2021屆新高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)藝體生專(zhuān)用課件：第三部分-高考必備語(yǔ)法分項(xiàng)講練薈萃(170頁(yè)P(yáng)PT)

1、第三部分 高考必備語(yǔ)法分項(xiàng)講練薈萃第1頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。3.1 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)3.2 定語(yǔ)從句3.3 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞3.4 名詞性從句3.1.1 一般時(shí)態(tài)3.1.2 進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)3.1.3 完成時(shí)態(tài)3.1.4 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一、定語(yǔ)從句的兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)二、定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞(引導(dǎo)詞)用法精講三、非限制性定語(yǔ)從句3.3.1 動(dòng)詞不定式3.3.2 分詞3.4.1 主語(yǔ)從句3.4.2 賓語(yǔ)從句3.4.3 表語(yǔ)從句3.4.4 同位語(yǔ)從句3.4.5名詞性從句的難點(diǎn)和考點(diǎn)第2頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。3.5 狀語(yǔ)從句3.6 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞3.6.1 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞3.6.2 虛擬語(yǔ)氣3.7 特殊句式3.7.1 倒裝句3.7.2 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型3.7.3

2、祈使句3.7.4 感嘆句3.7.5 省略句3.8 冠詞第3頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。3.1 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)第4頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。3.1.1 一般時(shí)態(tài)第5頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。在英語(yǔ)中,句子不僅有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞本身也有形式的變化來(lái)指示時(shí)間,這種表明謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生時(shí)間的動(dòng)詞形式稱(chēng)為時(shí)態(tài)。動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài) 一般說(shuō)來(lái),發(fā)生在現(xiàn)在的事情用現(xiàn)在的時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行描述;發(fā)生在過(guò)去的事情用過(guò)去的時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行描述;將要發(fā)生的事情用將來(lái)的時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行描述。英語(yǔ)中的時(shí)態(tài)共計(jì)16種,但常用的有11種。(以動(dòng)詞do 為例)1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(do/does);2.一般過(guò)去時(shí)(did);3.一般將來(lái)時(shí)(will do/ shall do);

3、4.一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)(would do/should do);5.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(am/is/are doing);6.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)(was/were doing);7.將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)(will/shall be doing);8.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(have/has done);9.過(guò)去完成時(shí)(had done); 10.將來(lái)完成時(shí)(will/shall have done);11.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(have/has been doing).第6頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1.描述現(xiàn)在或經(jīng)常性發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)常用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：sometimes,often,always,usually,seldom,every

4、 day/night/week/month/year,in the morning,in the afternoon,in the evening,at night2.表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)I usually get up at four every morning when its still dark.He always goes to work late,which makes his boss angry and disappointed.3.客觀真理,客觀存在,科學(xué)事實(shí)及自然現(xiàn)象The sun rises in the east and sets in the

5、west every day.The man who has never been to the Great Wall is not a real man.Trees turn green in spring.Liquid turns into gas when it is hot enough.4.表示格言或警句中Pride goes before a fall. Knowledge is powerPractice makes perfect.第7頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。5.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)表示已經(jīng)計(jì)劃、安排好了或時(shí)間表上所安排,并且一定要做的事情。用于這種句型的動(dòng)詞主要是瞬間動(dòng)詞：come,go

6、,leave,arrive,begin,start,stop,close,open等。The train arrives at five past eight and leaves at ten past eight.Our class begins at 7:45.The shop opens at eight oclock.6.在狀語(yǔ)從句中表示將來(lái)時(shí)間、條件、方式及讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是將來(lái)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)時(shí),用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。Whatever the weather is like tomorrow,our ship will set sail for Macao.When he g

7、ets here,the work will be finished.Though he disagrees with us,he will do as we decided.第8頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。 一般過(guò)去時(shí)1.表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)常用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：last year,yesterday,just now,at that moment,a few days ago,in the past,etc.Tom suddenly fell ill yesterday and had to stay home for another day.She looked very well when I

8、last saw her.2.表示在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi),經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作可以和“often,always,once a week”等表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。When I was in the countryside,I often walked by the riverside.She used to study late into the night when she was in Senior Three.第9頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。 一般將來(lái)時(shí)1.表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),或?qū)?lái)某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),常常和表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用:tomorrow,next week,in the f

9、uture,etc.基本形式：will/shall+動(dòng)詞原形I will go to visit him next week.2.表示將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),will用于各種人稱(chēng),shall只用于第一人稱(chēng),但現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中二者常通用。Itll soon be Christmas and the New Year.Hell lose the job if he doesnt work hard.第10頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。3.其他表示將來(lái)的形式A.be going to doa.在說(shuō)之前已經(jīng)決定或安排在未來(lái)要做的事情。What are you going to do tomorrow?Ho

10、w are you going to spend your holidays?b.表示說(shuō)話者根據(jù)現(xiàn)在的現(xiàn)象或者征兆預(yù)測(cè)不久即將發(fā)生的事情。Look at the dark clouds.There is going to be a storm.Theres going to be a lot of trouble about this.B.be to do表示按照計(jì)劃中約定的或按職責(zé)、義務(wù)、要求必須去做的事情或即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。We are to discuss the report next Saturday.The engineer is to visit our factory next

11、week.C.be about to do表示客觀上馬上就要發(fā)生的事,一般不與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。Dont go out.Were about to have dinner.The new school year is about to begin.Dont worry.I am about to make a close examination on you.第11頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)1.表示過(guò)去將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。常用于賓語(yǔ)從句或間接引語(yǔ)中。He promised that he would come,but he hasnt arrive

12、d until now.He said that he would wait for me at the gate.2.過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的表達(dá)方式：過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的表達(dá)方式與一般將來(lái)時(shí)一樣,只是有關(guān)動(dòng)詞要改為過(guò)去式形式。You were going to give me your address but you didnt.Mr Green was leaving for Hawaii a few hours later.I was about to turn on the power of the computer when the electricity was cut off.第12頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)

13、。3.1.2 進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)第13頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)1.表示說(shuō)話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)常用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：now,right now,at this moment,at present,etc.We are making preparations for the conference.Now watch carefully and see what is happening in the experiment.Today is my first day at Senior High school and Im writing down my thoughts about it.2.表示現(xiàn)階

14、段正在進(jìn)行,但此時(shí)此刻不一定正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作常用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：these days,this month,this term,this week,etc.She is learning piano under Mr.Smith.George is working on a new book about stories in schools.Since I won the big prize,my telephone hasnt stopped ringing.People are phoning to ask how I am going to spend the money.3.系表結(jié)構(gòu)用進(jìn)行時(shí)表

15、示漸變常用系動(dòng)詞：get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin,etc. The leaves are turning red.It is getting warmer and warmer.第14頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。4.與always,constan tly,forever 等詞連用,表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài),往往帶有說(shuō)話人的主觀色彩。 You are always changing your mind.Why are you always coming late for work?You are close to being suspended.5.有些瞬間動(dòng)詞

16、用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),往往表示“即將”,常與一個(gè)表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,常用的這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有：come,go,leave,start,begin,stop,arrive,stay,return等。Lets hurry up.Its beginning to rain.Im taking my daughter to the Central Park this Saturday.第15頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。6.不用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞A.表示事實(shí)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞,例如have,keep,stay,belong,possess,cost,owe,exist,include,contain,matter,weigh,measure

17、,continue等。This house belongs to my sister.This rule about primary school students having evening classes remains to be further discussed.B.表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞,例如know,realize,think,see,believe,suppose,imagine,agree,recognize,remember,want,need,forget,prefer,mean,understan d,love,hate等。He loves her very much.C

18、.瞬間動(dòng)詞,例如accept,receive,complete,finish,give,allow,decide,refuse等。I accept your advice.D.系動(dòng)詞,例如seem,remain,lie,see,hear,smell,feel,taste,get,become,turn等。You seem a little tired.第16頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)1.表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):at that time,at five yesterday,then,this time yesterday,last night,the whole morn

19、ing等。I was doing my homework at this time yesterday.2.表示在過(guò)去某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作They were expecting you yesterday,but you didnt turn up.We were working from two to four yesterday afternoon.3.表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí),另一個(gè)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行When he called me,I was having dinner.When you phoned yesterday,I was playing computer chess.4.表示

20、禮貌hope,think,want,wonder等動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí),并不真正表示過(guò)去意義,而是表示客氣或禮貌。I was wondering if you could help me look up the word“embarrassment”.I was thinking if you could write an essay about George Gordon Byron.第17頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)是指從現(xiàn)在算起的將來(lái)某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或按計(jì)劃、安排將要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：soon,tomorrow,this evening,on Sunday,by t

21、his time,tomorrow,in two days,tomorrow evening等。Dont phone me between 5 and 6.Well be having dinner then.What will you be doing at this time next Monday?When he comes to my house tomorrow,I will be writing the report.The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport.第18頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。3.1.

22、3 完成時(shí)態(tài)第19頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1.表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在的影響這種用法表示說(shuō)話之前動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成,但是這個(gè)動(dòng)作產(chǎn)生了目前的結(jié)果或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在有影響。常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：already,yet,by this time,recently等。He has already phoned me about the theft.Eggs have cheapened a bit lately.2.表示過(guò)去的某一動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：sin ce then,ever sin ce,so far,from then on,for a long time等。Progress has

23、been so far very good and we are sure that the work will be finished on time.I have travelled to most of the cities in China sin ce five years ago.Great changes in every field have taken place in the last ten years.3.在It/This is the first/sec ondtime that結(jié)構(gòu)that 后的從句中It is the first time I have visit

24、ed the Great Wall. This is the first time we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.第20頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。名師點(diǎn)睛： 比較since和forsin ce 用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間,for用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度。I have lived here for more than twenty years.I have lived here sin ce I was born.I have known Xiao Li sin ce she was a little girl.My brother

25、 has been in the Youth League for two years.注意：并非有for作為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。I worked here for more than twenty years.I have worked here for many years.第21頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。 過(guò)去完成時(shí)1.表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作,即過(guò)去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”其構(gòu)成是had+過(guò)去分詞。句中有明顯的參照動(dòng)作或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),這種時(shí)態(tài)從來(lái)不孤立使用。常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：by the end of,by that time,before that year,when I

26、 arrived等。There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2020.She found that she had left her luggage on the bus.They finished earlier than we had expected.2.表示未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或打算hope,expect,think,intend,mean,want,suppose,plan 等表示“打算、計(jì)劃、希望、試圖、認(rèn)為”等的動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí),表示“本打算、本計(jì)劃、本希望、本認(rèn)為等”,而事實(shí)上并未做。I had hoped to be back,but

27、 I didnt catch the train.I had intended to see you but I was too busy.第22頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。3.用于hardly/scarcelywhen;no soonerthan 句型中,主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí),從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone ran

28、g.4.在It/That was the first /sec ondtime that結(jié)構(gòu)中,that 后的從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)That was the sec ond time that she had found the tracks of the wild man.It was 3 years since we had parted.第23頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。 將來(lái)完成時(shí)1.狀態(tài)完成：表示某事繼續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)為止一直有的狀態(tài)。2.動(dòng)作完成：表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻或另一個(gè)將來(lái)的動(dòng)作之前,已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或已獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。表示在將來(lái)某時(shí)刻之前業(yè)已完成的事情,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)非常明顯。常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)一般用by+將來(lái)的

29、時(shí)間,如：by the end of this year,by 8 oclock this evening,by March next year以及由by the time,before或when等引導(dǎo)的副詞從句。By the end of next month,he will have traveled 1,000 miles on foot.By the time you reach the station,the train will have left.By next Tuesday,I will have got ready for the exams.第24頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。 現(xiàn)在完

30、成進(jìn)行時(shí)1.表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在使用這種時(shí)態(tài)的句子謂語(yǔ)多用持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,而且常用all this time,this week,this month,all the morning,recently等。Over the past decades,sea ice in the Arctic has been decreasin g as a result of global warming.It has been raining sin ce last Sunday.I have been fixing the fridge all the morning.The pagoda has b

31、een stan ding there sin ce the Tang dynasty.2.表示重復(fù)的動(dòng)作有時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作并不是一直在不停地進(jìn)行,而是在斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地重復(fù)。Tom has been working in the library every night over the last three months.Youre been saying you can succeed for five years.3.表示感情色彩現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)帶有強(qiáng)烈的感情色彩。I have been wanting to meet you for a long time.Too much h

32、as been happening today.You know,you really have been making things terribly difficult for him.第25頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。3.1.4 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)第26頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。英語(yǔ)中的語(yǔ)態(tài)分為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)兩種。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。如：The woman looks after the children.這位婦女照看這些孩子。（主語(yǔ)The woman 是look after的執(zhí)行者）The children are looked after well.孩子們被照顧得很

33、好。（主語(yǔ) The children是look after的承受者)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“be+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成,be隨時(shí)態(tài)而改變。1.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的常用時(shí)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的常用時(shí)態(tài)包括一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。（1）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“is/am/are+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。is,am,are隨人稱(chēng)變化而變化,如：Rice is grown in the south of China.I am often told to be careful by my mother.（2）一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“was/were+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。如：I

34、 was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.These chairs were repaired yesterday morning.第27頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。（3）將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“will/shall/would+be+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成,或者由“be going to be+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。如：Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.The roads are going to be widened soon.The news would b

35、e sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived.（4） 完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“have/ has/had been+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。如：All the preparations for the task have been completed and were ready to start.By the end of last year,another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.（5） 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“is/am/are+being+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。如：A new cin

36、ema is being built here.（6） 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“was/were+being+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。如：A book was being borrowed by me at this time yesterday.第28頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。2.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)形式（1） 帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。其形式為：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過(guò)去分詞。如：The baby should be taken good care of by the baby sitter.（2）有些動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ),在用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ),另一賓語(yǔ)仍然保留在謂語(yǔ)后面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)的是

37、間接賓語(yǔ)。如：His mother gave him a present for his birthday.可改為：He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.（3） 當(dāng)“動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),將賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ),其余成分不動(dòng)。如：Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.可改為：The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.名師點(diǎn)睛： 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表被動(dòng),強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語(yǔ)的特征,而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。The door

38、wont lock.(指門(mén)本身有毛病)The door wont be locked.(指不會(huì)有人來(lái)鎖門(mén),“門(mén)沒(méi)有鎖住”是人為的原因)（4） 在使役動(dòng)詞have,make,get以及感官動(dòng)詞see,watch,notice,hear,feel,observe等后面加不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中不定式的要省略,但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),要加to。如：Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.可改為：A stranger was seen to walk into the building.第29頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。（5）有些相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞詞組,如

39、“動(dòng)詞+介詞”“動(dòng)詞+副詞”等,也可以用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),但要把它們看作一個(gè)整體,不能分開(kāi)。其中的介詞或副詞也不能省略。如：The meeting is to be put off till Friday.（6） 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式?！皏.+-ing”及不定式to do也有被動(dòng)形式。如：I dont like being laughed at in public.（7）“It is said+that從句”及其他類(lèi)似句型的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。一些表示“據(jù)說(shuō)”或“相信”的動(dòng)詞如believe,consider,expect,report,say,suppose,think等可以用于句型“It+be+過(guò)去分詞+

40、that從句”或“主語(yǔ)+be+過(guò)去分詞+to do sth.”。如：It is said that據(jù)說(shuō)It is reported that據(jù)報(bào)道It is believed that大家相信It is hoped that大家希望It is well known that.眾所周知It is thought that大家認(rèn)為It is suggested that據(jù)建議第30頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。（8）謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。英語(yǔ)中有很多動(dòng)詞,如break,catch,clean,drive,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash等,當(dāng)它們被用作不及物動(dòng)詞來(lái)描述主語(yǔ)特

41、征時(shí),常用其主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義,主語(yǔ)通常是物。如：This kind of cloth washes well.有些不及物動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ),如happen,last,take place,break out,come out,come about,come true ,run out,give out,turn out等以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。如：How do the newspapers come out?系動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)形式,但有些系動(dòng)詞feel,sound,taste,look等在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中常以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。如：Your reason sounds reasonable.第31頁(yè)，共

42、170頁(yè)。（9）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。在某些句型中可用動(dòng)名詞和不定式的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。在need,want,require,bear等詞的后面,用v.-ing的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義,其含義相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。如：The house needs repairing(to be repaired).形容詞worth后面跟v.-ing的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義,但不能跟動(dòng)詞不定式;而worthy后面跟動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。如：The picture book is well worth reading.(=The picture book is very worthy to be

43、read.)動(dòng)詞不定式在名詞后面作定語(yǔ),不定式和名詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,又和句中主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系時(shí),不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。如：I have a lot of things to do this afternoon.(do 與things是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,與I是主謂關(guān)系。)試比較:Ill go to the post office.Do you have a letter to be posted?(此處用不定式的被動(dòng)形式作定語(yǔ),表明you不是post動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。)在某些“形容詞+不定式”作表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)中,句子的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)又是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)時(shí),這時(shí)常用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義

44、。這些形容詞有nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,importan t,impossible,pleasant,interesting等。如：This problem is difficult to work out.(可看作to work out 省略了for me)第32頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。在tooto結(jié)構(gòu)中,不定式前面可加邏輯主語(yǔ),所以應(yīng)用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。如：This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.在there be句型中,當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式修飾名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),不定式用主動(dòng)形式作定語(yǔ),重點(diǎn)在人;用被動(dòng)形式作定語(yǔ),重點(diǎn)在物。如：

45、There is no time to lose/to be lost.(用to lose 可看成for us to lose;用to be lost則邏輯主語(yǔ)不明確。)（10）“介詞in,on,under等+名詞”構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)表被動(dòng)意義,如under repair(在修理中),under discussion(在討論中),under construction(在施工中）,in print(在印刷中),in sight(在視野范圍內(nèi)),on sale(出售),on show(展出),on trial(受審)。第33頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。3.2 定語(yǔ)從句第34頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。一、定語(yǔ)從句的兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)第3

46、5頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。先行詞：被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。通常情況下,引導(dǎo)詞前面的名詞即為從句的先行詞。關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。也可以稱(chēng)作引導(dǎo)詞。關(guān)系代詞：who,whom,which,that,whose,as,在從句內(nèi)作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等名詞性成分。關(guān)系副詞：when,where,why在從句內(nèi)作狀語(yǔ)。第36頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。二、定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞(引導(dǎo)詞)用法精講第37頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。(一)使用who,whom,which,that的定語(yǔ)從句1.whoThis is the boy who plays basketball very well.This is the teacher

47、who is teaching us English.who 指人,在從句中作主語(yǔ)。2.whomThis is the boy (whom) I often help.The man is our headmaster (whom) you met just now.I met the girl (whom) you often praise.whom 指人,在從句中作賓語(yǔ),可省略。3.whichThis is the farm which keeps many cows.This is the farm (which ) I visit every year.which 指事物,在從句中作主

48、語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。4.that以上三種情況均可用that。指人或指物,可作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ),作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。第38頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。（二） 使用whose的定語(yǔ)從句 Do you know the girl whose father is mayor?I used to work in an office whose window faces north.I work in a school whose students are excellent.whose 指人或物的所屬關(guān)系,表示“某人的”或“某物的”,在從句中作定語(yǔ)。第39頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。（三） 只能用that 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的情況1.先

49、行詞為不定代詞all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little,muchI will do all (that) I can to help you.Parents try to offer everything (that) children need.There is not much (that) I can do here.2.先行詞被序數(shù)詞或最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。This is the first English novel (that) I have ever read.This is the last lesson (that) I wil

50、l give you.This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.3.先行詞被the only,the very修飾時(shí)。This is the only thing (that) I can do for you.This is the very book (that) I am looking for.第40頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。4.人和物同時(shí)作先行詞時(shí)。We talked about the things and people (that) we saw in the foreign country.5.who / which 開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)句(避免重

51、復(fù))。Who is the man that is stan ding over there?Which is the book (that) you want to borrow?6.當(dāng)引導(dǎo)詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí),引導(dǎo)詞可省略。He is no longer the man (that) he was.=He is no longer what he was.(表語(yǔ)從句)第41頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。（四） 使用“介詞+which”和“介詞+whom”的定語(yǔ)從句This is the village in which / where I was born.Physics is a subject i

52、n which I am very interested.This is the man with whom I am working.I have many friends,most of whom are busin essmen.I have two sisters,both of whom live in the countryside.區(qū)分：This is the garden which I am looking after.look after,take care of,look for等固定詞組,介詞不可分開(kāi)。第42頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。（五）使用where,when,why 的定語(yǔ)

53、從句1.whereThis is the village where I was born.區(qū)分：This is the village which has many green houses.This is the shop where I buy bread.This is the shop which sells bread.This is the school where I am working.This is the school which has many good teachers and students.where指地點(diǎn),代替表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語(yǔ)(介詞+先行詞),在從句中作

54、狀語(yǔ)。which指事物,在從句中作主語(yǔ)/賓語(yǔ),不作狀語(yǔ)。當(dāng)point,situation,conditions等詞作先行詞表抽象的地點(diǎn),其后常由where引導(dǎo)。Can you think out a situation this word can be used?(where)Her illn ess has developed to the point nobody can cure her.(where)第43頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。2.whenIll never forget the days when we studied together.區(qū)分：Ill never forget the da

55、ys (which) we spent together.We are living in an age when many things are done on computer.We are living in an age which is seeing great changes.when 指時(shí)間,代替表示時(shí)間的介詞短語(yǔ)(介詞+先行詞),在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。which,指時(shí)間,在從句中作主語(yǔ)/賓語(yǔ),不作狀語(yǔ)。3.whyHe told me the reason why he didnt come to school.區(qū)分：The reason (which) he gave us is n

56、ot true.why 指原因,代替 for the reason,在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。which 指原因,在從句中作主語(yǔ)/賓語(yǔ),不作狀語(yǔ)。第44頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。（六）way做先行詞,用in which/that 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,或省略,引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ)I like the way (in which/that) you talk.I dont like the way(in which/that) she whispers in others ears.區(qū)分：We must learn to act in ways do not harm other living things.（that;作

57、主語(yǔ)）第45頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。三、非限制性定語(yǔ)從句第46頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。1.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞后有逗號(hào)。先行詞常為“人名或地名”,定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)其說(shuō)明作用不大,完全可以省略。不能使用that,其他根據(jù)情況均可使用。Football, is a very interesting game,is played all over the world.(which)My father, is a kind man,works in this school.(who)Lincoln , was killed in 1865,was a good president.(who)Miss Zhao, you

58、 met, is our English teacher.(whom)2.which,as 指代一句話,引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句I gave her a hand,which made her happy.He came late,which is often the case.which 指代一句話,引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,譯成 “這一點(diǎn),這件事”,放主句后。As is well-known,China is developing very fast.（定語(yǔ)從句）China is developing very fast,as is well-known.（定語(yǔ)從句）區(qū)分:It is well-k

59、nown that China is developing very fast.(主語(yǔ)從句)as指代一句話,引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,常譯成 “正如,正像”,放句首或句尾。第47頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。3.as引導(dǎo)的限制性定語(yǔ)從句,suchas,the sameasHere is such a big stone as no one can lift.(定語(yǔ)從句)比較:as和that的區(qū)別Here is such a big stone no one can lift it.(that;狀語(yǔ)從句)She is such a nice girl everyone likes.(as;定語(yǔ)從句)She is

60、such a nice girl everyone likes her.(that;狀語(yǔ)從句)His plan was such a good one we all agreed to accept.(as;定語(yǔ)從句)His plan was such a good one we all agreed to accept it.(that;狀語(yǔ)從句)第48頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。3.3 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞第49頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。第50頁(yè)，共170頁(yè)。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就是不能充當(dāng)句子謂語(yǔ)成分的動(dòng)詞形式,包括動(dòng)詞不定式（to do）、分詞（過(guò)去分詞v.-ed及現(xiàn)在分詞v.-ing）、動(dòng)名詞v.-ing三種形式。第51頁(yè)，