employs more than 10,000 peopleas compared to about 55,000 for Thom

28、son Reuters; has 107 bureaus worldwide both collecting information on other countries and dispensing information about China; and maintains 31 bureaus in Chinaone for each province plus a military bureau. As most of the newspapers in China cannot afford to station correspondents abroad, or even in e

29、very Chinese province, they rely on Xinhua feeds to fill their pages. Peoples Daily, for example, uses Xinhua material for approximately 25 percent of its stories. Xinhua is a publisher as well as a news agencyit owns more than 20 newspapers and a dozen magazines, and it prints in eight languages: C

30、hinese, English, Spanish, French, Russian, Portuguese, Arabic and Japanese. Xinhua for its own part has criticized the perception of Western media objectivity, citing an incident during the 2008 Tibetan unrest when Western media outlets used a picture of Nepalese police beating Tibetan protesters, misleadingly labeling the pictures as of Chinese police,18 with commentary from CNN calling Chinese leaders goons and thugs. CNN later apologized for the comments,19