用于洪澇管理的綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施課件

1、Green Infrastructure for Flood Resilience針對洪水恢復(fù)的綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施Green infrastructure (GI) for stormwater management針對暴雨管理的綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施Green roofsRain gardensSwalesPermeable pavement綠色屋頂雨水花園植草溝滲透鋪裝Can the combined effect of many small facilities capturing small runoff volumes reduce flood risk?將很多降低小雨徑流量的小型設(shè)施結(jié)合起來能夠減

2、少雨洪風(fēng)險嗎？OutlineBackground 背景介紹Methodology overview 方法概述Results 結(jié)果Conclusions 結(jié)論BackgroundObjective: Estimate flood damages avoided by nationwide implementation of GI for new development and redevelopment目的：針對新開發(fā)和再開發(fā)的土地廣泛地應(yīng)用綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施來控制雨洪并估計因此而避免的雨洪損失Rationale: Smaller runoff volume leads to smaller floo

3、dplains and thus fewer flood damages合理性：徑流量越小，洪泛區(qū)越小，所以雨洪損失越小Capture and retain on site a large number of storms捕獲并原位滯留大量的暴雨Retention standard definition滯留標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定義Xth percentile storm: The event whose precipitation depth is greater than or equal to X% of all storm events over a given period of record第X百分

4、位的暴雨是指：在給定的記錄期間，降雨深度大于等于所有降雨事件的X%的降雨事件The retained volume must be infiltrated, evapotranspired, or harvested for beneficial use滯留的徑流必須通過滲透，蒸騰或者回用來處理掉Study plan 研究計劃Evaluate 20 watersheds with and without GI對20個匯水區(qū)在增設(shè)綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施前后的情況進行評估Estimate monetary flood damages for each scenario估測每種情形下的雨洪損失（以貨幣形式計）

5、Benefits = flood damages without GI flood damages with GI收益=沒有綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施時的雨洪損失-有綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施時的雨洪損失Scale results nationwide衡量全國范圍的結(jié)果OutlineBackgroundMethodology overviewResultsConclusionsMethodology overviewSample of 20 large watersheds (1500 to 8000 km2)20個大匯水區(qū)的樣本（1500到8000平方公里）Publicly available datasets公共可用

6、的數(shù)據(jù)集Peak flows from stream gage records水標(biāo)尺記錄的峰流Water surface elevations from hydraulic modeling來自水利模型的水面標(biāo)高Monetary damage estimation using the Hazus model用Hazus模型估算的貨幣形式的損失Regression analysis to extrapolate to other watersheds用回歸分析外推其他匯水區(qū)的情況Sample watershedsDatasetsStreamflow records from the US Geo

7、logical Survey (USGS)河川流量記錄來自美國地質(zhì)勘探局USGS National Elevation Dataset (NED) (10-meter digital elevation model, DEM)美國地質(zhì)勘探局國家高程數(shù)據(jù)集（NED）（10m的數(shù)字高程模型，DEM）Stream topology from the National Hydrography Dataset by the USGS河流地質(zhì)特征來自國家水文數(shù)據(jù)集DatasetsNational Land Cover Dataset (NLCD) developed by a consortium of

8、10 US Federal agencies10個美國聯(lián)邦機構(gòu)聯(lián)合開發(fā)的國家土地覆蓋數(shù)據(jù)集STATSGO2 soils by the US Natural Resources Conservation Service美國自然資源保護服務(wù)機構(gòu)的STATSGO2土壤數(shù)據(jù)Economic activity from the US Census Bureau美國人口統(tǒng)計局的經(jīng)濟活動Economic growth projections from the Integrated Climate and Land Use Scenarios (ICLUS) model, developed by the U

9、S Environmental Protection Agency來自綜合氣候和陸地使用情況模型的經(jīng)濟增長預(yù)測，該模型由美國環(huán)保署開發(fā)ProcedureHydraulic modeling to estimate flood depths with and without GI用水利模型來估計增設(shè)綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施前后的洪流深度Estimate monetary damages with and without GI估計兩種情況下的經(jīng)濟損失Damages avoided = Damages without GI Damages with GI可避免的損失=不設(shè)綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的損失-設(shè)置綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施之后

10、的損失Hydraulic modeling-水利模型Atkins Rapid Flood Delineation (RFD) modelAtkins的快速洪流劃分（RFD）模型High speed hydraulic profile calculation (6,000 miles per CPU hour)高速水利剖面計算（每個CPU小時可以計算6000英里）Depth grids深度網(wǎng)格模型Flood damage estimation-洪水損失估算Physical Damage物理損失Economic Loss經(jīng)濟損失Social Impacts社會影響Shelter requireme

11、nts需要避難所Displaced households很多家庭流離失所Population exposed to scenario floods, earthquakes, and hurricanes遭遇洪水，地震和颶風(fēng)的人口數(shù)量US Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) model for estimating potential losses from disasters美國聯(lián)邦緊急事務(wù)管理署模型用來估計災(zāi)害所帶來的潛在損失GIS-based基于GIS的方法Vulnerability curves-易損性曲線OutlineBackgrou

12、ndMethodology overviewResultsConclusionsSample damage distribution-樣本損失分布Middle James, without GIUpper San Antonio, without GISample damage distributionAverage Annualized Losses (AAL) = area under damage curve年平均損失（AAL）=損失曲線以下的面積Middle James, without GIUpper San Antonio, without GIFlood damages avoi

13、ded-可以避免的洪水損失Damages avoided100-year eventno GI不設(shè)置綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施情況下，100年一遇的降雨事件100-year eventwith GI設(shè)置綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施情況下，100年一遇的降雨事件2-year eventno GI不設(shè)置綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施情況下，2年一遇的降雨事件2-year eventwith GI設(shè)置綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施情況下，2年一遇的降雨事件Floodplain area reduction-洪泛區(qū)面積的減少Distribution of avoided damages-可以避免的損失的分布Year 2040 development (2011 do

14、llars)Optimistic Distribution of avoided losses-可避免的虧損的分布Year 2040 development (2011 dollars) Neutral Distribution of avoided damagesYear 2040 development (2011 dollars)Conservative Nationwide extrapolation-全國范圍的外推Regression of damages avoided vs. watershed properties將可避免的損失和匯水區(qū)特征進行回歸分析Value of asse

15、ts exposed to floods遭受洪水災(zāi)害的資產(chǎn)價值Climate氣候Future urban development forecast未來城市發(fā)展預(yù)測Relationship with watershed properties和匯水區(qū)特征之間的關(guān)系Losses avoided (optimistic)-可避免的虧損（樂觀情況下）Avoided losses in 2040 = $730 millionPresent value (2020-2040) = $5 billionLosses avoided (neutral)-可避免的虧損（中性情況下）Avoided losses i

16、n 2040 = $330 millionPresent value (2020-2040) = $2.3 billionLosses avoided (conservative)-可避免的虧損（保守情況下）Avoided losses in 2040 = $110 millionPresent value (2020-2040) = $0.8 billionConclusions-結(jié)論When applied watershed wide, GI contributes to flood resilience by reducing在匯水區(qū)規(guī)模上，綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施有助于洪水恢復(fù)，主要是減少了以下

17、一些參數(shù)Peak flows for flood events洪流事件的峰流量Flood elevations洪水高程Flood damages洪水損失A relatively small volume of runoff captured can noticeably reduce damages for all flood events綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施捕獲的徑流量相對少但是能夠顯著減少所有洪水事件帶來的損失Conclusions-結(jié)論GI is necessary for water quality and stream health設(shè)置綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施對于水質(zhì)和河川的健康很有必要GI adds community resiliency and environmental protection綠