定語從句講析

1、PAGE PAGE 6Grammar and usageI. 定語從句講析（The attributive clause）一、關(guān)鍵詞1. 定語從句：在復(fù)合句中修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。 2. 先行詞：定語從句所修飾的詞叫先行詞。 3. 關(guān)系詞：關(guān)系詞用來引導(dǎo)定語從句。關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞之分。關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who，whom，whose，as等；關(guān)系副詞有when，where，why等。關(guān)系詞可以1) 代替先行詞；2) 引導(dǎo)定語從句； 3)在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個成分。例如： The car which my uncle had

2、just bought was destroyed in the earthquake.句中，the car為先行詞；which是關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)是定語從句which my uncle had just bought，同時代替先行詞the car在定語從句中作主語。二、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1.who指人，在定語從句中作主語。 The number of people who lost homes reached as many as 250,000. In 1519 another traveler who went to America from Europe discovered tomato

3、es.The competitor who won the most gold medals was David Beckham.2.whom指人，在定語從句中作賓語，?？墒÷?。The boy (whom) the teacher often praises is their monitor.The person whom you should ask is Mr. Ball.The athlete whom I liked most was Carl Lewis.The boy (whowhomthat) we saw yesterday was Johns brother.3.which指

4、物，在定語從句中做主語或賓語，做賓語時可省略。Fruit trees which once grew only in China can be found in many parts of the world.The gold medal which she won has been given to her old school.4.that指人時，相當(dāng)于who或whom；指物時，相當(dāng)于which。在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時可省略。The woman that I read about in the newspaper has just won a gold medal.Corn i

5、s a very useful plant that can be prepared in many different ways. The report that Mr. Turner handed in was about the motor race.5.whose 通常指人，有時也可指物，在定語從句中做定語。 I know the person whose company produces computers. This is the person whose story surprised everybody. I once lived in the house whose roof

6、 has fallen.Note: whose指物時，常用of which結(jié)構(gòu)來代替：The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.The classroom, the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.三、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 1.when指時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語。Do you know the date when Lincoln was born? The time when my father worked was a hard time.There we

7、re times when I didnt know what to do.2.where指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。This is the city where I was born.He helped his father on the small farm where they lived. The farm where we picked cotton was nine kilometers away.3.why指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語。These are the reasons why we do it. I dont know the reason why he look

8、s unhappy today.注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句經(jīng)?？梢杂谩敖樵~+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句來表示。如： Ill never forget the day whenon which I joined the army.Kentucky is the state wherein which Lincoln was born.The reason whyfor which he refused the invitation is quite clear.四、限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別1.限制性定語從句在形式上不用逗號“，”與主句隔開，是先行詞不

9、可缺少的定語，如去掉,主句則失去意義或意思表達(dá)不完整。翻譯時譯成先行詞的定語“的”。Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college.All the books that have pictures in them are well written.2. 非限制性定語從句在形式上用逗號“，”與主句隔開，是對先行詞意義的補(bǔ)充說明，如去掉，主句仍能表達(dá)完整的意思，通常譯成主句的并列句。 Her brother，who is now a soldier，always encourages her to go

10、 to college.All the books，which have pictures in them，are well written.3. 關(guān)系詞的使用：1) 關(guān)系詞作賓語在限制性定語從句中可以省略，在非限制性定語從句中不可省略。2) 限制性定語從句可用that引導(dǎo),而非限制性定語從句不用that引導(dǎo)。3)在限制性定從句中可用who代替whom，而在非限制性定語從句中不可用who代替whom。The book（thatwhich） I bought yesterday is Harry Potter and the Order of Phoenix. The book，which l

11、bought yesterday，is Harry Potter and the Order of Phoenix.The engineer (whowhomthat) I met in the office worked very hard.The engineer，whom I met in the office，worked very hard.His mother，who loves him very much，is strict with him.五、特別提示 1.關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，謂語動詞要和先行詞的性、數(shù)保持一致。This is one of the books wh

12、ich were written by Charles Dickens.He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French.注意：which和as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，有時并沒有特定的先行詞，而是代表前面說的整個情況。這時which和as 被看作單數(shù)，譯作“這一點(diǎn)”，其后的謂語動形式用單數(shù)形式。 如： He said he was a Frenchman，whichas was not true.但須注意，as引導(dǎo)的這種定語從句可置于主句之前，which引導(dǎo)的這種定語從句只置于主句之后。如：As is know

13、n to all，China is a socialist country. China is a socialist country, as/which is known to all. 2.介詞+關(guān)系代詞 1)根據(jù)動詞選擇介詞。I dont know the foreigner with whom my teacher shook hands.（或I dont know the foreigner whom my teacher shook hands with.）Note: who和that不能直接位于介詞后作賓語；有的短語動詞是不能拆開的，常見的這類短語有：look for，look

14、after等。This is the pencil that Ma Lili is looking for. (R) This is the pencil for which Ma Lili is looking. (W)2)根據(jù)先行詞選擇介詞。介詞和先行詞之間構(gòu)成習(xí)慣搭配，介詞一般位于關(guān)系代詞之前，和從句中的動詞不存在邏輯或意義上的關(guān)系。He stood by the window，through which he could see what was happening outside. (the window是介詞through的邏輯賓語) 3)介詞+關(guān)系代詞有時可轉(zhuǎn)換為關(guān)系副詞when

15、，why，where等。This is the house in which /where Chairman Mao once lived.Everyone knows the reason for which/why the High Dam was built. I still remember the day on which/when we visited the temple.高考鏈接He was educated at the local high school, _he went on to Beijing University. (2007江蘇)A. after which B

16、. after that C. in which D. in that答案與解析：A 從此題語境不難看出兩個動作之間具有前后的先后關(guān)系，由于后一句為非限制性定語從句，故用after which. 原句相當(dāng)于He was educated at the local high school. After it he went on to Beijing University.3.選用定語從句的關(guān)系詞時，要看先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)什么成分。The evening that people spent singing and playing music was exciting. (不用when，因?yàn)橄刃性~

17、在從句中充當(dāng)spent的賓語。) The reason that he told us is unbelievable. (不用why，因?yàn)橄刃性~在從句中充當(dāng)told的賓語。) The islands of Britain that we visited last year are made up of four parts. (不用where，因?yàn)橄刃性~在從句中充當(dāng)visited的賓語。)4.被關(guān)系詞所代替的部分不可在從句中復(fù)現(xiàn)。The factory where he works there is a large one. (應(yīng)去掉there) This is the factory wh

18、ich we visited it last Sunday. (應(yīng)去掉it)5. 常用that引導(dǎo)定語從句的情況：1)當(dāng)先行詞中有“人”又有“物”時，關(guān)系詞用that不用which。They are talking about the factory，the leaders and the workers that they visited yesterday.We meet up on the last Friday of every month to talk about poems and poets that we like.They often talk about the work

19、s and the writers that interest them.The house and its owners that you mentioned just now are what 1 want to know about.2)先行詞本身是all, few，little，much，any，everything，anything，nothing等不定代詞時，關(guān)系詞多用that。Dont throw away anything that may be of some use.3)先行詞指“人”或“物”，并被形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞或all，no ,any，every，little，mu

20、ch, little, the only，the very等修飾時通常用that引導(dǎo)定語從句。This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.This is the first step that we should take.You are the very man that can do the job well. Mary is the only girl that likes playing football.Everyone who/that knows him thinks highly of him.Nobody t

21、hat/who has been there will ever forget the beauty of the place.Those who/that want to go raise your hands please.All that must be done has been done.I read something in todays morning paper (that/which) you may be interested in.介詞 + whichwhom引導(dǎo)的定語從句。 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作介詞賓語時，介詞可提至關(guān)系代詞前，構(gòu)成“介詞+whichwhom從句”結(jié)構(gòu)。此時應(yīng)注意以下幾個方面的內(nèi)容：(1)介詞提前時，關(guān)系代詞不可省略。(2)介詞提