并列句、復(fù)合句、連詞專題講義

1、 一切為了孩子！環(huán)球教育學(xué)科教師輔導(dǎo)講義學(xué)員姓名：丁一凡 年 級(jí)：八年級(jí) 課時(shí)數(shù)：6 班主任：張晨晨 輔導(dǎo)科目：英語 學(xué)科教師：王嬌課 題 賓語從句，狀語從句，定語從句授課時(shí)間及時(shí)段 2015-7-22 10:10-12:10授課類型TTT教學(xué)目標(biāo) 掌握三種從句，熟練使用 一連詞概述 連詞是一種虛詞，不單獨(dú)用作句子成分。連詞按其性質(zhì)可分為并列連詞和從屬連詞。 并列連詞用于連接并列的單詞、短語、從句或句子，如and, but, or, for等； 從屬連詞主要引出名詞性從句(主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句等)和狀語從句(時(shí)間狀語從句、條件狀語從句、目的狀語從句等)，引出名詞性從句的連詞如that,

2、 whether等，引出狀語從句的連詞如when, because, since, if 等。 【直擊中考】 1. Mom, shall we have supper now?  Oh, we wont have supper _ your dad comes back. A. until     B. since    

3、60;C. while    D. after   2. What was your brother doing at this time yesterday?     He was reading a magazine _ I was writing an e-mail at&

4、#160;home.  A. as soon as     B. after   C. until   D. while  二、并列句 用并列連詞連接起來的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句叫做并列句。  1. 構(gòu)成：簡(jiǎn)單句 + 并列連詞 + 簡(jiǎn)單句  2. 常見的用于連接兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句的并列連詞有：and，but，or，so，for。 （1）and意為“和，并且”，表示順延、并列等關(guān)系。如： Work

5、 hard and you can pass the exam. _. = If you work hard, you can pass the exam.   （2）but意為“但是”表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。如： He is rich but he is not happy. _. （3）or意為“否則，或者，或“表示選擇關(guān)系。如： Hurry up, or youll be late. _. =If you dont hurry up, youll be late. _.  （4）so意為“所以，因此，于是”表示因果關(guān)系。如： Kate was ill so she didnt

6、go to school. _.  （5）for意為“因?yàn)椤?，表示因果關(guān)系。如： I have to stay up late, for I have a lot of work to do. _.3. 當(dāng)連詞and連接的并列句前半部分是祈使句，后半部分是將來時(shí)的陳述句時(shí)，其含義相當(dāng)于由if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句。這種句型還可以用or來連接，但意思不同。如： Think it over, and youll find the answer. _. =If you think it over, youll find the answer.  4. 其他的并列句 其他的并列連詞有t

7、hen，while，when，yet，not only.but also., neither.nor., either.or., both.and., as well as。如： I like English while my brother likes Chinese. _. 【直擊中考】 1.You'd better take the map with you_you won't get lost.       A. 

8、;as long as         B. as soon as          C. now that           D. so that  2.Take the exam

9、60;carefully, _ you wont get full marks.  A. but     B.and     C. or     D. so  三、狀語從句狀語從句在主從復(fù)合句中修飾主句中的動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞等，狀語從句由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)，與主句連接，位于句首時(shí)，常用逗號(hào)與主句分開，位于句末時(shí)，其前一般不用逗號(hào)。狀語從句根據(jù)其

10、用途可分為時(shí)間狀語從句、原因狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句、條件狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、方式狀語從句、目的狀語從句等。時(shí)間狀語從句when/ while/ as, before, after, since, until, as soon as I was doing my homework when my mother came in. _. He did not go to bed until his father came back. _.條件狀語從句if, as long as, unless Unless weather stops me, I go for a week everyday.

11、_.原因狀語從句because, since, as, for I like to eat apples because its good for my health. _。 Since everyone is here, lets begin our meeting._目的狀語從句so that, in order that He gets up early every morning so that he can catch the bus._ 結(jié)果狀語從句so that, sothat/ suchthat Its so hot that nobody wants to go out. _

12、讓步狀語從句though/ although, even if, whatever, where ever, whenever Wherever you go, I will go with you._ Whenever you come, I will wait for you. _比較狀語從句than, asas, not as/ soas He is as tall as Tom. _地點(diǎn)狀語從句where, wherever Sit wherever you like._ 1.時(shí)間狀語從句（1）當(dāng)主句是一般將來時(shí)態(tài)或祈使句，表示將來的意義時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，簡(jiǎn)稱“主將從現(xiàn)”。（as

13、soon as,if）如： Ill ring you up as soon as I arrive to Beijing. _.（2）when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，表示主句和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生；before表示主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句的動(dòng)作之前；after則表示主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句的動(dòng)作之后；as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句時(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)并行發(fā)生，不指先后。（3）until/ till引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。 1）主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí)，主句用肯定形式，表示這一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到until/ till所表示的時(shí)間為止。如： Ill wait for you until you come to see me. _

14、2）主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí)，用否定形式表示主句的動(dòng)作知道until所表示的時(shí)間才發(fā)生。構(gòu)成句式notuntil，有時(shí)不用not，而用其他如never，nothing等表否定的詞。如： I didnt go to bed until I finished my homework._ （4） since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，表示“自以來”，主句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，從句用一般過去時(shí)。 結(jié)構(gòu)為：It has been since + 從句/ It is + 從句。如： I have worked in this school since I graduated from Beijing U

15、niversity. _ It is 10 years since I began to study English._ （1）原因狀語從句通常用because，since，as引導(dǎo)。這三個(gè)詞所表示的語氣由because到as逐漸減弱，由why提出的問題用because來回答。如： Why are you late? Because Im ill. （2）如果狀語從句所表示的原因是人們已知的事實(shí)，就要用since，而不用as或because。since在這里的意思是“既然”。如： Since you cant answer the question, you can ask someone f

16、or help. _4. 目的狀語從句（1）引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的詞或詞組有so that，so，in order that等，謂語中常含有may，might，can，could，will，would等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。如： He must get up early so that he can catch the first bus. _（2）當(dāng)從句主語與主句主語一致時(shí)，可用so as to， in order to。如： He worked day and night in order that he could succeed. _ =He worked day and night in order

17、 to succeed5. 結(jié)果狀語從句（1）由sothat，suchthat引導(dǎo)。 sothat與suchthat的區(qū)別： so + 形容詞或副詞 + that such + a/an（+ 形容詞）+ 名詞單數(shù) + that such +（形容詞）+ 名詞復(fù)數(shù) +that so + 形容詞 + a/an + 名詞單數(shù) + that 當(dāng)名詞前面有many或much修飾時(shí)，用so而不用such。如： She is such a lovely girl that we love her very much. _ =She is so lovely a girl that we love her v

18、ery much. We have so much time that we can finish the work very well. _（2）sothat句型的否定形式可用簡(jiǎn)單句tooto或notenough to代替。如： He is so young that he cant go to school. _ =He is too young to go to school. =He is not old enough to go to school引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)詞的作用例句that 本身無意義，只起連接作用，口語中可省略。He said (that) Kate was good at s

19、wimming. what，which，who，whose，whom等連接代詞在從句中作一定的成分，如主語、賓語、定語等。 I dont know what they are going to do. _ He asked me whose the book is. _when，where，why，how等連接副詞在從句中作狀語 Could you tell me where you are from? _ Do you know how they found the place? _if/whether 意為“是否”，不作句子成分，但不能省略。 He asked me if Miss Gao

20、 is a teacher. _【直擊中考】 1.They will try their best in the Dragon Boat Racing _ they may fail. A. if   B. although    C. unless     D. until  2.I s

21、till remember my first teacher_we havent seen each other for a long time.     A. if     B. until    C. though    D. because 四、賓語從句  主句與

22、從句時(shí)態(tài)一致的問題（1）如果主句時(shí)現(xiàn)在的某種時(shí)態(tài)（包括一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)），那么賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)可根據(jù)實(shí)際情況而定。如： I remember he gave me a book yesterday. He has told me that hell leave for New York tomorrow. （2）如果主句時(shí)過去的某種時(shí)態(tài)（包括一般過去時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)），那么賓語從句一定要用過去的某種時(shí)態(tài)（包括一般過去時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去將來時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)）。如： He told me that he would take part in the high jump. He ask

23、ed me if I had taken his soap. （3）如果賓語從句表示的是客觀事實(shí)或真理，即使主句是過去時(shí)，從句也用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，沒有時(shí)態(tài)變化。如： He told me that the earth is round. He said that Yao Ming is much taller than him. 2. 賓語從句的語序 賓語從句的語序要用陳述句的語序。在把兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子連成一個(gè)含有賓語從句的復(fù)合句時(shí)，要特別注意從句的語序，即按照主語、謂語的順序。如： Whats Kates e-mail address? Do you know? =Do you know wha

24、t Kates e-mail address is? 3. 賓語從句的連接詞（1）當(dāng)賓語從句是陳述句時(shí)，用that引導(dǎo)。如： “She was a good girl,” the teacher told us. =The teacher told us (that”) she was a good girl. 注意：引導(dǎo)詞that用于下列情況時(shí)不可省略：1）當(dāng)賓語從句的主語是that時(shí)。如： He says that that is a useful book. _.2)當(dāng)從句前有插入語時(shí)。如： It says, on the card, that it is made in China.

25、_3）當(dāng)賓語從句中含有主從復(fù)合句時(shí)。如： Im afraid that if youve lost it, you must par for it. _4）當(dāng)兩個(gè)或多個(gè)賓語從句由并列連詞連接時(shí)，除第一個(gè)從句中的that可以省略外，其余從句中的that都不可以省略。如： He said (that) the film was very interesting and that he enjoyed seeing it very much. 4. 否定轉(zhuǎn)移在主從復(fù)合句中，當(dāng)主句的主語為第一人稱，謂語動(dòng)詞是think，believe，suppose等時(shí)，要將從句的否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中，即主句的謂語動(dòng)詞

26、用否定式，而從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用肯定式。如： I dont think he will come with you. _5. 賓語從句的簡(jiǎn)化（1）當(dāng)賓語從句的主語和主句的主語相同，且主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是hope，wish，decide，agree，choose等時(shí)，從句可簡(jiǎn)化為不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。如： I hope that I can receive your e-mail. _ =I hope to receive your e-mail. （2）當(dāng)賓語從句的主語和主句的主語相同，且主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是know，remember，forget，learn等時(shí)，從句可簡(jiǎn)化為“疑問詞 + 不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。如： Sh

27、e doesnt know what she should do next. _ =She doesnt know what to do next. （3）當(dāng)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是ask，tell，show，teach等，且賓語從句的主語和句子的間接賓語一致時(shí)，從句可簡(jiǎn)化為“疑問詞 + 不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。如： Will you please show me how I can work it out? _ =Will you please show me how to work it out? （4）動(dòng)詞seem后的賓語從句可用不定式（短語）來簡(jiǎn)化，但句型要有適當(dāng)?shù)淖兓?。一般地，通常將賓語從句的主語作為

28、簡(jiǎn)化的句子的主語，seem（適當(dāng)時(shí)態(tài)形式）作謂語。如： It seems that football is very interesting. _ =Football seems (to be) very interesting. （5）賓語從句可以簡(jiǎn)化為名詞或名詞短語。如： I dont believe what Tom said. _ = I dont believe Toms words. 【直擊中考】1.Mr. Green didnt tell us _ in 2002.  A.where does she 

29、;live        B. Where she lives    C. where did she live        D. where she lived  2.Would you please tell me _?  A.

30、60;when did he come home    B. where he would play football    C. if he had seen the film    D. why he didnt watch the game  3.I dont&#

31、160;know when _.  A. will the train leave      B. the train will leave C. would the train leave      D. the train leave 4.-We dont know

32、 _.    -It is said that he was born in Sweden.   A. what he is           B. if he lives here C. where he comes 

33、;from    D. which country is he from 五、定語從句 在復(fù)合句中作定語，修飾主句中某一名詞或代詞的從句，叫做定語從句。 被定語從句所修飾的詞叫做先行詞，通常位于定語從句之前。引導(dǎo)定語從句的是關(guān)系代詞that，which，who（whom，whose）和關(guān)系副詞when，where，why。 關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞位于先行詞和定語從句之間，它既起連接作用，又充當(dāng)從句中的一個(gè)成分。含 定語從句的復(fù)合句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：先行詞 + 關(guān)系詞 + 定語從句關(guān)系代詞、副詞作用先行詞例句tha

34、t，who，whom （只作賓語）主語、賓語、表語人 Do you know the girl who/that has got an “A” in the exam? that，which 主語、賓語、表語物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因 She got a computer which/that her parents bought for her. whose 定語人物 The boy whose father is a doctor studies very hard. The classroom whose window is open is mine. when 狀語時(shí)間I still rem

35、ember the day when you left for Beijing. where 狀語地點(diǎn)This is the school where my mother works. why 狀語原因Could you explain the reason why you were late? 1. 關(guān)系代詞的用法 一般情況下，that既可指人又可指物，可以代替who，whom和which，在從句中作主語或謂語動(dòng)詞的賓語，但不能作介詞的賓語； which指物，在從句中作主語或謂語動(dòng)詞的賓語； who在從句中作主語； whom在從句中作賓語； whose在從句中作定語； where在從句中通常

36、修飾表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，作地點(diǎn)狀語； when在從句中通常修飾表示時(shí)間的名詞，作時(shí)間狀語； why在從句中作原因狀語，先行詞通常是reason，有時(shí)why也可用“for + which”代替。如：（1）下列情況下，只能用that引導(dǎo)，不能用who或which引導(dǎo)：1）當(dāng)先行詞是all，little，much，none，everything，anything，nothing等代詞時(shí)。如： Is there anything (that) you dont understand? Tom told her mother all that had happened. 2）當(dāng)先行詞前面有the only，

37、the very，the last等修飾時(shí)。如： He is the only person that can help you out. （當(dāng)先行詞是人時(shí)，也可用關(guān)系代詞who，whom引導(dǎo)。）3）當(dāng)序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾先行詞時(shí)。如： This is the best book that I have ever read. 4）當(dāng)先行詞前面有only，all，any，no等修飾時(shí)。如： I want to read all the books that were written by Lu Xun. 5）當(dāng)主句是以疑問詞who或which開頭的特殊疑問句時(shí)。如： Who is the b

38、oy that is playing football? （2）關(guān)系代詞的省略。一般情況下that，which，whom可以省略，但以下情況不能省略： 1）關(guān)系代詞that在從句中作介詞的賓語時(shí)，不能省略，而且介詞不能放在that前面，只能放在從句中有關(guān)動(dòng)詞的后面。如： The woman that she talks with is her teacher. 2）關(guān)系代詞which，whom在從句中作介詞賓語時(shí)，不能省略。介詞可以放在which，whom之前，也可以放在從句中有關(guān)動(dòng)詞的后面，以使關(guān)系代詞緊跟它所修飾的先行詞。如： Ill never forget the day on whi

39、ch I joined the club. 3）that，which，who在從句中作主語時(shí)，不能省略。如： Who is the boy that is talking with our teacher? 2. 關(guān)系副詞的用法（1）when表示時(shí)間，在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語。如： I still remember the year when you graduated from No. 8 Middle School. （2）why表示原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語，其先行詞只有表示原因的reason一詞。如： We dont know the reason why he was late fo

40、r school. （3）where表示地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。如： That is the school where I studied three years ago. 【直擊中考】1.-Does the teacher know everybody _ planted the trees? -Yes, he does.A. which B. whose C. where D. who2.The letter _ I received from him yesterday is very important.A. who B. where C. what D. that3.-Wher

41、e is the scientist _ gave us the talk yesterday?-He has gone back to Qinghua University.A. whom B. who C. whose D. which4. I hate people _ talk much but do little.A. whose B. whom C. which D. who 易混淆點(diǎn)：一、when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句和賓語從句 1. 含有when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句的復(fù)合句中，若主句是一般將來時(shí)，從句應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)； when引導(dǎo)其他時(shí)態(tài)的時(shí)間狀語從句時(shí)，從句時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)與主句時(shí)態(tài)保持一致

42、。 2. when引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，首先要保證從句的陳述語序，然后再根據(jù)主句的失態(tài)確定從句時(shí)態(tài)，使其基本與主句內(nèi)容保持意義上的一致。如： I dont know when my father will come back, but Ill tell you when he comes back 二、（一）when，while，as的區(qū)別 When，while，as引導(dǎo)的從句都可以使用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。When，as都可以與終止性動(dòng)詞連用，而while不能。 When可表示瞬間、時(shí)間段，與主句所敘述的動(dòng)作、事情可同時(shí)發(fā)生，也可有先后。 While用于同時(shí)進(jìn)行的兩個(gè)延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞相伴隨而發(fā)生，常對(duì)同類的兩個(gè)動(dòng)

43、作進(jìn)行比較 As不指先后，而指并列發(fā)生，尤指兩動(dòng)作或事件同時(shí)發(fā)生。如： The film had been on when we arrived. My mother was cooking while I was doing my homework. As I left the house, I forgot the key. （二）不能用在一個(gè)句子中的連詞 1 .because和 so Because he was tired, he couldnt walk there.=He was tired ,so he couldnt walk here. 2. althoughthough和

44、but Though he was tired, he still worked hard.=He was tired, but he still worked hard. （三）if的不同用法： if 有兩個(gè)意思，作”是否講”·時(shí)引導(dǎo)賓語從句，同whether.從句的時(shí)態(tài)由事實(shí)決定：做假如，如果講時(shí) 引導(dǎo)狀語從句，主將從現(xiàn)。 If it rains, we wont have a sports meeting. （四）and 和or 用于否定句中的區(qū)別 當(dāng)列舉的成分是主語，又在否定詞 之前時(shí)，用and 連接， 當(dāng)列舉成分在否定詞之后時(shí)，用or 構(gòu)成完全否定。 I cant sing

45、 or dance. Lucy and lily cant speak Chinese. 注意：在否定句中，如果連接的兩部分都有否定詞時(shí) ，那么用and, 而不用or. There is no water and air on the moon. 在否定句中，without 之后若有列于成分，則用and連接，構(gòu)成完全否定， 在肯定句中， without 之后的列舉成分用or來連接， 才能構(gòu)成完全否定。 【實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練】基礎(chǔ)訓(xùn)練( )1.Money is important_its not the most important t

46、hing.  A. and    B. but    C. or    D. so( )2.Be sure to let Tom know the notice as soon as he _ .  A. will arrive  

47、0;   B. was arriving          C. arrives         D. Arrived ( )3.Thats the man _house was destroyed in the storm .  

48、; A. that   B. whose   C. who   D. which ( )4.Would you like to go for a walk with me, Allen? I'd love to, _you don't want to go alone. A. until B. before C. if D. After( )5. You will achieve nothing _you work hard. A. if

49、B. unless C. when D. That( )6.My father was preparing for his speech _my mother was doing some washing last night. A. If B. while C. unless D. Until能力提升( )7.You bought the car about ten years ago? Yes. _ it's old, it still runs well. A. Because B. Since C. Although D. But( )8The little boy was wrapping the present_ would be sent to his teacher. Awho B/ Cwhat Dthat ( )9Tomorrow is Father's Day.I don'