國際經(jīng)濟學(xué)教學(xué)課件：ch02 The Law of Comparative Advantage

1、International EconomicsThe Law of Comparative AdvantageDominick SalvatoreJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.CHAPTER T W O2In this chapter:2.1 Introduction2.2 The Mercantilists Views on Trade 重商主義2.3 Trade Based on Absolute Advantage: A

2、dam Smith 亞當(dāng)斯密的絕對優(yōu)勢理論2.4 Trade Based on Comparative Advantage: David Ricardo 李嘉圖的比較優(yōu)勢理論Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.2.5 Comparative Advantage and Opportunity Costs 比較優(yōu)勢與機會成本。2.6 The Basis for and the Gains from Trade under Constant Costs 固定成本下貿(mào)易基礎(chǔ)及貿(mào)易所得

3、。2.7 Empirical Tests of the Ricardian Model 李嘉圖模型的經(jīng)驗檢驗。Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.2.1 IntroductionBasic questions:What is the basis for trade?What are gains from trade?What is the pattern of trade?基本的問題：貿(mào)易的基礎(chǔ)？貿(mào)易所得？貿(mào)易模式？Assume two-nation, two-good wor

4、ld 2國2產(chǎn)品Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.2.2 The Mercantilists Views on Trade重商主義的貿(mào)易觀點MercantilismEconomic philosophy in 17th and 18th centuries, in England, Spain, France, Portugal and the Netherlands 流行于17、18世紀(jì)英、法、葡萄牙及荷蘭的一種經(jīng)濟理論。Belief that nation could b

5、ecome rich and powerful only by exporting more than it imported. 其信條是一國只有出口大于進口才能變得富裕和強大。Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.MercantilismExport surpluses brought inflow of gold and silver. 出口剩余帶來了金銀的流入。Trade policy was to encourage exports and restrict import

6、s. 貿(mào)易政策旨在鼓勵出口、限制進口。One nation gained only at the expense of another. 一國獲利是基于其他國家的損失，即 “以鄰為壑”。Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Mercantilists measured wealth of a nation by stock of precious metals it possessed. 重商主義者以金銀等貴重金屬存量來衡量國家的財富。Today, we measure weal

7、th of a nation by its stock of human, man-made and natural resources available for producing goods and services.當(dāng)今，我們以人力資本、為制造商品及服務(wù)可得的人工或自然資源存量來衡量國家財富。Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.The greater the stock of resources, the greater the flow of goods and se

8、rvices to satisfy human wants, and the higher the standard of living. 資源存量越大，滿足人們需求的商品及服務(wù)流越大，則生活水品越高。Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.2.3 Trade Based on Absolute Advantage: Adam Smith 基于絕對優(yōu)勢的貿(mào)易：亞當(dāng) . 斯密2.3A Absolute AdvantageA nation has absolute advantage

9、over another nation if it can produce a commodity more efficiently. 一國若能在某種商品的生產(chǎn)上更有效率，則其相對另一國具有絕對優(yōu)勢。Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.When one nation has absolute advantage in production of a commodity, but an absolute disadvantage with respect to the other

10、 nation in a second commodity, both nations can gain by specializing in their absolute advantage good and exchanging part of the output for the commodity of its absolute disadvantage. 當(dāng)一國相對另一國在某種商品生產(chǎn)上有絕對優(yōu)勢,而在另一種商品生產(chǎn)上有絕對劣勢,那么兩國就可以通過專門生產(chǎn)自身有絕對優(yōu)勢的商品,并用其中一部分來交換其有絕對劣勢的商品。Salvatore: International Economics

11、, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Example:Canada is efficient in growing wheat, inefficient in growing bananas. 加拿大種植小麥效率更高。Nicaragua is efficient in growing bananas, inefficient in growing wheat. 尼加拉瓜種植香蕉效率更高。Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Cana

12、da has absolute advantage in wheat, Nicaragua has absolute advantage in bananas. 加拿大在小麥生產(chǎn)上有絕對優(yōu)勢， 尼加拉瓜在香蕉生產(chǎn)上有絕對優(yōu)勢。Mutually beneficial trade can take place if both countries specialize in their absolute advantage. 若兩國都專注于生產(chǎn)它們有絕對優(yōu)勢的產(chǎn)品，則將產(chǎn)生互惠貿(mào)易。 Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John

13、 Wiley & Sons, Inc.Specialization and trade advantage both countries. 專業(yè)化分工及相互貿(mào)易使兩國都受惠。Adam Smith and other classical economists advocated policy of laissez-faire, or minimal government interference with economic activity. 亞當(dāng).斯密及其他古典主義經(jīng)濟學(xué)家都倡導(dǎo)自由放任,或政府盡可能少干預(yù)經(jīng)濟活動。Salvatore: International Economics, 10t

14、h Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Free trade would cause world resources to be utilized most efficiently, maximizing world welfare. 自由貿(mào)易將使世界資源得到最有效率的利用,最大化世界福利。Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.2.3B The Analysis of Absolute AdvantageSalvatore: Internati

15、onal Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.U.S.U.K.Wheat (bushels/labor hour)小麥(蒲式耳/勞動小時)61Cloth (yards/labor hour)布(碼/勞動小時)45 U.S. has absolute advantage over U.K. in wheat. 美國相對英國在小麥生產(chǎn)上有絕對優(yōu)勢。 U.K. has absolute advantage over U.S. in cloth. 英國相對美國在布生產(chǎn)上有絕對優(yōu)勢。Both nations can gain from

16、specialization in production and trade. 兩國都可以從專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)和貿(mào)易中獲益。 To assume that U.S. uses 6W to exchange 6C with U.K. (This is not the only possible price under the mutual beneficial trade), what will happen? 假設(shè)美國用6蒲式耳小麥去交換英國6碼布（這不是雙邊互惠貿(mào)易中的唯一可能價格），結(jié)果將發(fā)生什么？Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2

17、009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.U.S.U.K.Wheat (bushels/labor hour)小麥(蒲式耳/勞動小時)61Cloth (yards/labor hour)布(碼/勞動小時)452.4 Trade Based on Comparative Advantage: David Ricardo 基于比較優(yōu)勢的貿(mào)易：大衛(wèi).李嘉圖2.4 A The Law of Comparative Advantage比較優(yōu)勢原理Even if one nation is less efficient than (has absolute disadvantage with

18、respect to) the other nation in production of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.即使一國在兩種商品的生產(chǎn)上較之另一國均處于劣勢（相對另一國有絕對劣勢），仍然有產(chǎn)生互利貿(mào)易的基礎(chǔ)。Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.2.4 Trade Based on Comparative Advantage: David RicardoSa

19、lvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.U.K. has absolute disadvantage in both goods.英國在兩種商品上有絕對劣勢。Since U.K. labor is half as productive in cloth but six times less productive in wheat compared to U.S., the U.K. has a comparative advantage in cloth.英國勞動生產(chǎn)率在布匹生產(chǎn)上為美

20、國的1/2, 在小麥生產(chǎn)上僅是美國的1/6，英國在布匹生產(chǎn)上有相對優(yōu)勢。U.S. has comparative advantage in wheat.美國在小麥生產(chǎn)上有相對優(yōu)勢。U.S.U.K.Wheat (bushels/labor hour)61Cloth (yards/labor hour)422.4 B The Gains from TradeSuppose the U.S. Could exchange 6W for 6C with the U.K. The range for mutually advantageous trade 4C6w12C2.4 C Exception t

21、o the Law of Comparative AdvantageWhen the absolute advantage that the U.S. has over the U.K. is the same in both commodities.Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.2.4 Trade Based on Comparative Advantage: David Ricardo 基于比較優(yōu)勢的貿(mào)易：大衛(wèi).李嘉圖2.4 D Comperative Advanta

22、ge with MoneySuppose that the wage rate in the U.S. Is $6 per hour. At the same time , the wage rate in the U.K. is 1 per hour. Exchange rate between the pound and the dollar is 1= $2盡管在布匹生產(chǎn)上，英國勞動生產(chǎn)率僅為美國的1/2,但英國工人的工資水平僅為美國的1/3,故英國布匹價格低于美國。（低效率被低工資率所補償）How about 1= $1 and 1= $3 ?Salvatore: Internatio

23、nal Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.2.4 Trade Based on Comparative Advantage: David Ricardo 基于比較優(yōu)勢的貿(mào)易：大衛(wèi).李嘉圖ProblemsAbsolute Advantage & Comparative Advantage( problems 1-3)The Gains from trade (problems 4)Comperative Advantage with Money (problems 5-6)Salvatore: International Ec

24、onomics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.2.5 Comparative Advantage and Opportunity Costs 比較優(yōu)勢與機會成本Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.The original idea of comparative advantage was based on the labor theory of value:The value or price of a commodity

25、depends exclusively on the amount of labor used to produce it.比較優(yōu)勢原理最初建立在勞動價值論上： 商品價值或價格只取決于投入生產(chǎn)該商品時的勞動量。 （勞動是唯一生產(chǎn)要素；勞動是同質(zhì)的）2.5 Comparative Advantage and Opportunity Costs 比較優(yōu)勢與機會成本Can use the opportunity cost theory to explain comparative advantage:The cost of a commodity is the amount of a second

26、commodity that must be given up to release just enough resources to produce one additional unit of the first commodity. （Gottfried Haberler, 1936)比較優(yōu)勢理論可以用機會成本理論解釋： 一種商品的成本是額外生產(chǎn)1單位這種商品所必須放棄的另一種商品的生產(chǎn)量。當(dāng)一國在一種商品生產(chǎn)上有較低的機會成本時，該國在該商品生產(chǎn)上就有比較優(yōu)勢（另一種商品上有比較劣勢）Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 20

27、09 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.2.5 Comparative Advantage and Opportunity CostsSalvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Production Possibilities FrontierA curve that shows alternative combinations of the two commodities a nation can produce by fully using all resources

28、with best available technology.生產(chǎn)可能性曲線一國采用其所能獲得的最佳技術(shù)，充分利用其所有資源生產(chǎn)的兩種商品的各種組合。Constant opportunity costs arise when:1. Resources are either perfect substitutes for each other or used in fixed proportion in production of both commodities, and2. All units of the same factor are homogeneous.各國國內(nèi)的固定機會成本產(chǎn)生的

29、條件：1.生產(chǎn)資源或要素可完全替代或者在兩種商品中各要素比例固定2.同一要素的所有單位是同質(zhì)的（具有同等的質(zhì)量）Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.2.5 Comparative Advantage and Opportunity CostsFIGURE 2-1 The Production Possibility Frontiers of the United States and the United Kingdom.Salvatore: International Eco

30、nomics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Production Possibilities Frontier & Constant opportunity costs ( problems 7)Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Problems2.6 The Basis for and the Gains from Trade under Constant Costs 固定成本下的貿(mào)易基礎(chǔ)與貿(mào)易所得In the abse

31、nce of trade, a nations production possibilities frontier also represents its consumption frontier.沒有貿(mào)易的情況下，一國生產(chǎn)可能性曲線也代表了該國的消費可能性曲線Increased output resulting from specialization and trade represents nations gains from trade, allowing nations to consume outside production possibilities frontier.來自于專業(yè)

32、化及貿(mào)易的產(chǎn)出增加代表了國家從貿(mào)易中的多得，使得國家可以再生產(chǎn)可能線邊界以外消費。Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.FIGURE 2-2 The Gains from Trade.BE與BE平行即世界價格線Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.2.6 The Basis for and the Gains from Trade under Constant Co

33、stsUnder constant cost conditions, nations will completely specialize in their comparative advantage .在固定成本的條件下，國家將根據(jù)其比較優(yōu)勢而進行完全專業(yè)化Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.The Basis for and the Gains from Trade ( problems 8)Salvatore: International Economics, 10th

34、Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.ProblemsWith complete specialization in both nations, the equilibrium-relative commodity price of each commodity lies between the pretrade relative commodity price in each nation.兩國完全專業(yè)化的情況下，各商品的均衡相對價格處于貿(mào)易前兩國國內(nèi)商品相對價格之間。Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edit

35、ion 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.2.6 The Basis for and the Gains from Trade under Constant CostsFIGURE 2-3 Equilibrium-Relative Commodity Prices with Demand and Supply.Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.The Basis for and the Gains from Trade ( problems 9、10)S

36、alvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Problems2.7 Empirical Tests of the Ricardian Model李嘉圖模型的經(jīng)驗檢驗McDougall (1951 and 1952) Argued that costs of production would be lower in the U.S. in industries where U.S. labor was more than twice as productive as U.K. labor.（由于美國工資率是英國的兩倍）認為當(dāng)美國勞動生產(chǎn)率是英國兩倍以上時，則美國這些產(chǎn)業(yè)的生產(chǎn)成本將低于英國。Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Editio