英語(yǔ)段落的寫作方法與技巧

1、英語(yǔ)段落的寫作方法與技巧.段落的主題與主題句II. 段落的擴(kuò)展 III. 段落的結(jié)尾 Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph The Structure of a Paragraph.段落的主題與主題句1.段落的主題2.段落的主題句Back Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph1. 段落的主題 通常一篇文章只有一個(gè)中心思想，這個(gè)中心思想可以分為幾個(gè)主題，每個(gè)主題由一個(gè)段落來完成。 段落的組成通常包含三個(gè)要素：主題句(topic sentence)、擴(kuò)展句 (supporting sentence) 和結(jié)尾

2、句 (concluding sentence)。BackChapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph.段落的主題與主題句 一個(gè)段落只表達(dá)一個(gè)主題思想（主題句）,一個(gè)段落內(nèi)的其它句子（擴(kuò)展句）必須從屬于這一思想，一個(gè)段落通常還有一個(gè)結(jié)尾局與主題句相呼應(yīng)，這就是段落的統(tǒng)一性(The Unity of a Paragraph) 。不同的主題思想應(yīng)放在不同的段落中表達(dá)，否則容易枝杈橫生，使人不得要領(lǐng)。 Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph Back例如：主題句：Beijing is famous for its tem

3、perate climate, its large population, and its rapid industrial development. 該主題句有三個(gè)不同的觀點(diǎn)揉在一起，如果作為一個(gè)段落的主題句則不符合要求，該主題句可分解為三個(gè)主題句，由三個(gè)段落分別來完成。Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph Back請(qǐng)看下面的段落有什么問題：My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined

4、 the YMCA （Young mens Christian Association 基督教青年會(huì)）for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame（身軀） again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Every day I practice jogging three miles, swi

5、mming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby (早產(chǎn)兒）.Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph Back 本段的主題句是“I like to keep physically fit”，段中所有的句子應(yīng)圍繞這一主題。但段中有兩個(gè)irrelevant sentences，一個(gè)是I bought two new suitcases last week，另一個(gè)是My mother

6、 was a premature baby. Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph Back主題句是一個(gè)段落中最具概括性的句子。一般包含兩個(gè)基本內(nèi)容：1）本段要討論的中心人物或事物即主題詞；2）作者對(duì)這個(gè)中心人物或事物的態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)或見解即擴(kuò)展范圍或關(guān)鍵詞。主題句既不能過于概括，也不能過于具體。主題句過于概括（即過于籠統(tǒng)或題目太大），很難用幾句話說清楚，通常會(huì)因?yàn)榈貌坏綉?yīng)有的充實(shí)而顯得空泛無力，從而造成不能有效地表達(dá)主題思想。主題句過于具體（即缺乏概括性的觀點(diǎn)），則無法展開段落，作者的思想就沒有發(fā)揮的余地，容易造成對(duì)一個(gè)意思的重復(fù)描述。Chapter

7、 One: The Structure of a Paragraph 2. 段落的主題句Back 例如主題句：“American food is terrible ”和“Pollution is a serious problem”就過于概括；而主題句：“He speaks English”和“ I bought a car last week”就過于具體。 主題句可放在句首、句中和句尾。主題句放在句首是一種好的寫作方法，可以時(shí)刻提醒作者不要跑題，而且便于讀者閱讀理解。主題句放在句中，對(duì)段落的組織較困難，一般用在記敘和描述文體中。主題句放在句尾通常是段落的開始列舉事例或事實(shí)，最后總結(jié)歸納，引出

8、段落的主題思想。有時(shí)作者為強(qiáng)調(diào)起見，在段落的開頭點(diǎn)明了主題，結(jié)尾又會(huì)重復(fù)主題，不過不是簡(jiǎn)單的重復(fù)，而是在意思上與開頭相呼應(yīng)，或者對(duì)段落內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)。 Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph Back其次，一個(gè)段落必須有若干擴(kuò)展句，使主題思想得到充分展開，從而給讀者一個(gè)完整的感覺，這就是段落的完整性(The Integrity of a Paragraph) 。擴(kuò)展句和主題句之間，一要形成意義的相關(guān)性即所有的擴(kuò)展句都必須是主題句的延伸或證明，對(duì)主題句起支持的作用；二要具有邏輯的合理性即句子的排列順序必須合乎邏輯，從一個(gè)句子到另一個(gè)句子的過渡必須流暢，這

9、就是段落的連貫性(The Coherence of a Paragraph) 。 Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph BackII. 段落的擴(kuò)展 在一個(gè)段落中，即使所有的句子意思都清楚，并且邏輯順序排列正確，但是如果缺乏句與句之間的恰當(dāng)?shù)倪^渡，整個(gè)段落的連貫性仍會(huì)受到影響。一般使用合適的過渡詞語(yǔ)來加強(qiáng)句與句之間的銜接或連貫。一個(gè)段落通常由“啟”、“承”、“轉(zhuǎn)”、“合”這樣的一些環(huán)節(jié)構(gòu)成，也就是說要正確使用啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合的詞或詞組，這樣的段落才會(huì)既有統(tǒng)一性、完整性，又有連貫性。下面是一些常用的“啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合”過渡詞語(yǔ)：Chapter One: T

10、he Structure of a Paragraph Back1.“啟”即開啟，開始，引出主題句或引導(dǎo)第一個(gè)擴(kuò)展句at first 首先at present 當(dāng)今currently 最近；現(xiàn)在first 首先；第一 firstly 首先first of all 首先generally 一般說來 generally speaking 一般說來 in the beginning 首先in the first place 首先Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph Back1.“啟”即開啟，開始，引出主題句或引導(dǎo)第一個(gè)擴(kuò)展句Chapter One: Th

11、e Structure of a Paragraph it is clear that 顯然it is self-evident that 不言而喻lately 最近presently 此刻；現(xiàn)在recently 最近there is some evidence that 現(xiàn)有證據(jù)表明 there is no doubt that 毫無疑問to begin with 首先to start with 首先Back2.“承”即承接，用來承接主題句或第一個(gè)擴(kuò)展句also 又；并且as a matter of fact 事實(shí)上at the same time 同時(shí)besides 另外；此外certai

12、nly 必然地；肯定地consequently 結(jié)果；因此 especially 特別是 for example 例如for instance 例如from now on 從此 furthermore 此外；而且in addition 此外in addition to 除之外in effect 事實(shí)上 in fact 事實(shí)上in other words 換言之in particular 特別是in the same way 同樣地indeed 確實(shí)likewise 同樣地Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph Backmoreover 此外；而且mo

13、re than that 再者；更重要的是no doubt 無疑or 即；也就是說namely 即；也就是說particularly 特別是second 第二secondly 第二similarly 同樣地so 所以soon 不久such as 例如Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph BackChapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph takefor example 以 為例that is, 即；也就是說that is to say, 即；也就是說there are many reasons why 的原因

14、有許多third 第三thirdly 第三the most important 再者；更重要的是truly 事實(shí)上；其實(shí)是whats more 再者；更重要的是whats more important 再者；更重要的是Backalthough 雖然as opposed to 與相反but 但是conversely 相反地despite 盡管fortunately 幸運(yùn)地however 無論如何；然而in opposition to 與相反 in other words 換言之 in spite of 盡管 instead of 相反 luckily 幸運(yùn)地 3.“轉(zhuǎn)”即轉(zhuǎn)折，用來表示語(yǔ)氣的轉(zhuǎn)折

15、Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph Back3.“轉(zhuǎn)”即轉(zhuǎn)折，用來表示語(yǔ)氣的轉(zhuǎn)折Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph nevertheless 然而；不過 on the contrary 相反地 on the other hand 另一方面 otherwise 不同樣地 unfortunately 不幸地 unlike 不同于 regardless of 不管；不顧 the differences are as follows 區(qū)別如下 whereas 然而 while 然而；另一方面 yet 然而；

16、但是 Backaccordingly 于是to sum up總之 as a consequence 因此 as a result 結(jié)果 at last 最后 at length 最后 briefly 簡(jiǎn)言之 consequently 因此 finally 最后 hence 因此 in all 總之 in a word 簡(jiǎn)言之 in brief 簡(jiǎn)言之 in conclusion 最后；總之 4.“合”即合攏，總結(jié)，表示段落的結(jié)束Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph BackChapter One: The Structure of a Paragr

17、aph in consequence 結(jié)果 in short 簡(jiǎn)言之 in sum 總之 in summary 總之 last 最后一點(diǎn) lastly 最后一點(diǎn) in the last place 最后 shortly 簡(jiǎn)言之 so 因此therefore 因此thus 因此 to sum up 總之 to summarize 總之 Back例如： Many students have difficulty taking test. As a result, they get poor grades on their quizzes. They must, therefore, work ha

18、rder in class to communicate their understanding of the course. In addition, they usually devote great periods of time to writing assignments in the hope that these assignments will raise their averages. Finally, many offer to do extra assignments during vocations in an effort to raise their grades.

19、 The effects of doing poorly on even one quiz can be stressful to most students. 在本段落中，作者使用了一系列的合適的過渡詞語(yǔ)使得文章銜接自然、字句通順、內(nèi)容連貫。Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph Back 結(jié)尾句通常是對(duì)段落的歸納總結(jié)和概括，也可以是對(duì)主題加以評(píng)論。在論述性較強(qiáng)的議論文體中，一般都有結(jié)尾句。例如：1)For the past ten years, traffic jams in Beijing have been more and more ser

20、ious. (2)There are many reasons but in general they come down to three main causes. (3)First, with the rapid development of economy in Beijing, too many transportation tools are brought into use, especially taxis and private cars which count for a remarkable number of traffic jams. Chapter One: The

21、Structure of a Paragraph III. 段落的結(jié)尾Back(4)Next, the traffic system in Beijing was established mainly in the 1940s. the roads are still narrow that they can not bear such heavy traffic.(5) The final reason is that the population of Beijing has been increasing so fast that there are many pedestrians o

22、n the streets. (6)From the foregoing, it is clear that the traffic system in Beijing must be re-established as soon as possible. 分析上面段落，我們可以看出： (1)是引入句，（2）是主題句，（3）（4）（5）是擴(kuò)展句，（6）是結(jié)尾句。 Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph Back方法2.舉例法(Exemplification)1. 列舉法(Listing) 3. 時(shí)空順序法(Time and Space Sequenc

23、e)4.因果分析法(Cause and Effect) 6. 分類法(Classification) 5. 比較對(duì)照法(Comparison & Contrast) 段落的展開，有很多方法和模式，下面介紹最常用的幾種： Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph Patterns1 列舉法(Listing)A general statement supported by specific details or reasons 列舉法是指在主題句之后列舉一些足以支持主題句觀點(diǎn)的具體細(xì)節(jié)。這種具體細(xì)節(jié)一般是事實(shí)描述、數(shù)據(jù)、例子等。一般來講， 所列舉的具體細(xì)節(jié)按照重要性遞增的順序排列。

24、列舉法常常和舉例法結(jié)合起來使用。 我們來看看下面這個(gè)用列舉法展開的段落： Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBackChatting Online My Most Rewarding Experience (1) As one of my most rewarding experiences, chatting online has brought a lot of benefits to my life. (2) For one thing, it helps me avoid nervousness and embarrassment I used

25、to feel in regular talks. (3) Unlike the face-to-face conversation, it offers me much freedom in time to think out my ideas and prepare them well before posting them on the screen. (4) For another, it adds no little to the improvement of my English. 點(diǎn)擊繼續(xù)Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBack(5) T

26、hrough online chatting, I have more chances to speak with native speakers, thus bathing myself in the sea of genuine English. (6) The most valuable result of chatting online is that it gives me insights into other cultures and keeps my mind open to better ways of seeing things. (7) Now I tend to see

27、 things from a more objective perspective. 8) In short, there is not anything in my free time that is more beneficial than chatting online.Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBack 根據(jù)本段的主題句（1）句， 作者列舉了三個(gè)理由（2）、（4）、（6）句，分別由for one thing, for another, the most valuable result 等連接詞語(yǔ)引出，并分別給予必要的進(jìn)一步的闡述（3）、（

28、5）、（7）句（二級(jí)擴(kuò)展），使得該段條理清楚、層次分明、內(nèi)容連貫。Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBack 常用于列舉法段落的過渡詞有以下幾組。一般要相互呼應(yīng)，不混用。 1. First, second, third, last 2. firstly, secondly, . thirdly, finally 3. the first , the second , the third , the last 4. to begin with/ to start with/ in the first place, then/next/ in additio

29、n(to)/besides/also/ moreover, furthermore /what is more, . finally 運(yùn)用列舉法展開段落的寫作模式如下： Topic sentenceDetail 1Detail 2, Detail 3, Concluding sentence.Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBackHomework: Marking up a Book is Indispensable to Reading參考范文： Why is marking up a book indispensable（必不可少的） to re

30、ading? First, it keeps you awake. I dont mean merely conscious; I mean wide awake. In the second place, reading, if it is active, is thinking, and thinking tends to express itself in words, spoken or written. The marked book is usually the thought-through book. Finally, written helps you remember th

31、e thoughts you had, or the thoughts the author expressed.Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBack2.舉例法(Exemplification)A general statement supported by some exles 作者通過舉出具體事例來闡述、說明主題句的內(nèi)容，嚴(yán)格地講，舉例法也是列舉法的一種，它們的區(qū)別在于：列舉法側(cè)重羅列事實(shí)，所列事實(shí)力求全面；而舉例法側(cè)重通過舉出典型事例來解釋作者觀點(diǎn)，且事例可多可少。 Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsB

32、ack 我們來看看下面這個(gè)用舉例法展開的段落： There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For exle, those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another exle, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people

33、can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter. In short, no matter what their interests are, people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them.Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBack 本段采用了三個(gè)事例來說明主題句，分別由連接詞for exle, for another exle 和 besides引出，最后由 In short引導(dǎo)的結(jié)尾句總結(jié)全

34、段內(nèi)容。 常用于舉例法段落的句型、句式和詞語(yǔ)有：For exle/instance,There are many exles to show that This can be illustrated / shown by the following exles / instances.One exle is . Another exle is An exle of this is / involves 運(yùn)用舉例法展開段落的寫作模式如下：Topic sentenceone or more exlesConcluding sentence. Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph

35、 PatternsBackHome work: Knowing A foreign Language is Helpful參考范文： Knowing a foreign language is helpful. I have got a better understanding of this with my own experience. Yesterday morning, I went to the bookstore to buy some books. When I got there, I saw a foreign lady talking to a salesgirl. But

36、 the salesgirl could not understand what she was saying. I went up to them. She told me she needed a pocket English-Chinese dictionary. So I told the salesgirl what the foreigner wanted to buy. In a moment the foreign lady got the dictionary and she was very happy. Both she and the salesgirl thanked

37、 me a lot. Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBackHome work: Knowing A foreign Language is Helpful參考范文： Knowing a foreign language is helpful. Firstly, if you know a foreign language you can communicate with its native speakers thus enabling you to make a lot more friends. Secondly, it will help y

38、ou to know about another culture and open your mind to new was of seeing things. Thirdly, it may offer you more chances to find a good job in a joint venture enterprise or an foreign-funded enterprise. So, knowing a foreign language is very important, we college students must work hard to master a f

39、oreign language.Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBack3. 時(shí)空順序法(Time and Space Sequence)To describe a series of actions or a situation according to the time or space sequence 時(shí)空順序法是按照事物本身的時(shí)間或空間的排列順序，通過對(duì)一些特有過渡連接詞的使用，有層次、分步驟地表達(dá)主題的一種寫作手段。用這種方法展開段落，作者能夠清楚連貫地交待事物的本末，從而使讀者可以清晰、完整地理解文章的含義。Chapter Two: Ba

40、sic Paragraph PatternsBack例如：Yesterday was one of those awful days for me when everything I did went wrong. First, I didnt hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work. Then, I didnt read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting with my boss. During the coffee break, I dropped my

41、 coffee cup and spoilt my new skirt. At lunch time, I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that was in it. After lunch, my boss was angry because I hadnt gone to the meeting. Then I didnt notice a sign on a door that said Wet Paint and so I spoilt my jacket too. When I got home I couldnt ge

42、t into my flat because I had left my key in my office. So I broke a window to get in and cut my hand.Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBack 本段采用的是時(shí)間順序法，根據(jù)本段主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞組everything I did went wrong，作者按時(shí)間順序列舉了他所做的8件錯(cuò)事，分別由first, then, during the coffee break, after lunch等連接詞語(yǔ)引出，使得該文條理清楚、內(nèi)容連貫。 Chapter Tw

43、o: Basic Paragraph PatternsBack 再看一例：In the flat opposite, a woman heard the noise outside. When she looked out through the window, she discovered that her neighbor was threatened by someone. She immediately called the police station. In answer to the call, a patrol police car arrived at the scene o

44、f the crime quickly. Three policemen went inside the flat at once, and others guarded outside the building to prevent anyone from escaping.Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBack 本段是按照事物發(fā)展的空間和先后順序，敘述從發(fā)現(xiàn)案情、報(bào)警、到警察趕到、包圍現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的過程。作者采用了許多表示空間位置的詞匯，如： In the flat opposite, outside, lookout through the windo

45、w等等，使讀者仿佛身臨其境。 常用于時(shí)間順序法段落的過渡連接詞有：first, at the beginning, to start with, after that, later, then, afterwards, in the end, finally等可以表示時(shí)間先后的詞匯。 常用于空間順序法段落的過渡連接詞有：from here, inside, out of, in front of, behind, at the back of, next to, beside, on, over, above, under, beneath, beyond, on the right/left

46、-hand side, on the corner, on the opposite side of, between等可以表示空間位置的詞匯。Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBackHomework: My Dormitory is a Large, Spacious and Comfortable Room with Four Beds參考范文：My dormitory is a large, spacious and comfortable room with four beds. As you walk into the room, you a

47、re faced with a large window on the southern side of the room. Below the window is a large desk on which there is a clock, a telephone and a computer. Around the desk are four chairs for us to sit on during our study. The four beds are located in the four corners of the room. Between the two beds on

48、 the east side of the room is a large wardrobe for hanging clothes and storing bedding. Opposite to it is a large bookcase with neatly arranged books. Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBack4. 因果分析法(Cause and Effect)To analyze the causes of sth or the effects of sth 因果分析法是通過分析事物的因果關(guān)系來展開段落。我們可以先提出某

49、種現(xiàn)象，然后分析導(dǎo)致這種現(xiàn)象的原因，這就是一果多因（例1）；也可以先給出原因，然后再說明原因?qū)е碌慕Y(jié)果，這就是一因多果（例2）。運(yùn)用因果分析法展開段落最好把主題句放在句首，即一果或一因放在開頭。Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBack 例 1: (1) Now theres a large gap between rich and poor in China. (2)The cause lies in three aspects. (3) First the gap is the result of the economic reform. (4) S

50、ome become millionaires by working hard and seizing the opportunities. (5) Meanwhile the slow development in agriculture and the closedown of many state-owned enterprises hinder the farmers and workers from greatly raising their living standards. (6) Second, the current distribution of income is not

51、 scientific enough, thus widening the income difference. (7) Third, while most make money honestly, there are some dishonest businessmen and government agents who have accumulated large fortunes through illegal ways. （一果多因） 此段中，（1）是引導(dǎo)句，（2）是主題句，（3）、（6）、（7）是擴(kuò)展句，（4）、（5）句是（3）句的二級(jí)擴(kuò)展句。Chapter Two: Basic P

52、aragraph PatternsBack例 2：(1) Whenever we turn on TV, we will see advertisements. (2) Advertisements are one of the most frustrating parts of watching television. (3) In the first place, the advertisements waste time. (4) For instance, in order to see a 90-minute movie, we have to spend another 20 to

53、 30 more minutes watching advertisements. (5) In the second place, the advertisements interrupt the viewers. (6) For exle, the viewers may forget the plot of a show during the advertisements. (7) In the third place, they make people under constant economic pressure. (8) The ads make many products lo

54、ok more attractive than they really are. (9) They always make people spend more than they can afford. (10) Since ads could not disappear from TV screen, the television viewers must be aware and critical of the advertisements in order to endure them. （一因多果） 此段中，（1）是引導(dǎo)句，（2）是主題句，（3）、（5）、（7）是擴(kuò)展句，（4）、（6）

55、、（8）、（9）分別是（3）、（5）、（7）句的二級(jí)擴(kuò)展句，（10）是結(jié)尾句。Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBack 試分析上述段落的展開方式和因果關(guān)系。 因和果是相對(duì)而言的，有時(shí)一個(gè)原因?qū)е碌慕Y(jié)果又會(huì)成為導(dǎo)致另一種結(jié)果的原因，從而形成一系列的因果關(guān)系。請(qǐng)看下例： As the price of everything increases, workers demand higher wages to keep up with rising costs. This can produces further increases in prices or

56、a decreased demand for manufactured goods, or both. Since production tries to keep pace with demand, decreased demand is followed by decreased production. This, in turn, can lead to layoffs (下崗) and unemployment, which further the demand for goods. Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBack上面三段的展開模式為

57、： 模式1 CauseEffect 1Effect 2, Concluding Sentence模式2 EffectCause 1Cause 2, Concluding Sentence模式3 Cause1Effect1（Cause 2）Effect2 (Cause3)Effect3Concluding SentenceChapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBack常用于因果分析法段落闡述原因的句型和詞語(yǔ)有：The explanation is that There are several reasons why/ for The cause of is T

58、he reasons for are is the result of is caused by/ due to/ because of because, since, now that, because of , as a result of , on account of , for this reason, owing to, due to, for, as, thanks to, result fromChapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBack常用于因果分析法段落闡述結(jié)果的句型和詞語(yǔ)有：The result/ effect/ consequenc

59、e of is will result in Therefore, As a result (of), Lead to, result in, contribute to, so that, thus, hence, consequently, so, accordingly, in view of Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBackHomework: Smoking Results in a Series of Negative Effects參考范文：Smoking results in a series of negative effect

60、s. To begin with, it has been proved that poisonous nicotine contained in cigarettes can reduce your fitness. And what is worse, it can even cause lung cancer if you smoke constantly. That is why such warning as “smoking is harmful to your health” must be printed on the cover of the cigarette case i