現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)發(fā)展-PPT課件

1、 Schools of LinguisticsWhat is language?A lady was regarded as of slightly poor mentality. A doctor asked her to put some pictures into categories.She put flowers, trees, and a dog into the same category. “Because they are all around the house,” she explained.What is linguistics?mindworldworldWhat i

2、s the origin of language?The people of Earth, tired of pleasing a demanding God, decided to build a tall tower as an easy way to Heaven. Begun on the plains of Babel, the tower soon rose to great heights.God, viewing the audacity of His people, confounded their language, creating chaos and confusion

3、. Unable to understand each other, the people scattered throughout the Earth, prevented from building another tower to Heaven. - a story from the Old TestamentScience vs. Philosophy 語言學(xué)的三大發(fā)源地Ancient China, India and Greece as the cradle land of linguisticsPhilosophy, Anthropology and Philology. Reli

4、gion (particularly for the determination of the religiously preferred spoken and written forms of sacred texts in Hebrew, Sanskrit and Arabic. )Contemporary Western linguistics is close to philosophy and cognitive science.Ancient Great Thinkers Xun Zi (c313-238B.C.) A name was accepted through publi

5、c agreement, and the appropriateness of naming a thing lay in convention. 我國古代哲學(xué)家關(guān)于“名”“實”問題的討論 ：“名固 無宜，約定俗成謂之宜?！?Plato (c427-347B.C.) There is a universally correct and acceptable logic of language for man to follow in expressing his ideas. Aristotle (384-322B.C.) Language is arrived at by conventio

6、n and agreement of the speakers of a given language. 現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)發(fā)展流程圖Development of Modern Linguistics 歷史比較語言學(xué) Linguistic & Comparative Linguistics 結(jié)構(gòu)主義語言學(xué) Structural Linguistics 布拉格學(xué)派 哥本哈根學(xué)派 倫敦學(xué)派 美國描寫主義學(xué)派Prague School Copenhagen School London School American Descriptive School 系統(tǒng)-功能語言學(xué) 轉(zhuǎn)換生成語言學(xué)Systematic-

7、functional Linguistics Transformational-generative linguistics結(jié)構(gòu)主義語言學(xué)創(chuàng)立的背景 第一階段是由古希臘哲學(xué)家和語文學(xué)家創(chuàng)立的“語法”。這種“語法”是以邏輯為基礎(chǔ)建立的一些規(guī)則，沒有涉及到語言結(jié)構(gòu)。第二階段是到了十八世紀末出現(xiàn)的語文學(xué)。語文學(xué)派認為語言不是唯一的研究對象，相反他重視的是古文獻，因此，語文學(xué)主要是確定、解讀和評注古文獻，幣忽視活的、現(xiàn)時的語言研究。最重要的是第三階段，比較語文學(xué)或稱比較語法階段。比較語法源于英國東方學(xué)家威廉瓊斯，他曾在東印度公司任職，精通梵語和波斯語。在長期的語言實踐過程中，他發(fā)現(xiàn)印度的古語言梵語，有

8、許多語法形式和詞根跟歐洲的一些語言有聯(lián)系，1786年他在印度.亞洲學(xué)會”宣讀論文.闡述了這些新的看法。Classical Chinese 中國傳統(tǒng)的語文學(xué)小學(xué)，圍繞闡釋和解讀先秦典籍來展開研究，從而誕生了分析字形的文字學(xué)、研究字音的音韻學(xué)、解釋字義的訓(xùn)詁學(xué)，所以中國的“小學(xué)”被人們稱之為經(jīng)學(xué)的附庸。抓住漢字，分析形體，講求它的古代讀音和意義，形成了統(tǒng)稱“小學(xué)”的文字、音韻、訓(xùn)詁的我國傳統(tǒng)語文學(xué)。Sanskrit in India波尼尼（潘尼尼、巴尼尼 Pnini）八書是一部梵語語法著作。這部著作寫在公元前600前300年之前。布龍菲爾德稱波尼尼的語法著作是“人類最偉大的里程碑之一。它極為詳細地

9、描寫了梵語中的每一個屈折變化、派生現(xiàn)象、組織結(jié)構(gòu)和各種句法的用途。迄今為止，沒有任何其他語言學(xué)有過如此完善的描寫。古印度語言學(xué)最突出的成就表現(xiàn)在語音學(xué)上。古今語言研究的區(qū)別：Distinctiveness between “Ancient” and “Contemporary” 在語文學(xué)時期，語言研究就和各種文獻的研究密不可分，它的成果是哲學(xué)、歷史學(xué)、考古學(xué)、文學(xué)、政治學(xué)、經(jīng)濟學(xué)、邏輯學(xué)、社會學(xué)、民族學(xué)等學(xué)科所必須利用的，可見語言研究在這些社會科學(xué)中已占重要地位。如古印度的語言學(xué)家研究語言的目的是為了傳播和閱讀古代印度的宗教頌歌吠陀經(jīng)，古希臘的語言學(xué)則從哲學(xué)的角度研究語言，語言的研究工作主要是

10、由哲學(xué)家來承擔(dān)的。中國是圍繞闡釋和解讀先秦典籍來展開研究的。語言學(xué)的歷史雖然悠久，但由于其研究的局限性，在古代語言學(xué)并沒有成為一門獨立的學(xué)科。Traditional GrammarTraditional linguistics was practical in nature. People made a study of language in order to understand the classic words of ancient times and to teach students. They gave priority to the written form and used

11、words as their starting point. They often took a prescriptive approach when they discussed rules of language. 神學(xué)的奴婢，經(jīng)學(xué)的附庸語言學(xué)17世紀末18世紀初，歷史比較語言學(xué)的誕生，使語言學(xué)走上了獨立發(fā)展的道路。Modern Linguistics語言學(xué)成為一門獨立的學(xué)科是19世紀的事。語言學(xué)家吸收和使用比較方法來研究梵語和希臘語、拉丁語、日耳曼語等的關(guān)系，創(chuàng)造了歷史比較法，用來研究和揭示語言的發(fā)展規(guī)律。這時語言學(xué)家的視野擴大了，他們不但研究書面語，也研究口語；不但研究本國語，也研究其

12、他語言，對多種語言的結(jié)構(gòu)、特點進行比較分析，以歷史的眼光去研究語言這樣，語言研究有了自己獨立的研究對象語言，同時也有了自己獨立的研究方法歷史比較法，從而使語言學(xué)擺脫了過去的附庸地位而成為一門獨立的學(xué)科。 Modern LinguisticsThe modern field of linguistics dates from the beginning of the 19th century. While ancient India and Greece had a remarkable grammatical tradition, throughout most of history ling

13、uistics had been the province of philosophy, rhetoric, and literary analysis to try to figure out how human language works. 歷史比較語言學(xué) Linguistic & Comparative Linguistics19世紀歷史比較語言學(xué)從前又稱比較語法，通過語言親屬關(guān)系的比較研究語言的發(fā)展規(guī)律，擬測它們的共同母語。歷史比較語言學(xué)是在19世紀逐步發(fā)展和完善的，主要是印歐語系的歷史比較，19世紀之前，這種研究不是沒有，但都是孤立的分散的研究，到19世紀才進入系統(tǒng)的研究，并使語言

14、學(xué)走上獨立發(fā)展的道路。19世紀歷史比較語言學(xué)家為語言學(xué)的發(fā)展做出了重要貢獻。他們收集了豐富的語言材料，進行了廣泛深入的調(diào)查和比較，不僅提出了人類語言演變過程的假設(shè)，畫出了世界語言的譜系，而且還創(chuàng)造出比較科學(xué)的研究方法，提出了有關(guān)語言起源、語言本質(zhì)的新理論，為后來結(jié)構(gòu)主義和描寫語言學(xué)的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了有利條件。19世紀歷史比較語言學(xué)在理論和方法上大致可以分為三個階段：在初始階段(Proto-Indo-European)，丹麥的拉斯克、德國的格里姆和葆撲被成為歷史比較語言學(xué)的奠基者。19世紀中期，歷史比較語言學(xué)發(fā)展到第二階段， 最有代表性的人物是德國的洪堡特（Humboldt） 和施萊歇爾。19世

15、紀的最后25年是歷史比較語言學(xué)的“新語法學(xué)派”(Neogrammarian School Period)時期。這個學(xué)派的代表人物是德國的奧斯特霍夫和布魯克曼，他們在自己創(chuàng)辦的刊物形態(tài)學(xué)研究上正式宣布：語音的演變規(guī)律不允許任何例外。Wilhelm von Humboldt He is credited with being the first European linguist to identify human language as a rule-governed system, rather than just a collection of words and phrases paire

16、d with meanings. This idea is one of the foundations of Noam Chomskys theory of language. Chomsky frequently quotes Humboldts description of language as a system which makes infinite use of finite means, meaning that an infinite number of sentences can be created using a finite number of grammatical

17、 rules. However, Chomskys use of Humboldt has been criticized as being highly misleading. Wilhelm von HumboldtIn recent times, Humboldt has also been credited as an originator of the linguistic relativity hypothesis (more commonly known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis), approximately a century before

18、either Edward Sapir or Benjamin Whorf but Humboldts view of the differences between languages was more subtle and less rigid.SapirWhorf hypothesis In linguistics, the SapirWhorf hypothesis (SWH) (also known as the linguistic relativity hypothesis) postulates a systematic relationship between the gra

19、mmatical categories of the language a person speaks and how that person both understands the world and behaves in it. Although known as the SapirWhorf hypothesis, it was an underlying axiom of linguist and anthropologist Edward Sapir and his colleague and student Benjamin Whorf.SapirWhorf hypothesis

20、The hypothesis postulates that a particular languages nature influences the habitual thought of its speakers: that different language patterns yield different patterns of thought. This idea challenges the possibility of perfectly representing the world with language, because it implies that the mech

21、anisms of any language condition the thoughts of its speaker community. The hypothesis emerges in strong and weak formulations.The Study of Language Structure At the beginning of the 20th century, attention shifted to the fact that not only language change, but language structure as well. It is beli

22、eved that the world is systematic and governed by regular rules and principles. The Study of Language StructureBy the 1920s, the program of structural linguistics, inspired in large part by the ideas of the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, was developing sophisticated methods of grammatical analysis. This period also saw an intensified scholarly study of languages that had never been written down. It had by then become commonplace, for example, for an American linguist to spend several years working out the intricacies of the grammars