材料成型及控制工程專業(yè)英語12welding techology

1、材料成型及控制工程專業(yè)英語CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGY12.1 Introductionwelding 焊接metallurgical 冶金的 grease 油脂impurity 雜質(zhì)coalescence 結(jié)合，融合oxide 氧化物contaminant 污染物質(zhì)- 1 - 2 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYWelding is a process in which two materials, usually metals, are permanently joined together through localized coal

2、escence, resulting from a suitable combination of temperature, pressure, and metallurgical conditions.焊接是將兩種材料，一般為金屬材料，在適當(dāng)?shù)臏囟取毫鸵苯饤l件下，通過局部融合，被永久地連接在一起的一種工藝過程。 localized 局部的；小范圍的coalescence 結(jié)合，融合 metallurgical 冶金的- 3 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYBecause the combination of temperature and pressure ca

3、n range from high temperature with no pressure to high pressure with no increased temperature, welding can be accomplished under a very wide variety of conditions, and numerous welding processes have been developed and are used routinely in manufacturing. 由于溫度和壓力的組合的范圍很廣，可以從高溫不加壓，到高壓力不加熱均可，因此焊接可以各種條

4、件下實現(xiàn)，目前已經(jīng)發(fā)展了許多焊接工藝，它們通常用于在加工制造中。numerous 許多的，很多的routinely 通常地；常規(guī)地- 4 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYThe average person usually has little concept of the importance of welding as a manufacturing process, yet a large proportion of our metal products would have to be drastically modified, would be consid

5、erably more costly, or could not perform as efficiently, if it were not for the use of welding.一般人通常沒有認(rèn)識到焊接作為制造工藝的重要性，但如果不采用焊接技術(shù)，我們的金屬產(chǎn)品的很大一部分將不得不大幅修改，或?qū)⑾喈?dāng)多的昂貴，或者無法高效運轉(zhuǎn)。concept 觀念，概念drastically 徹底地- 5 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYTo obtain coalescence between two metals, there must be a combination

6、of sufficient proximity and activity between the atoms of the pieces being joined to cause the formation of common metallic crystals.以獲得兩個金屬間的融合，就必須要求兩個被連接的工件的原子具有足夠的距離和活性，以能使他們形成共同的金屬晶體。proximity 鄰近；接近 activity 活度，活性common 共同的- 6 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYThe ideal metallurgical bond requires: (

7、1) perfectly smooth, flat or matching surfaces; (2) clean surfaces, free from oxides, absorbed gases, grease, or other contaminants; (3) no impurities be present within the metals; and (4) that both metals be single crystals with identical crystallographic orientation.理想的冶金結(jié)合需要：（1）完全光滑的，平坦的或匹配的表面; （

8、2）表面清潔，無氧化膜，沒有吸收氣體，油脂或其他污染物; （3）金屬之間無雜質(zhì)存在;（4）無論是金屬的單晶具有相同的晶體取向。identical 同一的；完全相同的crystallographic orientation 晶向- 7 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYObviously, these conditions are difficult to obtain, even under ideal conditions, and are impossible under normal conditions. Consequently, the various jo

9、ining methods are designed to overcome or compensate for the inability to achieve ideal conditions.顯然，這些條件即使在理想的條件下也很難獲得，在正常條件下是不可能的。因此，人們設(shè)計了各種接合方法來克服或補(bǔ)償無法實現(xiàn)理想的條件。Consequently 因此；結(jié)果compensate 補(bǔ)償，賠償；抵消- 8 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYThe various welding processes not only differ considerably in the m

10、anner in which temperature and pressure are combined and achieved, they also vary as to the attention that must be given to the cleanliness of the metal surface prior to welding and to possible oxidation or contamination of the metal during welding.各種焊接工藝中,不僅溫度和壓力相結(jié)合方式和獲取方式大不相同，而且必須考慮的焊接前金屬表面的清潔和焊接過

11、程中可能的氧化和污染也不相同。oxidation 氧化contamination 污染，玷污；污染物- 9 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYIf high temperatures are used, most metals are affected more adversely by the surrounding environment and, if actual melting occurs, serious modification of the metal may result. 由于溫度和壓力的組合的范圍很廣，可以從高溫不加壓，到高壓力不加熱均可，因此焊

12、接可以各種條件下實現(xiàn)，目前已經(jīng)發(fā)展了許多焊接工藝，它們通常用于在加工制造中。numerous 許多的，很多的routinely 通常地；常規(guī)地- 10 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYAlso, the metallurgical structure and, quality of the metal may be affected-usually adversely-as a consequence of the heating and cooling, and these effects should be taken into account.此外，由于加熱和冷

13、卻的原因，金屬的金相結(jié)構(gòu)和質(zhì)量會受到影響，這些影響通常是不利的，并且這些作用應(yīng)予以考慮。metallurgical 金相的，冶金的adversely 不利地- 11 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYIn summary, in order to obtain satisfactory welds it is desirable to have a satisfactory heat and/or pressure source, a means of protecting or cleaning the metal, and avoidance of, or comp

14、ensation for, harmful metallurgical effects.總之，為了獲得滿意的焊縫，需要有具有令人滿意的熱源和/或壓力源，保護(hù)或清潔金屬的有效手段，和避免或補(bǔ)償有害的冶金作用。welds 焊縫compensation 補(bǔ)償，賠償；抵消CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGY12.2 Oxyfuel Gas Weldingoxyacetylence 氧乙炔 wire- brush 鋼絲刷joint 接頭 field work 現(xiàn)場（野外）作業(yè)filler metal 填充金屬bead 焊縫，焊道flux 焊劑（藥）deposition rate 熔敷

15、率oxyacetylence welding 氧乙炔焊接torch 焊槍；焊矩puddle 熔池faying surface 接合面，搭接面 - 12 - 13 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYOxyacetylene welding (OAW) is a process by which coalescence is achieved by heating a workpiece with flame produced by the combination of oxygen and acetylene gases. The process may be used

16、with or without pressure or filler materials. 氧乙炔焊接（OAW）是通過用氧氣和乙炔氣體的混合火焰來加熱的工件，以實現(xiàn)材料連接的工藝。該工藝可用加壓或不加壓，用或者不用填充材料。coalescence 合并；聯(lián)合；接合acetylene gases 乙炔氣- 14 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYOAW is the most widely used oxyfuel method, whose flame is hotter than the flame of any other common gas and is the

17、 only one of sufficient temperature to gas-weld many alloys.氧乙炔焊接是最廣泛使用的氧的方法，其火焰是比任何其它常見氣體的火焰溫度都高，是唯一具有足夠的溫度以氣體焊接合金的氣體。oxyfuel 氣焊flame 火焰- 15 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYThe welding process is illustrated in Fig. 12. 1. With the workpieces in position the flame is directed at the joint. The welder

18、holds the torch in one hand and the filler metal in the other. When the flame has melted a small amount of the base metal, the end of the filler metal is placed in the pool of molten metal.焊接過程如圖12.1所示。把工件置于適當(dāng)?shù)奈恢?，火焰沖著接頭。焊工一手拿著焊槍，另一只手拿著填充金屬。當(dāng)火焰熔化少量的基體金屬的時候，填料金屬的端部被放置在熔融金屬池中。illustrate 圖解torch 焊槍- 16

19、-CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYAs the base metal and filler metal melt and flow together, the torch and filler metal are moved slowly along the joint. The puddle then cools and forms a continuous bead of solid weld metal. If more than one bead is needed for joints in thick material, filler metal is de

20、posited on top of the previous beads until the weld is completed.隨著基體金屬和填充金屬一起熔化并流動，焊槍和填充金屬都沿著接頭慢慢移動。然后熔池冷卻并形成固體焊縫金屬的連續(xù)焊道。如果在焊接厚材料時需要一個以上的焊道時，填料金屬上堆積在前一焊道上，直到焊接完成。puddle 熔池 bead 焊道deposite 沉淀，堆放，堆積- 17 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYOxyacetylene welding can be done in all of the standard positions (fl

21、at, vertical, horizontal, and overhead). Thin material is sometimes joined without using filler metal. The faying surfaces are heated with the torch until they melt and flow together.氧乙炔焊接可以在所有的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)位置來完成（平，立，橫，仰）。薄料的焊接有時不使用填充金屬。接合面用焊槍加熱，直到它們?nèi)诨土鲃悠饋?。faying surfaces 搭接面- 18 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGY

22、Fluxes used with Oxyacetylene welding are pastes that are brushed on the base-metal and filler metal. During welding, the flux melts and floats on top of the molten weld metal to prevent air from contacting the metal.氧乙炔焊接所用助焊劑是漿料，它們被刷在基體金屬和填充金屬上。焊接時焊劑熔化，浮在熔融焊接金屬的表面，以防止空氣從金屬接觸。pastes 膏；糊狀物- 19 -CHAP

23、TER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYAnother important function of the flux is to clean the base metal to permit more thorough wetting of the solid metal by the molten weld metal. The flux solidifies with the weld metal and is scraped or wire-brushed off after the joint is completed. 焊劑的另一個重要功能是清潔的基體金屬，使固體金屬被熔融焊

24、縫金屬更徹底地潤濕。焊劑與焊縫金屬一起凝固，最后在接頭成形后被刮掉或用鋼絲刷刷凈。thorough 徹底的；十分的 wetting 浸潤，潤濕scraped 刮掉 wire-brushed用鋼絲刷刷凈- 20 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYSome materials can be oxyacetylene-welded without the use of flux; the burned gases from the torch are sufficient to protect the weld metal.一些材料可以無需使用焊劑而進(jìn)行氧乙炔焊接的，從焊槍出

25、來的燃燒氣體足以保護(hù)焊縫金屬。- 21 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYOAW is a common welding method, and one in which the human welder has considerable control over the weld zone temperature, filler-metal deposition rates, shaping and positioning of the weld, and flame envelope direction. 氧乙炔焊接是一種常見的焊接方法，在這種方法中，焊工可以很大程

26、度上控制焊接區(qū)的溫度，填充材料的金屬的沉積速率，焊縫的成形和位置，以及火焰包圍的方向。envelope 包裹，包圍- 22 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYThese attributes make this gas welding method very versatile for field work, repairs and maintenance, and short production runs.這些屬性使這種氣體焊接方法非常適用于野外作業(yè)，維修及保養(yǎng)，以及小批量生產(chǎn)。versatile 通用的，萬能的scfield work 現(xiàn)場（野外）作業(yè)CHAPTE

27、R 12 WELDING TECHOLOGY12.3 Arc Weldingarc welding 電弧焊 fuse 熔絲，v,熔化 electrode 焊條，電極 oxidize 氧化 blanket 覆蓋層 slag 熔渣consumable 可消耗的 consumable electrode 可熔電極wire 金屬絲，焊絲 nozzle 噴嘴，焊嘴 argon 氬 ionize 電離，離子化 shielded metal arc welding 藥皮保護(hù)金屬極電弧焊（手工電弧焊）argon metal arc welding 熔化極氣體保護(hù)焊gas tungsten arc weldin

28、g 鎢極氣體保護(hù)焊submerged arc welding 埋弧焊plasma arc welding 等離子電弧焊- 23 - 24 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYMetal arc welding involves fusing the faying surface of workpiece, using temperatures of approximately 5,980 C (10,000 F) produced by an electric arc between an electrode and workpiece. 金屬極電弧焊利用電極和工件之間的

29、電弧所提供的大約5980 C 的高溫將工件的結(jié)合面熔化。fusing 熔化 - 25 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYMetal are readily joined by a variety of arc welding processes, all employing the arc to melt the edges of the work and the electrode or filler metal to form a pool of molten metal. A solid, continuous workpiece joint is created

30、 upon cooling.金屬可教容易地通過各種電弧焊接方法連接，所有這些方法都是采用電弧熔化的工作邊緣和電極或填充金屬，用以形成熔融金屬池。隨后熔融金屬池冷卻，形成一個堅實的，連續(xù)的工件接頭。 readily 容易地 electrode 焊條，電極，焊絲 pool 熔池- 26 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYIn most arc welding processes, the weld area is shielded to protect the molten metal from oxidizing. Such shielding is provided b

31、y the melting of the flux coating on the electrode, by a granular flux blanket which forms a cover of molten slag, or by an atmosphere of shielding gas. 在大多數(shù)電弧焊過程中，焊接區(qū)被隔離，以保護(hù)熔融金屬不被氧化。這樣的隔離是通過以下的方式提供：在焊絲上的焊劑涂層的熔化，粒狀焊劑覆蓋層形成的熔渣，或保護(hù)氣體。shielded 隔離的；屏蔽了的；防護(hù)的slag 熔渣- 27 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYShieldi

32、ng arcs produce cleaner and tougher welding joints. The techniques and attributes of the several arc welding processes emerge in the following paragraphs.屏蔽電弧產(chǎn)生能使焊接接頭更潔凈，牢固。下面幾段將介紹幾種電弧焊接的過程及其特征。- 28 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYShielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) is the most common of the arc welding

33、processes, because of its wide range of metal joint application, and because it requires only relatively low-cost equipment. This method uses heat supplied by an electric arc generated between the piecework and a consumable electrode. See fig.12.2. 手工電弧焊（SMAW）是最常見的電弧焊工藝，這是由于其金屬接頭應(yīng)用廣泛，以及它的設(shè)備成本相對教低。該方

34、法使用的熱源是工件和可熔電極之間產(chǎn)生的電弧。見圖.12.2。Shielded Metal Arc Welding 手工電弧焊consumable electrode 可熔電極手工電弧焊視頻- 29 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYThe electrode, which also serves as the filler metal, is a metal rod coated with a flux, which melts as the electrode is consumed. Part of the remainder forms a slag deposi

35、t on the weld as it cools. Both protect the molten metal from oxidation by excluding air from the weldment.電極同時也作為填充金屬，它是涂有焊劑金屬棒。焊劑并隨著電極熔化被消耗。含有部分殘余冷卻后形成熔渣沉積于焊縫的表面。這兩部分都能通過從焊件排除空氣保護(hù)熔融金屬不被氧化。rod 棒 weldment 焊件 - 30 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYSMAW is a fast, very versatile process. Covered electrodes

36、 ranging from plain carbon to special alloy and stainless steels are available to make this process applicable to most steels.手工電弧焊是一種快速，靈活的工藝。焊絲范圍廣，可以是普通碳鋼到特殊合金鋼和不銹鋼均可，這使這項工藝適用于大多數(shù)鋼。- 31 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYGas metal arc welding(GMAW) employs the heat of an electric arc between the workpie

37、ce and s consumable electrode that supplied the filler metal. See fig12.3. It is a type of gas shielded arc welding, and consequently no flux or coating is used on the filler metal. 氣體保護(hù)金屬極電弧焊（GMAW）采用工件和金屬熔化電極之間的電弧來提供熱量，同時熔化電極也作為填充金屬。如圖12.3。它是一種氣體保護(hù)電弧焊，因此沒有焊劑，填充金屬也沒有涂層。Gas metal arc welding 氣體保護(hù)金屬極電

38、弧焊MIG焊視頻- 32 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYWelding takes place in an atmosphere of gas that shields the metal from the air. The process is often called MIG (for metal inert gas) welding.保護(hù)氣體隔絕空氣，焊接在這種保護(hù)氣氛下進(jìn)行。 這種工藝通常被稱為MIG（金屬惰性氣體）焊接。- 33 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYThe advantage of this process are t

39、he comparatively clean welds because there is no slag to remove, and the elimination of distortion because of low heat input in the weld area. 這種工藝的的優(yōu)點是焊縫比較干凈，因為沒有熔渣，并且由于在焊接區(qū)輸入熱量低，因此消除變形。comparatively 比較地；相當(dāng)?shù)豦limination 消除；除去 distortion 變形- 34 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYGas tungsten arc welding (G

40、TAW) is performed with the heat from an electric arc discharge between the workpiece and a nonconsumable electrode made of tungsten. See Fig.12.4. 氣體保護(hù)鎢極電弧焊（GTAW）的熱量來自工件和鎢制成的非自耗電極之間的電弧放電。如圖12.4。Gas tungsten arc welding 氣體保護(hù)鎢極電弧焊 discharge 放電 TIG焊視頻- 35 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYThis process, like

41、 GMAW, is gas-shielded arc welding, where an atmosphere of inert gas is maintained around the arc and no flux is used. The process is often called TIG (for tungsten inert gas) welding. 這工藝與氣體保護(hù)金屬極電弧焊相似，是氣體保護(hù)電弧焊，這種工藝中惰性氣體維持在電弧周圍并且不用焊劑。這種工藝通常被稱為TIG（鎢極惰性氣體）焊。inert 惰性的 - 36 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGY

42、 Tungsten is used for the electrode because of its resistance to high temperature, and, because the electrode does not melt, the arc is extremely steady and can be accurately directed into the joint. This welding can be done with or without the use of filler metal.鎢具有耐高溫性，被用作電極，由于電極不熔化，電弧是極其穩(wěn)定的，并能準(zhǔn)確

43、地引導(dǎo)到接頭。該焊接方法可以使用或不使用填充金屬。steady 穩(wěn)定的；不變的 - 37 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYEquipment for GTAW welding is similar to that used for GMAW welding. The electrode holder is connected to a supply of shielding gas, and the electric circuit is provided by cables that connect the workpiece and electrode to th

44、e power source.GTAW設(shè)備與GMAW焊接相類似。電極槍被連接到保護(hù)氣體供給源上，并用電纜將工件和電極與電源相連，組成電路。electric circuit 電路cables 電纜 - 38 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYSubmerged arc welding (SAW) is flux-shielded arc welding, where the heat is furnished by an electric arc occurring between the workpiece and a consumable filler metal e

45、lectrode. The weld metal is shielded from the air by granular flux that surrounds the arc.埋弧焊（SAW）是焊劑保護(hù)電弧焊，焊接熱量是由工件和熔化填充金屬電極之間產(chǎn)生電弧的提供的。焊縫金屬被電弧周圍的粒狀焊劑包圍，以隔絕空氣。Submerged arc welding 埋弧焊 furnished 供應(yīng)；裝備 埋弧焊視頻- 39 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYSubmerged arc welding is similar to GMAW, in that filler wire

46、 is used as the electrode, and the wire is fed automatically into the joint. The method of shielding and the nature of the arc differ greatly, however. 埋弧焊類似于熔化極氣體保護(hù)焊，在該工藝中充填金屬被用作電極，并且焊絲自動送入焊接接頭。但是埋弧焊和電弧焊在本質(zhì)上有很大的不同。feed 進(jìn)給 - 40 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYIn SAW, the faying surfaces along the joint

47、 are covered by a thick blanket of flux. Because the end of the electrode extends into the flux, the arc is not visible during welding. The SAW process is illustrated in Fig.12.5. The flux is designed to be a nonconductor of electricity when solid, but becomes a conductor when heated to the molten s

48、tate.在埋弧焊中，沿焊縫的接合面都覆蓋著厚厚的焊劑層。因為焊絲的端部埋在焊劑下面，所以電弧在焊接過程不可見。SAW過程如圖12.5所示。焊劑固體時是電的非導(dǎo)體，但是當(dāng)加熱至熔融狀態(tài)變成導(dǎo)體。visible 看得見的nonconductor 絕緣體 - 41 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYThe SAW process is the most often used to join thicker sections of carbon, or low alloy steel plate. The method provides high welding speeds

49、, but all welding is done in a horizontal position unless special flux-holder are used.最常使用埋弧焊連接的是碳鋼或低合金鋼板的厚板。該方法焊接速度快，但只能在水平位置上施焊，除非使用特殊的焊劑盛放裝置。- 42 -CHAPTER 12 WELDING TECHOLOGYPlasma arc welding (PAW) is similar to gas tungsten arc welding, in that an electric arc is discharge between the workpiece and a nonconsumable tungsten electrode. The arc for plasma arc weld