第五章動(dòng)詞（1）

1、第五章 動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞詞組（1）時(shí)體和將來(lái)時(shí)間英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的兩“時(shí)”和兩“體”系統(tǒng) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) writewrites一般過(guò)去時(shí) wrote現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體 isamare writing過(guò)去進(jìn)行體 waswere writing現(xiàn)在完成體 hashave written過(guò)去完成體 had written現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行體 hashave been writing過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行體 had been writing動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞和靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞 Dynamic Verb Stative Verb 動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示持續(xù)動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞，如 eat， listen， read， run， walk，work，write等；這一類(lèi)動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞既可

2、用于進(jìn)行體，也可用于非進(jìn)行體，但意義略有不同。 He eats a lot . He is eating a lot .表示短暫動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞，如 hit， jump， knock， nod，tap等。 這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)來(lái)表示現(xiàn)時(shí)的一次動(dòng)作。 He kicks the ball through the goal.表示短暫動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞通常不用于進(jìn)行體，如果用于進(jìn)行體的話，那就表示短暫動(dòng)作的多次重復(fù)。 She jumped to her feet and ran out of the door He was jumping to keep warm表示轉(zhuǎn)變和移動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞，如arrive，change

3、，come，die，go，land（著陸），leave等。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞也是既可用于進(jìn)行體，也可用于非進(jìn)行體，但往往在意義上略有不同。 He died in an accident Shes very ill and Im afraid shes dying He dies tomorrow morning靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞be（是）和動(dòng)詞have（有） ；這一類(lèi)動(dòng)詞通常只能用于非進(jìn)行體，不能用于進(jìn)行體。 * He is being tall * He is having a nice house Notebe和have有時(shí)也可用于進(jìn)行體。不過(guò)，這時(shí)它們已不是靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞，而是動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞了;也只有這少數(shù)動(dòng)態(tài)形容

4、詞才可以和be的進(jìn)行體連用，表示一種暫時(shí)的情況： He is kind He is being kind He is being foolish He is being impatient含有靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞be和have的意義的動(dòng)詞，這一類(lèi)靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞通常都不可以用于進(jìn)行體。如： belong to, concern, contain, cost, depend on, differ from, matter, own, resemble *That is belonging to me *It isnt mattering to me表示五官感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞，如 hear， see， feel， taste

5、，smell等。這一類(lèi)動(dòng)詞通常用于非進(jìn)行體。 * She isnt hearing very well *Are you seeing that tree？ Note當(dāng)hear和see不用于表示五官感覺(jué)的意義時(shí)，便是動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞。 Which judge will hear the case？ We saw the Worlds Fair We will be seeing a few friends 當(dāng)feel，smell，taste用于表示被動(dòng)意義時(shí)是靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞，通常都不可用于進(jìn)行體;如果這些動(dòng)詞用于主動(dòng)意義便是動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞，從而可用于進(jìn)行體。例如： * The soup is tasting go

6、od * The pot is feeling hot * Roses are smelling sweet He is tasting the soup He is feeling the pot He is smelling the roses當(dāng)feel用以表示人體感覺(jué)時(shí)，用進(jìn)行體或者用非進(jìn)行體，意義上無(wú)甚差別。例如： A：Are you feeling better？ B：Yes，I feel fine now表示心理或情感狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞 ,如 believe，consider （=believe），expect（=suppose），feel （=think），find（=consider）

7、，forget，hate，hope，imagine，know，like，love，mean，mind （=object），notice，prefer， regret，remember， suggest，suppose，think，understand，want，wish等。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞通常也都不用于進(jìn)行體。 * Im not believing itNote這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞，其中有一些也可用作動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞，但是意義不同。 Do you mind if I open the window？ Is anyone minding the baby while youre out？靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞用于進(jìn)行體指暫時(shí)性，漸增，漸

8、減的意義。 表示“開(kāi)始”含義。 出于禮貌表示婉轉(zhuǎn)口氣 。 現(xiàn)在時(shí)間表示法 真實(shí)性現(xiàn)在時(shí)間假設(shè)性現(xiàn)在時(shí)間想象性現(xiàn)在時(shí)間 Real Present Time 1）現(xiàn)在短暫動(dòng)作2）現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)和持續(xù)動(dòng)作3）現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣動(dòng)作4）不受時(shí)間限制的動(dòng)作或過(guò)程5）與過(guò)去時(shí)間有聯(lián)系的現(xiàn)時(shí)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)現(xiàn)在短暫動(dòng)作對(duì)快速體育運(yùn)動(dòng)作實(shí)況報(bào)道。例如： Johnson passes to Roberts， Roberts to Watkins， Watkins takes it forward，oh，he slips past the centre half beautifully， he shoots 約翰遜把球傳給羅伯茨，羅

9、伯茨交給沃特金斯，沃特金斯往前帶，哦，沃特金斯漂亮地晃過(guò)中衛(wèi)，射門(mén)邊說(shuō)邊做的示范表演解說(shuō)詞。 Now watch carefully what I doFirst，I take a beaker of water and heat it gently over a bunsen burner The temperature rises steadily until it reaches 100I leave the water to boil for several minutes and while Im waiting，I prepare an acid solution in this

10、test-tube 現(xiàn)在仔細(xì)地看我怎么做。首先，取一燒杯的水，在本生燈上微微加熱。溫度逐漸上升到達(dá)沸點(diǎn)。讓水沸騰幾分鐘，等著的時(shí)候，在這個(gè)試管里配制一種酸性溶液表示說(shuō)話人的“聲明行為”，也是一種瞬間的動(dòng)作 。 I beg your pardon I say that you are wrong I take it back We accept your offerHere comes， There goes這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)也可歸入現(xiàn)在瞬間的過(guò)程： Look - here comes your husband There goes our bus； well have to wait for the

11、next現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)和持續(xù)動(dòng)作表示現(xiàn)存的一種狀態(tài)，可以用靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)來(lái)表達(dá)。 I think you are right This soup tastes good This book belongs to me描述的是現(xiàn)時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的有持續(xù)性的動(dòng)作，那就要用持續(xù)動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體來(lái)表示。 Look，its raining Somebody is waiting to speak to you 現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣動(dòng)作現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣用法指有規(guī)則的重復(fù)性動(dòng)作 。 He walks to work She spends all her money on clothesNote:可以與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。

12、I go running three times a week This car breaks down frequently He leaves home at 8.00 every day現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣也能用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體表示。 His parents are living in London I usually get up at eight，but Im getting up at six every day this weekNote:時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) always既能與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體連用，也能與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)連用，但含義不同。試比較： I always have a boiled egg for break

13、fast Shes always giving people little presents這種用法可以表示惱怒、輕蔑、厭煩或不以為然等感情色彩。又例如： He is always writing with a special penjust because he likes to be different Shes always changing her clothes在這種場(chǎng)合，也可以用 continually， constantly 或 for ever等表示： Im continually forgetting peoples names Hes constantly leaving

14、his things about The prices are forever rising.不受時(shí)間限制的動(dòng)作或過(guò)程客觀真理以及真理性的客觀存在： The earth rotates on its axis Water freezes at 32 Fahrenheit Hydrogen is the lightest element Two and three make five London stands on the River Thames諺語(yǔ) : One swallow does not make a summer Pride goes before a fall A rolling

15、 stone gathers no moss Patience wears out stones與過(guò)去時(shí)間有聯(lián)系的現(xiàn)時(shí)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在一個(gè)不確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間，到說(shuō)話時(shí)這個(gè)動(dòng)作剛才結(jié)束 ,這種動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)通常用現(xiàn)在完成體和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行體來(lái)表示。 Ive just locked the door John has come home Ive been sitting in the garden and have just come indoors如果一個(gè)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到說(shuō)話時(shí)間尚未結(jié)束，這時(shí)還是用現(xiàn)在完成體或者用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行體來(lái)表示，但通常帶有表示時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度的狀語(yǔ)。 He has

16、lived here since 1970 I havent seen him for a long time I have been reading a novel since two oclock He has been writing letters for an hourHypothetical Present Time 說(shuō)話人希望現(xiàn)時(shí)發(fā)生某種事態(tài)，但實(shí)際上還沒(méi)有發(fā)生。這通常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)或者過(guò)去進(jìn)行體表示 。該是時(shí)候了 ： Its time we went home Its time we were leaving. Its high time you had a haircut. I

17、ts about time you learnt something但愿、要是就好了 : I wish I had a better memory I wish they were not speaking so loudly I wish it waswere true.寧可 : Id rather you lived closer to us Id rather you were going at onceif，if only，as ifas though等引導(dǎo)的條件分句中 : If I had the money now， Id buy a car If only he didnt dr

18、ive so fast He behaves as ifas though the house belonged to him She looks almost as if she waswere drunk在某些日?？谡Z(yǔ)中用一般過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去進(jìn)行體表示說(shuō)話人現(xiàn)在的想法，是一種婉轉(zhuǎn)口氣。 A：Did you want me？ B：Yes，I hoped you would give me a hand with the painting A：Do you want me？ B：Yes，I hope you will give me a hand with the painting類(lèi)似的用法如：

19、I hoped you could send me some books I wondered if you could help me I thought I might come and see you later this evening上述動(dòng)詞也能用過(guò)去進(jìn)行體表示，這時(shí)口氣便更加婉轉(zhuǎn)。試比較： Were you wanting to see me？ I was hoping you could send me some books I was wondering if you could help me I was thinking I might come and see you l

20、ater this eveningImaginary Present Time 由一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示，主要見(jiàn)于小說(shuō)的敘事舞臺(tái)說(shuō)明、指導(dǎo)說(shuō)明書(shū)。 The raw afternoon is rawest，and the dense fog is densest， and the muddy streets are muddiest near that leaden-headed old obstruction， appropriate ornament for the threshold of a leaden-headed old corporation，Temple BarAnd hard by

21、Temple Bar， in Lincolns Inn Hall，at the very heart of the fog，sits the Lord High Chancellor in his High Court of Chancery 在那個(gè)灰沉沉的古老障礙物附近，也就是在那灰沉沉的古老協(xié)會(huì)門(mén)前的相當(dāng)氣派的裝飾品圣堂石門(mén)附近，陰冷的下午再也陰冷不過(guò)了，濃霧再也濃不過(guò)了，泥濘的街道再也泥濘不過(guò)了?？拷ヌ檬T(mén)，在林肯法學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)大廳里，就在那濃霧的中心，坐著那位最高法庭的大法官。 過(guò)去時(shí)間表示法 真實(shí)性過(guò)去時(shí)間 假設(shè)性過(guò)去時(shí)間 Real Past Time 1）一次性的過(guò)去動(dòng)作2）重復(fù)性的過(guò)

22、去動(dòng)作 3）過(guò)去時(shí)間中的過(guò)去事態(tài)4）與現(xiàn)在時(shí)間有聯(lián)系的過(guò)去時(shí)間一次性的過(guò)去動(dòng)作表示一次性的過(guò)去動(dòng)作通常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示。 I met him yesterday He saw a film last night He was born in 1950在表述過(guò)去某一時(shí)點(diǎn)或時(shí)段正在做某事或者發(fā)生某事時(shí)通常要求用過(guò)去進(jìn)行體。 When you called me，I was eating dinnerNote:當(dāng)一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示完成動(dòng)作，過(guò)去進(jìn)行體表示未完成動(dòng)作時(shí)，不可以相互替換。 Shes alive！She was drowning but that handsome young man dive

23、d in and saved her，just in timeb.在日?？谡Z(yǔ)中，過(guò)去進(jìn)行體還有一種比較特殊的用法，即往往表示說(shuō)話人的一種隨便的、無(wú)關(guān)緊要的口氣。 A： What did you do today？ B：Oh，I was just doing some typing I was talking to Tom the other day I talked to Tom the other day I was thinking of going out this afternoon Well，I was reading about it in a guide-book which I

24、 bought yesterday My daughter was telling me about it重復(fù)性的過(guò)去動(dòng)作過(guò)去習(xí)慣動(dòng)作，通常由一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示，又往往與表示重復(fù)性的詞匯手段連用。 He always carried an umbrella They never drank wine過(guò)去進(jìn)行體與always（=continually，constantly，forever）等詞語(yǔ)連用帶有說(shuō)話人的感情色彩，通常表示對(duì)所描述的時(shí)常發(fā)生的事態(tài)持批評(píng)態(tài)度。 He was always ringing me up My grandfather was always forgetting thi

25、ngs過(guò)去時(shí)間中的過(guò)去事態(tài)“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，用過(guò)去完成體和過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行體。這兩種動(dòng)詞形式在意義上也有過(guò)程已經(jīng)完成或者過(guò)程仍在進(jìn)行的區(qū)別。 I had written the letter by the time John telephoned By six oclock John had worked for three hours When she arrived I had been waiting for three hours I had been working for three hours when he called與現(xiàn)在時(shí)間有聯(lián)系的過(guò)去時(shí)間一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以做現(xiàn)在完成體或者一般過(guò)去

26、時(shí)的替代形式，表示這些動(dòng)詞所傳達(dá)的信息在說(shuō)話時(shí)刻仍然有效。 I hear youre getting married I gather Peters looking for a job The ten oclock news says that its going to be cold I see in the paper（that）the government lost a vote in Parliament John tells me youre getting a new car 用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體也能表示剛剛過(guò)去的時(shí)間內(nèi)所發(fā)生的事態(tài)。 What are you talking about？

27、 Youre telling me （= Ive known it already）Hypothetical Past Time 表示與過(guò)去事態(tài)相反的主觀設(shè)想，主要由過(guò)去完成體表示。 I wish I hadnt broken it Id rather you hadnt spoken like that. If he had been here yesterday，he would have helped us If only he had told you the whole story！ You look as if you had been frightened I felt as t

28、hough we had known each other for years表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算或意圖，通常也用過(guò)去完成體。這只適用于 expect，hope，intend，mean（intend），suppose，think，want等少數(shù)幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞。 I had meanthad intended to call on you， but was prevented from doing so She had thought of paying us a visit，but the bad weather made her change her plans They had want

29、ed to help but couldnt get here in timeNote: 表示類(lèi)似思想，還可用下述結(jié)構(gòu)：一般過(guò)去時(shí)+不定式完成體 ： I intended to have called on you， but was prevented from doing so I meant to have had another try if I could shouldwould like to+不定式完成體： We would like to have spent a holiday together waswere to+不定式完成體： I was to have stayed a

30、way for a whole week將來(lái)時(shí)間表示法 與現(xiàn)在時(shí)間無(wú)聯(lián)系的將來(lái)時(shí)間與現(xiàn)在時(shí)間有聯(lián)系的將來(lái)時(shí)間 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)間Pure Future Time 1） willshall+不定式2） be going to+不定式3）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)willshall+不定式will/shall+不定式一般形式： Next year we shall have a good harvest Tomorrows weather will be cloudy If it rains，youll get very wetwill/shall+不定式進(jìn)行體： I shall be writing to you s

31、oon Ill be having a dinner party will/shall+不定式完成體或完成進(jìn)行體： Ill have been here for several years next February Ill have been teaching for twenty years this summerbe going to+不定式通常是指事態(tài)在不久的將來(lái)就要發(fā)生，這時(shí)可以替代willshall+不定式。 What is going to happen now？ What will happen now？ Do you think the car is going to sta

32、rt？ Do you think the car will start？ 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一些條件或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)分句中 ： a.由 if，unless，when， until， till， as soon as， before，after等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)分句中 ： Ill tell you if it hurts I shant write to him unless he writes to me Ill believe it when I see it Please sit here until my husband comes Dont get off the bus till it stops

33、You wont forget to lock up the house before you go out， will you？ Ill give it to you after he comes Ill give it back as soon as he wants itb.由 by the time， the day， the minute， directly等詞語(yǔ)引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)分句中： It will be mended by the time you get back Hes coming to see us the day he arrives Ill telephone you

34、 directly I hear the news Note: 以上諸例中表示“單純”將來(lái)時(shí)間的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)不能用 will/shall或 be going to結(jié)構(gòu)替代。在表示“務(wù)必做到”等含義的 see（to it），make sure，make certain等后隨的that-分句中也只能用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)時(shí)間。 Ill see（to it） that you are paid Ill make sure that everything is in order Make certain（that）you know what time the train goes Note: 以上情況也只

35、能用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，不能用 willshall或 be going to 結(jié)構(gòu)表示將來(lái)時(shí)間。在 I hope， I bet（相信、敢說(shuō)）等結(jié)構(gòu)后面的由 that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)分句中，常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)時(shí)間；當(dāng)然也可用will結(jié)構(gòu)表示。 上述情況也見(jiàn)于下列比較結(jié)構(gòu)分句中： Present-future Time 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體 be going to be to 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) be about to/be on the point of doing現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體表示根據(jù)現(xiàn)在安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，通常用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體?，F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體這一用法的主要含義是“肯定的安排”，即對(duì)將來(lái)要發(fā)生的事態(tài)，在說(shuō)話時(shí)刻之前已經(jīng)有所安排。 T

36、he Browns are coming to dinner Were leaving on FridayNote: 如果是不以人的主觀意志為轉(zhuǎn)移的事態(tài)，就不能用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體表示將來(lái)時(shí)間。 * The sun is rising at 5 oclock tomorrow * It is raining tomorrow.be going to表示人們現(xiàn)在打算做某事,所要做的事還未發(fā)生，但這種將來(lái)事態(tài)與現(xiàn)在的意圖有聯(lián)系。 He is going to work late tonight. Note: 在這類(lèi)句子中，作出打算的人通常就是句 子的主語(yǔ)，但也可能不是。 He is not going t

37、o come here again He is not going to get away with it表示現(xiàn)在已有跡象表明將要或即將發(fā)生某種情況。 Take an umbrella with you. Its going to rain I feel dizzy I think Im going to faint比較 This afternoon Im going to take my cousin to a football match This afternoon Im taking my cousin to a football matchbe to 表示根據(jù)現(xiàn)在制定的正式計(jì)劃將要發(fā)

38、生的事態(tài)，這種計(jì)劃或安排可以是，但多半不是，句子主語(yǔ)自己作出的，所以這種安排通常也是不容隨意改變的。 這一結(jié)構(gòu)在新聞、廣播中常用以宣布官方的決定： The Queen is to visit Japan next year The President is not to arrive until tomorrow 表示命令、禁止、可能等： You are to do your homework before you watch TV Tell her shes not to be back late The door is not to be opened It is not to be de

39、nied Note: be to+不定式表示將來(lái)時(shí)間不能用于表示不以人的主觀意志為轉(zhuǎn)移的情況。 * Its to rain 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)根據(jù)日歷或者長(zhǎng)期的日程表（如火車(chē)時(shí)刻表等）一定會(huì)發(fā)生的將來(lái)事態(tài)通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示。 Tomorrow is Saturday What time does the next train leave for London？ The term starts on May 4th be about to/be on the point of doing這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)用以強(qiáng)調(diào)將來(lái)事態(tài)的發(fā)生已經(jīng)臨近的意思。 Dont go out nowwere about to have

40、 lunch I cant see you nowI m just on the point of leaving Future in the Past 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)間表示法的主要含義和用法，與一般將來(lái)時(shí)間表示法大體相仿。 waswere going to+不定式表示過(guò)去將來(lái)的事態(tài)，可以是沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的： Last Sunday we were going to go for a picnic but it rained waswere to+不定式表示過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)間，可用于表示不可避免地要發(fā)生的事態(tài)： When we said goodbye， I thought it was for everBu

41、t we were to meet again，many yearslater，under very strange circumstances簡(jiǎn)答題Explain the relationship between tense and time (時(shí)態(tài)與時(shí)間有何區(qū)別?) Time and tense are not the same thing；time is a concept and tense is a grammatical deviceDifferent tenses can express the same period of time，such as the present (時(shí)

42、間與時(shí)態(tài)不是一回事；時(shí)間是一種概念而時(shí)態(tài)是一種語(yǔ)法手法。同一個(gè)時(shí)段(如現(xiàn)在)可以由多個(gè)不同的時(shí)態(tài)表示。)2. Why do most contemporary English grammarians adopt a two-tense system?(當(dāng)代英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法家為什么采用兩時(shí)體系?) Because tense is a verb form Morphologically，only present tense and past tense have their forms of verbsA language (such as Chinese) which has not verb for

43、ms has no tense.(因?yàn)闀r(shí)態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的形式。從形態(tài)上講，英語(yǔ)只有現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí)，動(dòng)詞才有變化形式，所以英語(yǔ)是兩時(shí)體系。一門(mén)語(yǔ)言(如漢語(yǔ))如沒(méi)有動(dòng)詞的變化形式就沒(méi)有時(shí)態(tài)。)3. If tense is related to time, what is aspect related to? (如果時(shí)與時(shí)間有關(guān)，體又與什么有關(guān)?) When tense points to the temporal location of an event or a state of affairs，aspect reflects the way in which the verb action is r

44、egarded or experienced with respect to time (時(shí)與一個(gè)事件或狀態(tài)的具體時(shí)間有關(guān)，而體則“指與時(shí)間有關(guān)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的方式”。)4. When the simple present refers to the present time, what are its characteristic uses? (一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)指現(xiàn)在時(shí)間時(shí)，有哪些用法特征？) When the simple present refers to the present time, it is suitable for the general timeless statements or

45、 the expression of so-called “eternal-truths”. At the same time, it also denotes the present existence or state of affairs. Besides, it also denotes the regular recurrence such as a habit, and its also found in the presentation of an event that happens simultaneously with speech.5. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)除現(xiàn)在時(shí)間以外，在表示過(guò)

46、去和將來(lái)時(shí)間有什么特征？ When the simple present refers to the past, it brings the past events or states to the present time as if they were actually happening at the moment of speech, it is used in narrative writing to achieve vividness. It can also be found in 1) newspaper headlines, 2) photographic captions,

47、 3) stage directions and 4) utterances with verbs of communication (say, hear, tell, etc.). Simple present referring to the future is common in dependent clauses.6. 過(guò)去時(shí)為什么常用來(lái)表示客氣的語(yǔ)氣？ Because the past tense can make a question or a statement or a suggestion less direct. It is more polite to use the p

48、ast tense on the part of the speaker.7.現(xiàn)在完成體的一些典型語(yǔ)意成分是什么？ Some of the typical semantic components of the present progressive are: duration, simultaneity, temporariness, incompleteness, vividness, emphasis, etc.8. 為什么一些非進(jìn)行體動(dòng)詞可以出現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行體形式中？ When non-progressive verbs take the progressive forms, they suggest temporariness, gradual increase or decrease.9.現(xiàn)在完成體在什么情況下語(yǔ)義有含混現(xiàn)象？ In finished and unfinished uses the present perfect is semantically ambiguous. In order to determine the unfinished use, the present perfect progressive is preferred.10. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行體的完成用法有何特色？ The present perfect progressive can be