閱讀問題的層次性設(shè)計(jì)

1、閱讀問題的層次性設(shè)計(jì)在剛剛結(jié)束的全國(guó)高中展示課上，江蘇省的課例受到廣泛好評(píng)，獲得第一名，其教學(xué)內(nèi)容What is life? 也得到廣泛關(guān)注。為此，我們找到未刪節(jié)的原文，特請(qǐng)大家結(jié)合我們這兩周關(guān)于閱讀問題的討論，進(jìn)行閱讀問題設(shè)計(jì)。The RoseThe first day of school our professor introduced himself and challenged us to get to know someone we didn't already know. I stood up to look around when a gentle hand touche

2、d my shoulder. I turned around to find a wrinkled, little old lady beaming up at me with a smile that lit up her entire being. She said, 'Hi handsome. My name is Rose. I'm eighty-seven years old. Can I give you a hug?' I laughed and enthusiastically responded, 'Of course you may!'

3、; and she gave me a giant squeeze. 'Why are you in college at such a young, innocent age?' I asked. She jokingly replied, 'I'm here to meet a rich husband, get married, and have a couple of kids.' 'No seriously,' I a sked. I was curious w hat may have motivated her to be

4、taking on this challenge at her age. 'I always dreamed of having a college education and now I'm getting one!' she told me. After class we walked to the student union building and shared a chocolate milkshake. We became instant friends. Every day for the next three months we would leave

5、class together and talk nonstop. I was always mesmerized listening to this 'time machine' as she shared her wisdom and experience with me. Over the course of the year, Rose became a campus icon and she easily made friends wherever she went. She loved to dress up and she reveled in the attent

6、ion bestowed upon her from the other students. She was living it up. At the end of the semester we invited Rose to speak at our football banquet. I'll never forget what she taught us. She was introduced and stepped up to the podium. As she began to deliver her prepared speech, she dropped her th

7、ree by five cards on the floor. Frustrated and a little embarrassed she leaned into the microphone and simply said, 'I'm sorry I'm so jittery. I gave up beer for Lent and this whiskey is killing me! I'll never get my speech back in order so let me just tell you what I know.' As w

8、e laughed she cleared her throat and began, ' We do not stop playing because we are old; we grow old because we stop playing. There are only four secrets to staying young, being happy, and achieving success. You have to laugh and find humor every day. You've got to have a dream. When you los

9、e your dreams, you die. We have so many people walking around who are dead and don't even know it! There is a huge difference between growing older and growing up. If you are nineteen years old and lie in bed for one full year and don't do one productive thing, you will turn twenty years old

10、. If I am eighty-seven years old and stay in bed for a year and never do anything I will turn eighty-eight.Anybody can grow older. That doesn't take any talent or ability. The idea is to grow up by always finding opportunity in change. Have no regrets. The elderly usually don't have regrets

11、for what we did, but rather for things we did not do. The only people who fear death are those with regrets.'She concluded her speech by courageously singing 'The Rose.' She challenged each of us to study the lyrics and live them out in our daily lives. At the year's end Rose finishe

12、d the college degree she had begun all those years ago. One week after graduation Rose died peacefully in her sleep. Over two thousand college students attended her funeral in tribute to the wonderful woman who taught by example that it's never too late to be all you can possibly be.When you fin

13、ish reading this, please send this peaceful word of advice to your friends and family, they'll really enjoy it! These words have been passed along in loving memory of ROSE. REMEMBER, GROWING OLDER IS MANDATORY. GROWING UP IS OPTIONAL. We make a Living by what we get. We make a Life by what we gi

14、ve. God promises a safe landing, not a calm passage. If God brings you to it, He will bring you through it. From Chicken Soup of the Soul原文中提到的The Rose那首歌的歌詞與演唱，限于篇幅此處不呈現(xiàn)。今日小結(jié)今天我們分享的有寧夏王東君老師的設(shè)計(jì)、天津邵環(huán)老師和員文婷老師的設(shè)計(jì)、安徽阮興武老師和李倫軍老師的設(shè)計(jì)。限于篇幅，此處我們只能分享員老師、阮老師、李老師的設(shè)計(jì)。先就閱讀問題的層次性做一簡(jiǎn)要說明。 在英語課程中，我們引導(dǎo)學(xué)生閱讀時(shí)，總要提出各自問題，而

15、問題的層次性直接關(guān)系到閱讀的質(zhì)量。對(duì)問題的層次性的探討很多，我們認(rèn)為，較為便于使用的，是布魯姆的目標(biāo)層次，即：知曉、理解、運(yùn)用、分析、綜合與評(píng)價(jià)。知曉層面的問題，我們可以用提What is ? Where is ? Which one ?這類問題，其功能，主要目的在于引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在閱讀中發(fā)現(xiàn)語句、語詞層面、以及語篇層面的具體信息、事實(shí)。理解層面的問題，主要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)事實(shí)與觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確理解，我們可以提問How would you compare ? Which is the best answer ? How would you classify the type of ?等。運(yùn)用層面的問題，是引導(dǎo)

16、學(xué)生將閱讀所獲得信息等在不同環(huán)境與條件下加以運(yùn)用，如How would you use .? What would result if ? What other way would you plan to ?等。分析層面的問題引導(dǎo)學(xué)生分析所閱讀文本，問題可以是Why do you think ? What inference can you make ? What is the relationship between ?綜合層面的問題引導(dǎo)學(xué)生綜合文本中所獲得信息，得出新的結(jié)論，問題可以是What ways could.? Why do you think ? Imagine 等。評(píng)價(jià)層面的問

17、題引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)文本信息、借助文本信息對(duì)某些觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)，問題可以是Do you agree/disagree ? Why do you think ? Decide if 等。當(dāng)然，我們不是說必須按照六層次提問，也不是說必須包括六層次的問題，而是建議借助六層次幫助我們思考：我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)的問題的層次性是否足夠豐富。安徽省合肥十一中李倫軍老師的設(shè)計(jì)我個(gè)人覺得Bloom的問題層次分類很好，但是我認(rèn)為在處理有些文本時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)有些分類如knowledge和comprehension; Analysis和Synthesis，以及evaluation之間的界限并不是很清楚，另外基于課堂實(shí)際可能也不太好操作，所以結(jié)合自

18、己的理解和課堂可操作性進(jìn)行了三個(gè)層面的問題設(shè)計(jì)。DimensionQuestionsPrediction: Whats the story about?Read and check out the main idea.Literal² How old was Rose when I first met her?² Why did she go to college?² What advice did she give on life in her speech?Inferentialn What does “time machine” refer to in Pa

19、ra.3?n How was Roses life in college?n How was growing old different from growing up according to Rose?n What words can be used to best describe Rose?n Whats the possible theme of the song sung by Rose at the end of her speech?Critical² Do you think “Rose” is the real name of the lady?² Wh

20、ats your understanding of “growing old” and “growing up”?² If you were the old lady, Rose, what would you do with the rest of your life?天津51中員文婷老師的設(shè)計(jì) 本文是一篇寓意深刻的優(yōu)美敘事散文。所以，閱讀認(rèn)知性問題可從記敘文的幾要素入手 -人物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、事件（情節(jié)）。以這四個(gè)要素為主線，讓學(xué)生快速閱讀，尋找相關(guān)信息，抓住文章的主旨大意和關(guān)鍵詞。Read the story and fill in the form.The heroineRos

21、eThe placeThe university campusTimeOn _of universityOver _At the end of_At the end of_After_plot隨后提問學(xué)生：Why did Rose go back to college in her late 80s? 進(jìn)而過渡到理解層面的問題，設(shè)計(jì)如下：1. What is the huge difference between going older and growing up?2. Whats your understanding towards the sentence “Ill never get

22、my speech back in order” ?3. Why did the writer use the word “peacefully” to describe Roses death?4. What does the phrase “time machine” imply?5. Which character is represented through the word “squeeze” ?借助理解層面的問題4、5，引入運(yùn)用層面的問題1. What kind of person was Rose according to the passage?To peopleTo life

23、1231232. What have you learned from Roses speech? 分析人物性格特征必須立足于文本，通過閱讀字里行間信息，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生捕捉細(xì)節(jié)的閱讀能力和提煉信息、概括信息的能力。在我們借助文本，挖掘出Rose的性格特征，幫助學(xué)生勾勒出一個(gè)飽滿的人物形象之后則可以開始與學(xué)生共同分析文本內(nèi)容, 逐步深化主題，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)生命的意義、人生觀和價(jià)值觀的思考。分析層面的問題為：1. From this sentence “We became instant friends”, can we infer what kind of person the author is?2.

24、What is life to Rose?3. Whats the deep meaning of the title “The Rose”?4. Does our heroine Rose have sth. in common with the flower “the rose”?5. Why does Rose use the song “The Rose” to end her speech?綜合性問題設(shè)計(jì)：1. Did Rose have a great influence on you?2. Do you think whether Rose made a living or ma

25、de a life? Why?3. What can we learn from the lyrics?評(píng)價(jià)性問題：1. What can be learned from Rose?2. Whats the real purpose of the author writing this story?3. Does the author tell us “the meaning of life” in the story? Whats your understanding?魯子問的討論與補(bǔ)充下面我先簡(jiǎn)要談?wù)勎覍?duì)已有設(shè)計(jì)的一些學(xué)習(xí)體會(huì)。王東君老師是快手，很快分享了他的設(shè)計(jì)。王老師的設(shè)計(jì)有非常突出的

26、教研特色，他會(huì)說明相關(guān)設(shè)計(jì)理念，這有助于老師們理解設(shè)計(jì)意圖。王老師設(shè)計(jì)的問題很豐富，一般課堂肯定無法全部使用，所以可供教師在教學(xué)中選擇使用，這為教師提供了基于學(xué)生情況的選擇性。王老師設(shè)計(jì)的問題都標(biāo)明了層次，但有些問題的層次標(biāo)注可以適當(dāng)調(diào)整。如Do you think if Rose's life is perfect? 更適合作為判斷層次的問題，分析層次的問題更多應(yīng)該是基于邏輯規(guī)則進(jìn)行分析、得出結(jié)論的問題，perfect這樣的形容詞的問題，更接近價(jià)值判斷問題。安徽阮老師、李老師都是按照三組問題的方式呈現(xiàn)問題，這樣可以避免問題的層次不夠顯性的問題，不過也少了一些對(duì)自己的約束。其實(shí)，使用層

27、次作為外在約束，也可以幫助我們厘清我們的思想。當(dāng)然，我們可以設(shè)計(jì)多層次的問題。阮老師設(shè)計(jì)使用了大量表格，有助于學(xué)生基于高考要求的閱讀理解?；蛟S是受阮老師的啟發(fā)，隨后的幾位老師都使用了表格設(shè)計(jì)。表格一中的details可以再具體一些，因?yàn)閹缀跏裁炊伎梢允莇etails，甚至3 × 5卡片到底是多大，都可以作為detail進(jìn)行理解。阮老師的這一表格對(duì)學(xué)生深度理解課文，應(yīng)該有顯著幫助。當(dāng)然，若學(xué)生基礎(chǔ)非常好，如杭外學(xué)生，也可以讓學(xué)生自己完成這一表格。Growing olderUnavoidablelivinggetgrowing upoptionallifegive第三組中有些問題可以再收

28、斂一些，便于學(xué)生回答，如In which way can you apply what youve learnt from this text to your real life? 可以進(jìn)一步收斂為In which way can you apply the idea we make a Life by what we give ? 或者列出文章中主要觀點(diǎn)，讓學(xué)生選擇一個(gè)討論如何apply。Write a letter to the future “you” in 60 or 70 years about what kind of life youd like to lead.是一個(gè)好問題，不

29、過，本文介紹的大學(xué)生活，而我們的讀者是高中學(xué)生，其實(shí)更適合他們、也是他們最為關(guān)心的問題可以是：Write a story about your future life in a university. 或者是Make a plan about your future life in a university. 或者是Think and tell us what kind of life you would like to lead when you are in a university.邵老師的設(shè)計(jì)突出了顏色的運(yùn)用，不同顏色標(biāo)注的內(nèi)容，對(duì)學(xué)生閱讀有一定幫助。在具體教學(xué)中，我們可以鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生拿出

30、不同顏色的閱讀mark筆，對(duì)閱讀內(nèi)容mark上不同顏色，至少是可以用兩種顏色筆標(biāo)注fact 和 opinion，這樣有助于深度理解。若是在計(jì)算機(jī)上閱讀，這也是可以的。邵老師使用了歌曲，但歌曲是在一開始就播放，還是在學(xué)生讀到Rose提到這首歌的時(shí)候再播放更好？后者是否更能滿足學(xué)生希望馬上聽到這首歌、看到這首歌的歌詞的欲望？效果是否更好？邵老師注意到了Time flow的作用，可惜仍然囿于高考的表格設(shè)計(jì)，沒有真正必表現(xiàn)出flow的特性。我們要允許一部分閱讀不直接指向高考題型，只要能力指向高考，把已有能力轉(zhuǎn)換題型能力是很容易的。當(dāng)然，估計(jì)是由于時(shí)間原因，邵老師沒能提供后面的問題設(shè)計(jì)。李老師設(shè)計(jì)的問題

31、很簡(jiǎn)潔，非常實(shí)用，其問題分類也便于操作，適合經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的老師使用。第二類的inferential的問題，還可以進(jìn)一步突出infer的邏輯過程，現(xiàn)在的問題大多不需要真正的邏輯思辨過程就能回答。批判性的問題盡管只有三個(gè)，都很值得思考。不過，對(duì)于高中學(xué)生，這樣的思考性的問題可以多一些，讓學(xué)生選擇問題思考，而且這樣更有助于批判。員老師的設(shè)計(jì)具有顯著的教學(xué)過程特性，操作性很強(qiáng)，也有一些問題具有很強(qiáng)的開放性，同時(shí)把歌曲與文章結(jié)合得比較緊。和detail一詞一樣，plot一詞過于寬泛，可以收斂一些。從問題而言，員老師關(guān)注了Rose對(duì)他人、對(duì)人生的態(tài)度，這有助于學(xué)生清晰把握Rose的性格特征。思考性的問題可以更

32、豐富一些，讓學(xué)生有更多思考的可能。當(dāng)然，最為遺憾的是，沒有一位老師對(duì)這篇文章提出質(zhì)疑，也沒有設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)疑的問題。我們一定要對(duì)任何文本都進(jìn)行質(zhì)疑，尤其是這種具有宗教傾向的文本。以下是我的設(shè)計(jì)。首先，說明我的設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)象。我針對(duì)我所熟悉的某縣一中學(xué)生設(shè)計(jì)，年級(jí)確定為高三。這些學(xué)生具有非常強(qiáng)的社會(huì)批判性，甚至表現(xiàn)出輕度的反社會(huì)性，基本不相信各種宣傳，對(duì)人生有自己的看法，處在非常激烈的高考競(jìng)爭(zhēng)之中，雖然他們基本上都能考上大學(xué)，最低也就是高職，但他們非常期待考到一所更加理想的大學(xué)，通過高考改變自己的命運(yùn)。關(guān)于材料，我會(huì)適當(dāng)進(jìn)行處理。1、給學(xué)生閱讀時(shí)，會(huì)刪去最后一段話：God promises a safe la

33、nding, not a calm passage. If God brings you to it, He will bring you through it.因?yàn)檫@段話太宗教，我不希望我的課太宗教。2、我會(huì)增加一個(gè)左列的生詞注釋，也就是把所有生詞的漢語詞義全部列在文章左側(cè)，因?yàn)檫@篇閱讀的價(jià)值在于討論人生，不在于解決生詞，若讓生詞耽誤了閱讀，是非常得不償失的，是典型的“揀了芝麻丟了西瓜”。3、我把歌詞附在文章后面，并說明：The following is the lyrics of the song The Rose. If you want, please read it.一、導(dǎo)入（綜合與

34、判斷層面的問題）通過談?wù)擇R云對(duì)北大、清華的批評(píng)言論，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生思考：即使考上北大，也需要自己努力；即使只考上杭師大，自己努力也能改變?nèi)松６?、閱讀（知道與理解層面的問題為主，少量綜合與判斷層面的問題）然后告訴學(xué)生，今天閱讀一篇關(guān)于人生的文章，希望對(duì)大家思考人生有些啟發(fā)。讓學(xué)生閱讀文章，說出Rose的人生觀。我給學(xué)生10分鐘進(jìn)行閱讀，讓學(xué)生認(rèn)真閱讀故事，學(xué)生之后不再完整閱讀文本。答案就是最后一句話：REMEMBER, GROWING OLDER IS MANDATORY. GROWING UP IS OPTIONAL. We make a Living by what we get. We mak

35、e a Life by what we give.所有學(xué)生應(yīng)該都能得出這一結(jié)論。然后我請(qǐng)學(xué)生把這兩句翻譯成中文，學(xué)生若把grow up翻譯為“長(zhǎng)大”，我讓學(xué)生再思考更為合適的翻譯，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生翻譯為“成長(zhǎng)”。然后讓學(xué)生關(guān)注up這一詞的特性，說明英文的表達(dá)，有的時(shí)候比漢語更為豐富，grow up是層次性的，是強(qiáng)調(diào)“不斷提高，不斷達(dá)到一個(gè)新的高度”，中文的“長(zhǎng)大、成長(zhǎng)”都沒有這個(gè)意義，盡管“成長(zhǎng)”更為積極一些。引導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)注：英文、中文各有其獨(dú)特之價(jià)值。希望學(xué)生以后不斷思考自己是否“不斷up”。讓學(xué)生討論：Rose是如何up的，I是如何在Rose的引領(lǐng)下up的。引導(dǎo)學(xué)生根據(jù)需要，回讀文章，獲取信息。讓學(xué)

36、生根據(jù)意見給出的時(shí)間線，完成以下故事線：Time lineI/We did and feltI/We did and feltI/We did and feltI/We did and feltI/We did and feltI/We did and feltRose did and feltRose did and feltRose did and feltRose did and feltRose did and feltRose did and feltStory line由于本次閱讀重點(diǎn)在于觀點(diǎn)，故而不要求學(xué)生寫出內(nèi)容，而是用不同顏色筆、或者不同線條形式，分別標(biāo)注I和同學(xué)們、Rose

37、的故事線。學(xué)生完成故事線以后，我問學(xué)生是否想聽那首歌的演唱，如果多數(shù)學(xué)生想聽，我播放歌曲。三、討論（主要是運(yùn)用、判斷層面的問題，有些問題需要結(jié)合綜合層面的問題）讓每個(gè)學(xué)生選擇一個(gè)問題（只是一個(gè)），在小組內(nèi)容闡述自己的觀點(diǎn)，小組同學(xué)對(duì)其觀點(diǎn)與闡述提出自己的看法。1. What does growing up mean for Rose, for the author, and for you?2. What ups have you grown in your senior school life? What ups do you hope to grow in your university life?3. Have you ever met a Rose? Do you think Rose is very rare in your life?4. Do you hope to meet a Rose when you are in the university? What kind of lessons do you hope to learn for your Rose?5. What is your seed in your life? Who