2018年高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí) 語法專題突破（核心考點(diǎn) 專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練）專題一 名詞和冠詞課件

1、語法專題突破語法專題突破語法專題一名詞和冠詞語法專題一名詞和冠詞-3-高考感悟考點(diǎn)歸納1.(2016全國甲,語法填空)Recent (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.2.(2016全國甲,語法填空)Then,handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of (achieve).3.(2016全國甲,語法填空)Give your body and brain a rest

2、by stepping outside for while,exercising,or doing something you enjoy.1.studies根據(jù)后面的謂語動(dòng)詞show可知,此處主語要用復(fù)數(shù)形式,用studies。以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)需要將y變?yōu)閕再加es。2.achievement考查名詞。of為介詞,后面用名詞形式。3.afor a while “一會(huì)兒”,為固定搭配。-4-高考感悟考點(diǎn)歸納4.(2016全國乙,語法填空)The nursery team switches him every few (day) with his sister so that w

3、hile one is being bottle-fed, other is with mumshe never suspects.5.(2016全國乙,語法填空)But for tourists like me,pandas are its top (attract).6.(2016四川,語法填空)Any smell might attract natural _(enemy) that would try to eat the little panda.4.days;the根據(jù)前面的修飾詞few可知,第一個(gè)空用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。根據(jù)前面出現(xiàn)的代詞one可知,第二個(gè)空用定冠詞the修飾othe

4、r,特指兩個(gè)中的“另一個(gè)”。5.attraction根據(jù)前面的兩個(gè)修飾詞its top可知,此處用名詞形式。6.enemies熊貓的敵人不止一個(gè),故用復(fù)數(shù)形式。注意enemy變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時(shí)要把y變?yōu)閕,然后再加es。-5-高考感悟考點(diǎn)歸納7.(2015課標(biāo)全國,語法填空)Id skipped nearby Guilin,a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that/which are pictured by artists in so many

5、Chinese (painting).8.(2015課標(biāo)全國,語法填空)The adobe dwellings(土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even most modern of architects and engineers.7.paintings考查名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。根據(jù)前面的修飾語so many可知,此處應(yīng)用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,表示“畫,繪畫作品”。8.the由第一個(gè)空后的most modern以及語境可知,這里指 “最現(xiàn)代的建筑師和工程師”,故用the,the most

6、modern是最高級(jí)形式。-6-高考感悟考點(diǎn)歸納9.(2015課標(biāo)全國,語法填空)In addition to their simple beauty,what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their (able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.10.(2014課標(biāo)全國,語法填空)While there are amazing stories of instant transformation,for most of us the (change) are

7、 gradual and require a lot of effort and work,like cleaning up a polluted river.9.ability由空前的their可知,此處應(yīng)用able的名詞形式,指他們的能力。10.changes根據(jù)前面的the可知,這里用名詞。change的復(fù)數(shù)形式直接加s。句意:雖然也有一些瞬間就能發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)型的故事,但是對(duì)于我們大多數(shù)人來說,這些變化都是逐漸的,需要付出大量的努力和勞動(dòng),就像凈化一條污染了的河流一樣。-7-高考感悟考點(diǎn)歸納一三二四五六一、可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)1.規(guī)則變化-8-高考感悟考點(diǎn)歸納一三二四五六-9-高考感悟考點(diǎn)歸納一三二

8、四五六注意以-o結(jié)尾的下列名詞要加-es,它們是:黑人英雄在回聲中吃土豆、西紅柿,即Negroes,heroes,echoes,potatoes,tomatoes。但下列以-o結(jié)尾的名詞既可以加-es,也可以加-s,它們是:mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子,volcanos(volcanoes)火山。以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的下列名詞需要把f或fe去掉,加-ves。它們是:為了自己活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿著刀子和樹葉站在架子上,把狼劈成兩半,即selves,lives,thieves,wives,knives,leaves,shelves,wolves,halves。但有的以-f結(jié)

9、尾的名詞既可以去掉f加-ves,也可以直接加-s,如:handkerchiefs (handkerchieves)手帕。名詞前有man或woman修飾,變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),做定語的man或woman和后面的名詞都要變成復(fù)數(shù)。如:woman doctorwomen doctors-10-高考感悟考點(diǎn)歸納一三二四五六2.不規(guī)則變化常見單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞Chinese中國人;means方式;works工廠;sheep綿羊;deer鹿;series系列; fish魚;fruit水果等。其中 fish,fruit表示種類時(shí),可加復(fù)數(shù)詞尾,即fishes,fruits。自身有特殊變化的名詞child孩子childre

10、nman男人menfoot腳,英尺feettooth牙teethmedium傳播媒介mediamouse老鼠micephenomenon現(xiàn)象phenomena-11-高考感悟考點(diǎn)歸納一三二四五六3.有些名詞通常只用做復(fù)數(shù)。如:glasses眼鏡,clothes衣服,goods貨物,trousers褲子,belongings所有物,wages工資,riches財(cái)富,surroundings環(huán)境,ashes灰塵,compasses圓規(guī),cattle牛,congratulations祝賀等。有些固定搭配中的名詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)。如:have words with sb.同某人吵架,in high spir

11、its 情緒高昂,give ones regards to sb.向某人問候,in rags衣衫襤褸,have good manners 有禮貌等。-12-高考感悟考點(diǎn)歸納一三二四五六二、不可數(shù)名詞1.不可數(shù)名詞沒有單復(fù)數(shù)之分,它包括抽象名詞、物質(zhì)名詞和專有名詞。下列名詞通常用做不可數(shù)詞:fun,advice,weather,progress,information,bread,butter,baggage,clothing,equipment,furniture,homework,juice,luggage,luck,music,milk,meat,production,permission

12、,practice,thought,rubber,rice,soup,wealth,health,glass,wood,English,America 等。Wealth starts with a goal and saving a dollar at a time.財(cái)富始于一個(gè)目標(biāo),要一美元一美元地積攢。-13-高考感悟考點(diǎn)歸納一三二四五六2.有些名詞既可以用做可數(shù)名詞,也可以用做不可數(shù)名詞,但意義不同。work當(dāng)表示“工作”時(shí)為不可數(shù)名詞,但當(dāng)表示“作品;著作”時(shí)則為可數(shù)名詞。room“空間”(不可數(shù)),“房間”(可數(shù));experience “經(jīng)驗(yàn)”(不可數(shù)),“經(jīng)歷”(可數(shù));pape

13、r“紙”(不可數(shù)),“報(bào)紙、文件、試卷”(可數(shù))。-14-高考感悟考點(diǎn)歸納一三二四五六名詞的所有格表示所屬關(guān)系,它分-s所有格和of所有格兩種形式。1.-s所有格多用來表示有生命的東西。Many students eyesight is getting poorer and poorer.很多學(xué)生的視力變得越來越差了。用and連接的并列名詞的所有格要分兩種情況,即表示各自的所有關(guān)系時(shí),要分別在并列名詞后加-s或;表示共同的所有關(guān)系時(shí),只在最后一個(gè)名詞后加-s或。-15-高考感悟考點(diǎn)歸納一三二四五六Toms and Jims rooms湯姆和吉姆(各自)的房間Tom and Jims room湯

14、姆和吉姆(共同)的房間表示店鋪、辦公室或某人的家時(shí),名詞所有格后被修飾的名詞一般省略。at the barbers在理發(fā)店at the teachers在老師辦公室-16-高考感悟考點(diǎn)歸納一三二四五六2.of所有格表示無生命的事物的名詞通常用of所有格表示所有關(guān)系;名詞短語或有定語修飾的有生命的名詞也常用of 所有格。From the top of the hill,you can get a birds view of the city.從山頂上,你可以鳥瞰整個(gè)城市。3.雙重所有格指名詞所有格或名詞性物主代詞同of構(gòu)成的所有格,即 “of+名詞所有格”。a play of Shakespea

15、res莎士比亞的一個(gè)戲劇a friend of my wifes我妻子的一個(gè)朋友-17-高考感悟考點(diǎn)歸納一三二四五六1.動(dòng)詞變名詞的后綴 -18-高考感悟考點(diǎn)歸納一三二四五六-19-高考感悟考點(diǎn)歸納一三二四五六-20-高考感悟考點(diǎn)歸納一三二四五六2.形容詞變名詞的后綴 -21-高考感悟考點(diǎn)歸納一三二四五六-22-高考感悟考點(diǎn)歸納一三二四五六不定冠詞表示泛指,一般修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)。a用于以輔音音素或半元音音素開頭的單詞前,an用于以元音音素開頭的單詞前。例如:a pen 一支筆an old man 一位老人一、不定冠詞的基本用法1.用在首次提到的人或物的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)前面,泛指某(一)個(gè)人或某(一

16、)個(gè)事物。The “Chinese Dream” is a dream to improve peoples well-being and a dream of harmony,peace and development.“中國夢(mèng)”是一個(gè)改善民生的夢(mèng),一個(gè)和諧、和平、發(fā)展之夢(mèng)。-23-高考感悟考點(diǎn)歸納一三二四五六2.表示“一”,相當(dāng)于one,如:Ill return in a day or two.3.表示“每”,相當(dāng)于per,常用于表示時(shí)間、重量、長度等單位前。如:We have three meals a day.4.表示“同一性”,常構(gòu)成“of+a/an+名詞”形式,相當(dāng)于the sam

17、e,如:The children are of an age.5.表示類指,意為“某類”,如:He wants to be a doctor.6.后面接人名可以表示“一個(gè)叫的人”,或是其作品。如:A Mr.Smith is asking to see you.7.與抽象名詞連用,可以表示“一場(chǎng)、一次、一件”。a success一件成功的事或一個(gè)成功的人,a pity一件遺憾的事,an honour一個(gè)引以為榮的人/一件引以為榮的事。8.與物質(zhì)名詞連用,表示“一種、一陣、一份”。What a heavy rain!-24-高考感悟考點(diǎn)歸納一三二四五六9.序數(shù)詞前使用冠詞的情況“the+序數(shù)詞”表

18、示排序;“a/an+序數(shù)詞”不表示排序,而表示“又一;再一”。如:Mr.Li has decided to buy a second car.I have failed twice,but Ill try a third time.10.比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)前冠詞的選擇“a/an+比較級(jí)”表示“(眾多人或事物中)比更的一個(gè)”,屬于泛指;“the+比較級(jí)”表示“兩者中較的一個(gè)”?！皌he+最高級(jí)”表示三者或三者以上的人或事物中“最的一個(gè)”;“a most+形容詞”表示“一個(gè)很/非常”,此時(shí)后面沒有比較范圍,most只表示“很,非?！?如:Tom is the older of the two boys

19、.The first unit is a most difficult part but not the most difficult.-25-高考感悟考點(diǎn)歸納一三二四五六二、常用不定冠詞的固定搭配all of a sudden突然 as a matter of fact事實(shí)上once a week每星期一次 at a loss不知所措,茫然be on a visit參觀,拜訪be/go on a diet節(jié)食give sb.a lift讓某人搭便車have a gift for.在方面有天賦have a good time玩得開心have a word with.與談話in a hurry匆

20、忙地in a way從某種意義上說make a living謀生 take a walk散步take an interest in.對(duì)感興趣take/have a rest休息一會(huì)兒-26-高考感悟考點(diǎn)歸納一三二四五六一、定冠詞的基本用法1.特指上文提到過的、特定的人或事物,或雙方都明確的人或事物I have a car.The car is red.Pass me the book,please.2.表示某一類人或物。如:The bike is a useful means of transportation.3.用于世上獨(dú)一無二的事物名詞前。如:the universe,the moon,

21、the Pacific Ocean4.用于西洋樂器前。如:play the violin,play the guitar5.表示“一家人”或“夫婦”。如:Could you tell me the way to the Greens,please?Sorry,we dont have a Green here in the village.-27-高考感悟考點(diǎn)歸納一三二四五六6.用于表示國家、黨派等以及江、河、湖、海、山川、群島等名詞前。如:The United States,the Communist Party of China7.用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前。如:The compass w

22、as invented in China.8.在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前,指世紀(jì)的某個(gè)年代。如:in the 1990s(在20世紀(jì)90年代)9.用于表示度量單位的名詞前。如:I hired the car by the hour.(對(duì)比I hired the car by time.)10.用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人。如:the rich,the living,the wounded-28-高考感悟考點(diǎn)歸納一三二四五六11.用于方位名詞、身體部位名詞前。如:The sun rises in the east.hit sb.on the head12.用于普通名詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來的專有名詞前。如:the

23、Great Wall,the West Lake13.與比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)連用。如:比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí),表示“越來越”。The more,the better.表示兩者間“較的一個(gè)”,比較級(jí)前加the。Who is the taller of the two boys?三者或三者以上相比較,表示最高程度時(shí),用“the+最高級(jí)”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示。這種句式一般常有表示比較范圍的介詞短語。如:Mary is the tallest child in her family.-29-高考感悟考點(diǎn)歸納一三二四五六二、常用定冠詞的固定搭配at the moment此刻,目前at the same time同時(shí)by

24、 the way順便說一下on the spot當(dāng)場(chǎng)make the best/most of.充分利用in the distance在遠(yuǎn)處in the end最終in the habit of有的習(xí)慣the other day前幾天on the one hand.,on the other hand.一方面,另一方面to the point中肯,切題-30-高考感悟考點(diǎn)歸納一三二四五六一、零冠詞的基本用法1.專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞表示一般概念時(shí),其前不用冠詞。Beijing is the capital of China.Kindness is virtue.Snow dissolve

25、s into water.-31-高考感悟考點(diǎn)歸納一三二四五六2.表示季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)假日、棋類、球類、學(xué)科、一日三餐、語言、運(yùn)動(dòng)等的名詞前一般不加冠詞。Spring is the best season of the year.I have been studying in this college since July,2015.We have a seven-day holiday on National Holiday.Tom enjoys playing chess.The boys like playing football after class.They can choos

26、e other subjects like Art and Computer Science.Do you have breakfast at home or at school?-32-高考感悟考點(diǎn)歸納一三二四五六3.稱呼語、自己的家庭成員及表示頭銜、職務(wù)的名詞做表語、補(bǔ)足語及同位語時(shí),一般不加冠詞但用做主語或賓語時(shí)要用冠詞。Sam has been appointed manager of the engineering department to take the place of George.Im captain of the class team at school.The cha

27、irman declared the meeting open.4.當(dāng)by與表示交通工具的名詞連用表示方式時(shí),名詞前不用冠詞。Id rather travel by bus than airplane.-33-高考感悟考點(diǎn)歸納一三二四五六二、常用零冠詞的固定搭配in fact事實(shí)上for example例如in danger在危險(xiǎn)中 with pleasure高興地in time及時(shí) in fear恐懼地at work在上班at dinner在吃飯after school放學(xué)后 at first起初at last最終by hand手工做的pay attention to注意set fire t

28、o放火take pride in以為豪 take care of照顧-34-高考感悟考點(diǎn)歸納一三二四五六take office就職take part in參加in town在城里keep.in mind牢記in trouble處在麻煩中on foot步行l(wèi)eave word留言on time按時(shí)catch sight of看見 do harm to對(duì)有害lose weight減肥-35-.單句填空1.I had no (choose) but to prepare for it,though.(2016河北“五個(gè)一名校聯(lián)盟”質(zhì)量監(jiān)測(cè))2.It is used in products from

29、(cup) that keep your drinks hot or cold to packaging materials.(2016河南八市重點(diǎn)中學(xué)質(zhì)量檢測(cè))3.More and more students would drop out of school if their personal (safe) could not be guaranteed.(2016福建五校畢業(yè)班統(tǒng)考)1.choicehave no choice but to do sth.為固定搭配,故用名詞choice。2.cups分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,空后that引導(dǎo)的定語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞為keep,是復(fù)數(shù)形式,故名詞也應(yīng)

30、用復(fù)數(shù)形式cups。3.safety根據(jù)空處前的their personal可知,空處應(yīng)填名詞safety。-36-4.Like university students,the US high school students have the (free) to choose the courses that most interest them.(2016石家莊調(diào)研檢測(cè))5.When Sammy looked up,the train was just a couple of (foot) away.(2016合肥第一次質(zhì)檢)6.Actually with my (confident) bu

31、ilt up,I now turn out to be a great speaker.(2016河北“五個(gè)一名校聯(lián)盟”質(zhì)量監(jiān)測(cè))4.freedom由定冠詞the可知,此處應(yīng)用名詞,即freedom。5.feeta couple of后跟可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。故填foot的復(fù)數(shù)形式feet。6.confidence由形容詞性物主代詞my可知,此處應(yīng)用名詞形式,即confidence。-37-7.Art creates (aware) of social issues.(2016山西考前質(zhì)檢)8.Dogs are very popular pet.(2016石家莊一模)9.Four boys we

32、re taking walk in the woods near Montaigne.(2016鄭州第二次質(zhì)量預(yù)測(cè))7.awarenesscreates是動(dòng)詞,后面應(yīng)用名詞做賓語。故填awareness。8.a由本句中的very popular pet可知,此處應(yīng)用不定冠詞a,表示泛指。9.atake a walk為固定短語,意為“散步”,故用不定冠詞a。-38-10.Experts hope whole society pays more attention to the mental health of adolescents.(2016福建五校畢業(yè)班統(tǒng)考)11. elderly man,

33、Jean Papich,eighty-four,sat in the drivers seat.(2016合肥第一次質(zhì)檢)12.Solving problem of plastic pollution is important.(2016河南八市重點(diǎn)中學(xué)質(zhì)量檢測(cè))10.thethe whole society意為“全社會(huì)”,為固定用法,故填the。11.Anman在文中第一次提到,應(yīng)用不定冠詞,且elderly的讀音以元音音素開頭,故填A(yù)n。12.the因problem后有of plastic pollution做后置定語,表示特指,故填the。-39-13.I dont remember t

34、he first two operations very well,but I do recall third.(2016山東濰坊第一次統(tǒng)考)14.Art is means of communication.(2016山西考前質(zhì)檢)15.My parents had moved to England from India during 1970s.(2016福建畢業(yè)班單科質(zhì)檢)13.the序數(shù)詞前一般用定冠詞the修飾,表示第幾的概念。14.a此處表泛指,藝術(shù)是一種交流的方式。故填a。15.thethe 1970s為固定用法,意為“20世紀(jì)70年代”;表示“某世紀(jì)某年代”時(shí)應(yīng)在數(shù)字前加the。

35、-40-.單句改錯(cuò)1.Could you please give me some advices on how to behave properly?(2016河南百校聯(lián)盟5月質(zhì)檢)2.There goes a old saying,“When in Rome,do as the Romans do.” (2016河南百校聯(lián)盟5月質(zhì)檢)3.We talked about what measure should be taken to improve the situation.(2016河北衡水中學(xué)金卷一)1.advicesadviceadvice是不可數(shù)名詞,沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。2.aanold是

36、元音音素開頭的單詞,其前要用不定冠詞an。3.measuremeasurestake measures to do sth.“采取措施做某事”,measure要用復(fù)數(shù)形式,指“措施”。-41-4.But I call on all the people to take action and put end to the low-quality food. (2016河北衡水中學(xué)金卷一)5.English has become a global language,so Im convinced that learning English is of great useful.(2016山東威海二

37、模)6.Hotpot is the delicious choice.(2016山西省際名校5月押題)4.end前加anput an end to “結(jié)束”,是固定短語。5.usefulusebe of great use=be useful 意為“有用的”。6.thea這里choice是泛指,表示“一個(gè)選擇”,因此要把the改為a。-42-7.Its common for a man to sit cross-legged on the floor,but its not considered acceptable for woman to do so.(2016鄭州第三次質(zhì)檢)8.Then

38、 we visited lecture hall behind the lab building.(2016濟(jì)南5月針對(duì)性訓(xùn)練)7.woman前加awoman是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,這是泛指“一位婦女”。8.lecture前加the這里特指實(shí)驗(yàn)樓后的報(bào)告廳,因此用定冠詞the。-43-9.In the centre we saw a group of student playing musical instruments.(2016濟(jì)南5月針對(duì)性訓(xùn)練)10.There is a park just outside our building,so we have a pleasant view of g

39、rass and trees from our living room with two window.(2016濟(jì)南5月針對(duì)性訓(xùn)練)9.studentstudentsstudent是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,其前有a group of,因此要用復(fù)數(shù)形式students。10.windowwindows根據(jù)其前的two 可知,window要改為復(fù)數(shù)形式。-44-.語法填空Villages in developing countries often lack many things:books,clean water,electricity.These shortages are easy to see.B

40、ut 1._ different kind of shortage is not easy to see.That is 2. _ shortage of experts.Many villages have no doctors,engineers or scientists.They have no one who knows how to treat unusual medical 3.(problem) or design a new expert system.There is a way to ease 4. problems.They can do it with 5.1.a此處

41、表示泛指,指另一不同種類的缺乏。2.the此處特指“專家的缺乏”,故用定冠詞blemsproblem是可數(shù)名詞,這里指醫(yī)療方面的問題,故用復(fù)數(shù)形式。4.the此處特指上文提到的這些問題,故用定冠詞the。puters/a computer從后文的computer scientists以及后文的關(guān)于計(jì)算機(jī)的陳述可知,這里是用計(jì)算機(jī)解決這個(gè)問題。-45-In 6. past few years,computer scientists around the world have developed what they call “expert systems”.An expert system is a special kind of computer program.In some situations,it can take 7. place of 8. human expert.For example,an expert in the medical system can help to take care of a sick person.After asking a few 9. (question) of the patient,it can tell what med