高考英語題型命題原則及應(yīng)試技巧課件(PPT 119頁)

1、高考英語題型 命題原則 及應(yīng)試技巧第1頁，共119頁。聽力測試命題原則及應(yīng)試技巧第2頁，共119頁。一、.聽力測試的命題要旨1. 測試的目的 高考聽力測試以語篇（對(duì)話或獨(dú)白）為測試載體，在語言使用的場景中測試學(xué)生使用語言，語法，詞匯知識(shí)的能力，主要是考查考生對(duì)所聽信息的正確理解能力和快速反映能力。2.聽力測試要點(diǎn)包括 1）理解主旨和大意。 2）獲取具體信息，如時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，人物等。 3）簡單推斷談話背景，人物關(guān)系等。 4）理解說話人的意圖，觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度。 第3頁，共119頁。3. 高考英語聽力測試約需20分鐘左右，共20個(gè)小題，計(jì)分30分、用時(shí)約20分鐘。設(shè)問全部是特殊疑問句，幾乎涵蓋了所有的疑問

2、句型. 如,what,who,when,where,why,how,what 在time,how many,how much,how long,how old,how soon,how often等，選項(xiàng)為“3選1”。聽力測試共分兩節(jié)：第一節(jié)是聽五段簡短對(duì)話，每段對(duì)話后僅有一個(gè)選擇題，每段對(duì)話僅讀一遍。主要考查考生對(duì)語音，數(shù)字（時(shí)間，日期，號(hào)碼，價(jià)格等），字母，句子結(jié)構(gòu)及句意的快速反應(yīng)能力和理解能力。第二節(jié)包括5段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白，共15小題，每段材料播放兩遍。主要考查考生對(duì)較長對(duì)話或短文的整體理解和把握能力，即對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)的歸納綜合能力和判斷能力等 第4頁，共119頁。4.高考聽力材料的選擇非常重視語言

3、的真實(shí)性原則。 語言材料一般來源于英美國家實(shí)際生活，話題涉及到方方面面，如日常生活，文化教育，傳說，時(shí)事，任務(wù)，科普等。對(duì)話一般圍繞一個(gè)日常生活的話題展開。如：購物，買票，道別，感謝，打電話，約會(huì)，偏愛，祝愿和祝賀，提供幫助，請(qǐng)求，問路，看病，求救等。第5頁，共119頁。二、聽力測試的應(yīng)試技巧 培養(yǎng)良好的心態(tài) 充分利用試聽時(shí)間 不要閱讀漢語的試題要求 聽前必須搶讀，預(yù)測話題 學(xué)會(huì)邊聽邊記，捕捉關(guān)鍵詞 拓寬背景知識(shí)，熟悉交際用語 科學(xué)判斷推理第6頁，共119頁。單項(xiàng)選擇 命題分析及解題方法第7頁，共119頁。一、命題原則 在特定的語言環(huán)境中考查考生綜合運(yùn)用語言的能力。分值占整個(gè)卷面的10%。 一

4、般不考查“純語法”或“純?cè)~匯” 2012年純語法： 22. Try she might, Sue couldnt get the door open. A. if B. when C. since D. as 第8頁，共119頁。1.關(guān)于題干的設(shè)計(jì)原則1）盡量不在題干句首設(shè)空；2）題干設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)力求語言簡潔、 意思清晰、長度適宜。3）題干中語言的難易成度應(yīng)該 與考生水平相適宜。4）題干應(yīng)有一定的，完整的語境。第9頁，共119頁。2.關(guān)于選項(xiàng)的命制規(guī)則1） 選項(xiàng)不宜過長。 2） 詞匯測試題各選項(xiàng)的形式、長度、 難度應(yīng)基于一致，其目的是不讓正確選 項(xiàng)在任何一方面不同于干擾項(xiàng)。 3） 干擾項(xiàng)應(yīng)該有干擾性

5、。4） 要保證答案沒有爭議.每個(gè)選項(xiàng)放到 題干里時(shí)必須合乎語法及語用習(xí)慣。5） 選項(xiàng)本身在語法和形式上應(yīng)該是正確的。第10頁，共119頁。 7.） 如何設(shè)置單項(xiàng)選擇的干擾項(xiàng) 插入語干擾 John plays football _, if not better than, David. A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as 化簡法 第11頁，共119頁。 標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)干擾 Tom, _sure to come tomorrow. A. is B. be C. was D. would be 抓提示法 第12頁，共119頁。 疑問句干擾 命

6、題人利用一般疑問句和特殊疑問句的特殊結(jié)構(gòu),達(dá)到干擾目的。解題時(shí),只要把句子還原為陳述句,就可以看清它的廬山真面目了。如: 6. Who would you rather_with you tomorrow, Tom or Smith? A. have to go B. have go C. have gone D. had go 還原法第13頁，共119頁。 倒裝句干擾 On the grass _ two sheep. A. lies B. lie C. lying D. laid 還原法第14頁，共119頁。 從句和先行詞分離干擾 The question came up at the m

7、eeting _ we had enough money for our research. A. that B. which C. whether D. if 化簡法第15頁，共119頁。 省略句干擾 The girl is very shy, and never speaks until _ to. A. spoken B. speaking C. speak D. be spoken 填補(bǔ)法第16頁，共119頁。 被動(dòng)句干擾 Every minute is made full use of_at our lessons. A. to work B. working C. having w

8、orked D. being worked 劃分句子成分法、逆向思維法、 還原法第17頁，共119頁。 搭配干擾 The country life he was used to _ greatly since the opening policy. A. change B. has changed C. changing D. having changed 化簡法 第18頁，共119頁。 定語從句干擾 Mrs. Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had had_went wrong again. A. it B

9、. it repaired C. repaired D. to be repaired 析:這道題考查了兩個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn),一是考查了have sth. done結(jié)構(gòu),二是定語從句。she had had repaired(had的賓語which在定語從句中提前,且省略了)是定語從句,修飾the washing machine。此句可譯為:“布朗夫人很失望地發(fā)現(xiàn)她剛剛請(qǐng)人修理好的洗衣機(jī)又出了毛病?！?還原法、 化簡法 第19頁，共119頁。 非正常語序干擾 The home improvements have taken what little there is_my spare time. A. f

10、rom B. in C. of D. at 析:為了保持句子平衡,該句采用了非正常語序。該句的正常語序是:The home improvements have taken what little of my spare time there is. 本句意為“改善家庭居住條件占去了我僅有的一點(diǎn)業(yè)余時(shí)間?！眛here is是定語從句,用來修飾前面的名詞短語what little of my spare time。 還原法、劃分句子成分法 第20頁，共119頁。 強(qiáng)調(diào)句干擾 It is the protection for the trees_really matters, rather than

11、 how many trees are planted. A. what B. that C. / D. which 還原法第21頁，共119頁。 主謂一致干擾 -I like football. -_my sister and me. A. So do B. So are C. So did D. So it is with 語境法 1）整體理解法 2） 尋找隱含信息法第22頁，共119頁。 多義詞干擾 試比較下列兩個(gè)例句: 1. He is a strange character, _is very hard to get along with. A. who B. which C. th

12、at D. where 2. He has a strange character, _makes him difficult to get along with. A. who B. which C. that D. where 析:多義詞character在兩個(gè)例句中有不同的含義。在例1中,character表示“人物”,例2中,character表示“性格”。逆向思維法 第23頁，共119頁。三、關(guān)于考點(diǎn)的規(guī)則1. 充分考慮到語言知識(shí)的覆蓋面，涵蓋了詞法、句法、交際和語篇層面的基本知識(shí)，涉及課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和考試大綱的語法項(xiàng)目表中絕大部分內(nèi)容?？疾閷W(xué)生語言知識(shí)運(yùn)用能力最為普遍的方式。2. 科學(xué)、

13、合理設(shè)計(jì)考點(diǎn)，一題考查一個(gè)點(diǎn)。3. 目標(biāo)明確，不應(yīng)考查語言知識(shí)以外的內(nèi)容。4. 要考查學(xué)生根據(jù)情景的判斷推理能力。第24頁，共119頁。四、 單項(xiàng)填空的解題方法和技巧 1. 理解意群法 （適于長難句） 2. 還原法 3. 化簡法 4. 添補(bǔ)法 5. 抓提示法 （提示詞，關(guān)聯(lián)詞、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)等） 6. 逆向思維法 what he could (do )to save the boy 7. 生題法 “熟題” “生題” 消除“熟題效應(yīng)”： cant help doing sth.意為“禁不住做某事” cant help to do sth.意為“不能幫忙做某事” 8. 語境法 1）整體理解法 2） 尋找

14、隱含信息法 注意：高考英語單項(xiàng)題、書面表達(dá)題各卷之間的互借性！第25頁，共119頁。完形填空命題分析及解題方法第26頁，共119頁。 一、完形填空命題原則 較為全面地考查了考生綜合理解、靈活運(yùn)用語言知識(shí)的能力，突出考查考生在語篇情景中依據(jù)上下文 靈活運(yùn)用詞匯的能力第27頁，共119頁。 二、 試題概述1、考查目標(biāo)：障礙性閱讀能力。測試讀者預(yù)測 和理解不完整的語言信息的能力及方法2、試題特點(diǎn)：完形填空首句一般不設(shè)空；布 空基本均勻分開；目標(biāo)主要為實(shí)詞，尤其 是動(dòng)詞；選項(xiàng)為同一詞性和同一詞形，避 免純語法選項(xiàng)3、選材特點(diǎn)：一般是300字以內(nèi)的短文常以記 敘文為主，多是夾敘夾議的文章，故事性 強(qiáng)，內(nèi)

15、容健康向上，通常給人以教益和啟 迪，難度低于閱讀理解的短文。 第28頁，共119頁。 三、 設(shè)空特點(diǎn) 1. 設(shè)空密度穩(wěn)定。在300詞以內(nèi)的短文中，設(shè) 空 20個(gè)，平均設(shè)空，密度為10-15個(gè)單詞設(shè)1個(gè)空。 穩(wěn)定的設(shè)空密度決定完形填空題穩(wěn)定的命題難度； 保留提示句。2. 設(shè)空以實(shí)詞為主，虛詞為輔；單詞為主，短語為 輔。 近五年高考試題80%以上的設(shè)空為實(shí)詞。3. 設(shè)空注重在語境中考查詞義。完形填空題的4個(gè)備 選答案，一般都屬于同一詞類，同一語義范疇， 而且往往都和設(shè)空前后的單詞形成某種搭配，這樣 便形成了很強(qiáng)的迷惑性和干擾性。 第29頁，共119頁。 4. 注重在語篇語境中考查詞義的這一特點(diǎn)，

16、很好地反映了從重點(diǎn)測試語言形式轉(zhuǎn)向重點(diǎn)測試語言意義的改革方向，反映了“強(qiáng) 調(diào)應(yīng)用，注重交際”的命題原則。 5. 設(shè)空的分類。設(shè)空的答案有的由一個(gè)句子 決定，有的由相鄰不遠(yuǎn)的一組句子決定， 還有的由語篇內(nèi)容綜合決定。因此，設(shè)空 分為：句子層次；句組層次；語篇層次。 第30頁，共119頁。6. 設(shè)空的難度，從句子層次到句組層次，再到語篇 層次。一般說來，三個(gè)層次的設(shè)空比例各占三分 之一。但是，從近年來的高考試題看，語篇層次 設(shè)空的比例有所增加，超過了三分之一，反映出 “突出語篇”的命題思路設(shè)空的答案有的由讀過 的上文決定，有的由未讀過的下文決定，還有的 要綜合上下文而定。 所以設(shè)空分為三類： （1

17、）前制性設(shè)空；易 （2）后制性設(shè)空；中 （3）語篇性設(shè)空，難。第31頁，共119頁。 四、 命題要素1、根據(jù)詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)設(shè)空 2、根據(jù)空間描述設(shè)空 3、根據(jù)心理情感設(shè)空4、根據(jù)語境暗示設(shè)空5、根據(jù)情理邏輯設(shè)空 6、根據(jù)句型結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)空 7、根據(jù)詞義辨析設(shè)空 第32頁，共119頁。 五、 命題時(shí)易犯錯(cuò)誤(1)詞匯銜接不當(dāng) 第一和第二點(diǎn) (2)語篇連貫性缺失 也是解該題的入口(3)單純考查語法知識(shí)。(4)選項(xiàng)缺乏排他性。(5)干擾項(xiàng)缺乏干擾性，有些甚至形同虛設(shè)。 干擾項(xiàng)放入題干后，題干在語法或句法上是錯(cuò)的。 (6)忽略對(duì)推理判斷題的設(shè)計(jì)。 文章的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系和邏輯關(guān)系考查被勿略。 (7)空與空之間的間隔設(shè)計(jì)不

18、合理、不均衡。 完形填空的設(shè)空間距應(yīng)控制在6至8個(gè)詞之間，過短或過長的空格間距都是不合理的。第33頁，共119頁。詞匯銜接詞匯銜接是語篇中兩個(gè)或多個(gè)成分之間所存在的邏輯語義關(guān)系,這些詞匯常以復(fù)現(xiàn)和搭配等形式出現(xiàn),構(gòu)成一個(gè)銜接的語義整體,從而促成語篇的連貫。英語語篇是一個(gè)句子之間相互銜接、語義相互關(guān)聯(lián)的多個(gè)銜接鏈組成的統(tǒng)一連貫的整體。作為語篇建構(gòu)的一種重要機(jī)制,詞匯銜接對(duì)于語篇組織、語篇連貫具有重要作用。 第34頁，共119頁。 完形填空的解題過程就是對(duì)語篇缺失進(jìn)行推測的過程。它迫使受測者閱讀全文，迫使他們利用語言中的多余信息猜測意思，理解句子，弄清句子和句子之間的關(guān)系，弄懂全文。這樣你的答案才

19、具有銜接性、 語境性、信息性和互文性，直至可接受性、 第35頁，共119頁。2010年完型 It was a busy morning，about 8:30, when an elderly gentleman in his 80s came to the hospital .I heard him saying to the nurse that he was in a hurry for all appointment at 9:30. The nurse had him take a 36 in the waiting area, 37 him it would be at least

20、40 minutes 38 someone would be able to see him. I saw him 39 his watch and decided，since I was 40 busymy patient didnt 41 at the appointed hour, I would examine his wound .While taking care of his wound，I asked him if he had another doctors appointment.第36頁，共119頁。A: What on earth has happened to the

21、 baked salmon? B: The cat is looking very happy. 第37頁，共119頁。 六、完形填空解題步驟與方法 1. 解題步驟 1）讀文盲填2）帶項(xiàng)對(duì)照 3）前后照應(yīng)4）復(fù)文核查 2. 解題方法1）覽首尾句 2）推測語境 3）常識(shí)推斷 4）語篇標(biāo)志 5) 習(xí)語搭配 6) 同義轉(zhuǎn)換 7) 結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)比 8) 重復(fù)暗示 9) 語法分析 10)先易后難 第38頁，共119頁。七、解題誤區(qū)1. 單純求快，忽略語篇理解，只看局部的 詞義辨析、搭配和語法結(jié)構(gòu)，試圖用語 言知識(shí)解決所有問題。 2. 時(shí)間安排不當(dāng)， 3. 改來改去。例子：長春2011年二模完形填空說明如何解完

22、型第39頁，共119頁。 -2010年全國卷完形填空完形填空Company Logo第40頁，共119頁。2010年高考 完形填空 It was a busy morning，about 8:30, when an elderly gentleman in his 80s came to the hospital .I heard him saying to the nurse that he was in a hurry for all appointment at 9:30. The nurse had him take a 36 in the waiting area, 37 him i

23、t would be at least 40 minutes 38 someone would be able to see him. I saw him 39 his watch and decided，since I was 40 busymy patient didnt 41 at the appointed hour, I would examine his wound .While taking care of his wound，I asked him if he had another doctors appointment. The gentleman said no and

24、told me that he 42 to go to the nursing home to eat breakfast with his 43 . He told me that she had been 44 for a while and that she had a special disease. I asked if she would be 45 if he was a bit late. He replied that she 46 knew who he was，that she had not been able to 47 him for five years now.

25、 I was 48 ,and asked him，“And you 49 go every morning，even though she doesnt know who you are?” He smiled and said“She doesnt know me but I know who she is” I had to hold back 50 as he left. Now I 51 that in marriages，true love is 52 of all that is. The happiest people dont 53 have the best of every

26、thing；they just 54 the best of everything they have. 55 isnt about how to live through the storm，but how to dance in the rain. 36. A. breath B. test C. seat D. break 37. A. persuading B. promising C. understanding D. telling 38. A. if B. before C. since D. after 39. A. taking off B. fixing C. lookin

27、g at D. winding 40. A. very B. also C. seldom D. not 41. A. turn up B. show off C. come on D. go away 42. A. needed B. forgot C. agreed D. happened 43. A. daughter B. wife C. mother D. sister 44. A. late B. well C. around D. there 45. A. lonely B. worried C. doubtful D. hungry難度預(yù)測0.50形式一篇缺少20個(gè)單詞或詞組的

28、障礙性閱讀文章，要求學(xué)生根據(jù)篇章結(jié)構(gòu)及上下文內(nèi)容等，選出符合文意、邏輯正確的選項(xiàng)。能力目標(biāo)7級(jí)分值30分Company Logo第41頁，共119頁。新課標(biāo)及考試大綱對(duì)閱讀的基本要求：能理解文中具體信息2能根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞的詞義3能通過文章線索進(jìn)行判斷和推理4能理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)5能理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度6能夠理解文章主旨和要義1命題意圖：從語篇角度綜合考查學(xué)生的閱讀理解能力、對(duì)詞匯和習(xí)慣用語的掌握程度、語法規(guī)則的靈活運(yùn)用能力，以及對(duì)語篇理解的連貫性思維能力與分析判斷能力。Company Logo第42頁，共119頁。2010年高考英語試題 全國卷 完形填空 It was a busy

29、morning，about 8:30, when an elderly gentleman in his 80s came to the hospital .I heard him saying to the nurse that he was in a hurry for all appointment at 9:30. The nurse had him take a 36 in the waiting area, 37 him it would be at least 40 minutes 38 someone would be able to see him. I saw him 39

30、 his watch and decided，since I was 40 busymy patient didnt 41 at the appointed hour, I would examine his wound .While taking care of his wound，I asked him if he had another doctors appointment. The gentleman said no and told me that he 42 to go to the nursing home to eat breakfast with his 43 . He t

31、old me that she had been 44 for a while and that she had a special disease. I asked if she would be 45 if he was a bit late. He replied that she 46 knew who he was，that she had not been able to 47 him for five years now. I was 48 ,and asked him，“And you 49 go every morning，even though she doesnt kno

32、w who you are?” He smiled and said“She doesnt know me but I know who she is” I had to hold back 50 as he left. Now I 51 that in marriages，true love is 52 of all that is. The happiest people dont 53 have the best of everything；they just 54 the best of everything they have. 55 isnt about how to live t

33、hrough the storm，but how to dance in the rain. 36. A. breath B. test C. seat D. break 37. A. persuading B. promising C. understanding D. telling 38. A. if B. before C. since D. after 39. A. taking off B. fixing C. looking at D. winding 40. A. very B. also C. seldom D. not 41. A. turn up B. show off

34、C. come on D. go away 42. A. needed B. forgot C. agreed D. happened 43. A. daughter B. wife C. mother D. sister 44. A. late B. well C. around D. there 45. A. lonely B. worried C. doubtful D. hungry體裁：記敘文題材：作者接診一位八旬老人時(shí)得知這位老人一直在默默地關(guān)心著5年以來始終癡呆的妻子，作者由此發(fā)出感慨，在婚姻生活中真正的愛是夫妻能夠一起經(jīng)歷風(fēng)雨。 Company Logo第43頁，共119頁。知

35、識(shí)考查點(diǎn)分布 ：考點(diǎn) 邏輯連詞 動(dòng)詞 名詞形容詞副詞固定搭配題數(shù)465221Company Logo第44頁，共119頁?！包c(diǎn)”考點(diǎn)：在句子范疇內(nèi)的、對(duì)最基本的語言現(xiàn)象規(guī)律、詞語的基本搭配用法的考查。能力目標(biāo)為6級(jí)。 文章中共有6處：36、38、45、47、53、54。Company Logo第45頁，共119頁?？疾辄c(diǎn)分類：線點(diǎn)面易中難Company Logo第46頁，共119頁。 it would be at least 40 minutes 38 some would be able to see him. A. if B. before C. since D. after“點(diǎn)”考點(diǎn)：i

36、t would be +一段時(shí)間+before 要過多久才Company Logo第47頁，共119頁?！包c(diǎn)”考點(diǎn)： The happiest people dont 53 have the best of everything；they just 54 the best of everything they have. 53. A. necessarily B. completely C. naturally D. frequently necessarily 用于否定句，表示“不一定” 54. A. learn B. make C. favor D. try “make the best

37、of ” 表示“盡可能利用”Company Logo第48頁，共119頁。“線”考點(diǎn)：需要聯(lián)系上下文，通過某個(gè)詞或者某句話來判斷答案?？疾鞂W(xué)生通過文章線索進(jìn)行判斷和推理的邏輯思維能力。能力目標(biāo)為7級(jí)。文章中共有12處：37、39、40、41、42、43、44、46、48、49、50、51、53。 Company Logo第49頁，共119頁?！熬€”考點(diǎn)：It was a busy morning，about 8:30, when an elderly gentleman in his 80s came to thehospital .I heard him saying to the nurs

38、e that he was in a hurry for all appointment at 9:30. The nurse had him take a 36 in the waiting area, 37 him it would be at least 40 minutes 38 someone would be able to see him. I saw him 39 his watch and decided，since I was 40 busymy patient didnt 41 at the appointed hour, I would examine his woun

39、d . While taking care of his wound ，I asked him if he had another doctors appointment. The gentleman said no and told me that he 42 to go to the nursing home to eat breakfast with his 43 . He told me that she had been 44 for a while and that she had a special disease. I asked if she would be 45 if h

40、e was a bit late. He replied that she 46 knew who he was，that she had not been able to 47 him for five years now. I was 48 , and asked him，“And you 49 go every morning, even though she doesnt know who you are?” He smiled and said“She doesnt know me but I know who she is” I had to hold back 50 as he

41、left. Now I 51 that in marriages，true love is 52 of all that is. The happiest people dont 53 have the best of everything；they just 54 the best of everything they have. 55 isnt about how to live through the storm，but how to dance in the rain.wifetheresurprisedtearsstillno longer突破句子束縛，捕捉篇章思路思維路徑圖Comp

42、any Logo第50頁，共119頁。閱讀理解命題分析及解題方法第51頁，共119頁。一、命題原則 閱讀理解題考查的不僅是考生對(duì)整篇文章的把握能力，還考查了他們快速捕捉信息、準(zhǔn)確理解特定細(xì)節(jié)以及復(fù)雜句子的能力?？忌粌H要理解文章表層意義，更重要的是要通過文章的表層去合理判斷、挖掘文章的隱含意義、延伸意義。這是對(duì)考生能力、智力、心理的一個(gè)綜合檢驗(yàn)。第52頁，共119頁?？季V對(duì)閱讀的要求： 要求考生能讀懂書、報(bào)、雜志中關(guān)于一般性話題的簡短文段以及公告、說明、廣告等，并能從中獲取相關(guān)信息?？忌鷳?yīng)能： （1）理解主旨和要義； （2）理解文中具體信息； （3）根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞的詞義； （4）作出判斷和

43、推理； （5）理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)； （6）理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度第53頁，共119頁。著重測試的內(nèi)容： 1）信息辨認(rèn)能力 2）信息轉(zhuǎn)述能力 3）含義理解能力 4）語篇邏輯的理解能力 5）推理能力 6）主旨理解能力 7）詞義猜測能力 8）閱讀策略的使用 9）情感態(tài)度 10）文化意識(shí)11）問題解決能力。第54頁，共119頁。三、命題特點(diǎn)關(guān)于文章1.所選材料均來源于英美國家實(shí)際生活，使用較正式的書面語言。2.文章的材料趨于“原汁原味”，其中包含多種時(shí)態(tài)的混用，結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的長句，舊詞新義，一詞多義等現(xiàn)象，閱讀材料的文化含量加大。3.高考閱讀理解持續(xù)保持較大的閱讀量，一般45篇閱讀材料總詞匯量在120

44、01400詞左右。2012年1357詞。4.語篇體材分布比較均勻，題材豐富多樣。閱讀語篇包括記敘文、說明文、議論文和應(yīng)用文等文體（其中又以議論文和記敘文居多）。內(nèi)容涵蓋日常生活、人物、社會(huì)、文化、史地、科技、政治、環(huán)保、經(jīng)濟(jì)等諸多領(lǐng)域的熱點(diǎn)、焦點(diǎn)問題。第55頁，共119頁。四、命題特點(diǎn)關(guān)于題目1）題干：填空式題干和問題式題干兩種 2）選項(xiàng)：避免設(shè)常識(shí)性試題 、各選擇項(xiàng)的長度、結(jié) 構(gòu)等應(yīng)盡量保持相似 、盡可能不要在一題 的選項(xiàng)中透露另一題的答案 3）答案：ABCD四個(gè)答案分布均衡，沒有偏向某一答 案的情況 4）題類：5類：主旨大意題、細(xì)節(jié)理解題、推理判斷 題、詞義猜測題、文章結(jié)構(gòu)/作者寫作意圖、

45、 態(tài)度題。 第56頁，共119頁。五、命題趨勢4.1 命題總趨勢2010年考試閱讀理解部分總體閱讀量約為1100詞、2011年約為1350詞，換算成閱讀速度大約為70-80詞/分鐘。比較近五年的數(shù)據(jù)，全國卷和課標(biāo)卷閱讀理解部分的總體閱讀量在整體穩(wěn)定的基礎(chǔ)上，略有增大。 但是，難度基本穩(wěn)定。另外，高考除了承擔(dān)考查能力和水平及選拔人才之功能外，還具有文化價(jià)值的導(dǎo)向作用。因此試題材料需要體現(xiàn)對(duì)文化知識(shí)和情感價(jià)值的傳遞，閱讀理解試題尤為如此。閱讀理解素材的選取特別注重對(duì)人類先進(jìn)文明、發(fā)達(dá)科技、積極情感和正面價(jià)值觀的傳遞。健康向上為其主要特證第57頁，共119頁。 4.2 2012 高考閱讀理解命題特點(diǎn)

46、及發(fā)展趨勢。 1）詞匯量略增，閱讀速度提高 第58頁，共119頁。2）語篇結(jié)構(gòu)由簡到繁， 長難句數(shù)量有所增加 第59頁，共119頁。3）體裁分布比較均勻，題材趨向多樣化 這些都可從2011試卷中體現(xiàn)出來。例如2011課標(biāo)卷閱讀B篇為例：第60頁，共119頁。 While small may be beautiful, tall is just plain uncomfortable it seems, particularly when it comes to staying in hotels and eating in restaurants.（長難、原汁原味、話題學(xué)生熟悉） The Ta

47、ll Persons Club Great Britain (TPCGB), which was formed six months ago to campaign for the needs of the tall, has turned its attention to hotels and restaurants. A1Beds that are too small, shower heads that are too low, and restaurant tables with hardly any leg-room all make life difficult for those

48、 of above average height, it says. But it is not just the extra-tall whose needs are not being met. The average night of the population has been increasing ye the standard size of beds, doorways, and chairs has remained unchanged.A160題答案第61頁，共119頁。 “The bedding industry says a bed should be six inch

49、es larger than the person using it, so even a king-size bed at 66(6 feet and 6 inches) is falling short for 25% of men, while the standard 63 bed caters for less than half of the male population.” Said TPCGB president Phil Heinricy, “seven-foot beds would work fine.” A2 Similarly, restaurant tables

50、can cause no end of problems. Small tables, which mean the long-legged have to sit a foot or so away from them, are enough to make tall customers go elsewhere.A3 Some have already taken note, however. At Queens Moat HousesCaledoman Hotel in Edinburgh, 66beds are now put in as standard after requests

51、 for longer beds from taller visitors, particularly Americans.A4A160題答案 A261題答案 A362題答案A463題答案第62頁，共119頁。從中可看出： 新教材、新知識(shí)點(diǎn)、非綱內(nèi)容明顯增多 長難句數(shù)量有所增加 句中有比較、省略、并列句、時(shí)間狀語從句等語言現(xiàn)象，可謂 句中套句，結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)復(fù)雜。 高考閱讀理解題通常按文 段先后順序命 題60、61、62、63、高考閱讀題會(huì)基本保持這種態(tài)勢。 第63頁，共119頁。六、 閱讀理解解題步驟、技巧與方法解題步驟： 1先看題干，帶題讀文 2掃讀全文，知大意主題3詳讀細(xì)節(jié)，理思路文脈4邏輯推

52、理，解深層問題5猜測詞義，除閱讀障礙6用排除法，核查答案第64頁，共119頁。解題技巧: 首先要學(xué)會(huì)抓大意：尋找主題句這是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。通常用演繹法撰寫的文章，大都遵循從一般到個(gè)別的寫作程序，即從概述開始，隨之輔以細(xì)說。這時(shí)，主題句就是文章的第一句。主題句多數(shù)情況下出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭。用歸納法撰寫的文章，都是表述細(xì)節(jié)的句子在前，概述性的句子居后。此時(shí)主題句就是文章的最后一句。 其次要學(xué)會(huì)理結(jié)構(gòu)：文脈的重要性。文章絕不是互不相干的句子雜亂無章的堆砌。作者為文，有脈可循。如敘述文多以人物為中心，以時(shí)間或空間為線索，按事件的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、結(jié)局、感悟展開故事；論述體則包含論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)、結(jié)論三大

53、要素，通過解釋、舉例來闡述觀點(diǎn)。你可根據(jù)文章的特點(diǎn)，詳讀細(xì)節(jié)，以時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、事件、因果等為線索，找出關(guān)鍵詞語進(jìn)而完整清晰的勾勒出文章主題和細(xì)節(jié)。 第65頁，共119頁。2011年課標(biāo)卷A篇閱讀：例題： When milk arrived on the doorstep 標(biāo)題的作用When I was a boy growing up in New Jersey in the 1960s, we had a milkman delivering milk to our doorstep. His name was Mr. Basille. He wore a white cap and drov

54、e a white truck. As a 5-year-old boy, I couldnt take my eyes off the coin changer fixed to his belt. He noticed this one day during a delivery and gave me a quarter out of his coin changer.Of course, he delivered more than milk. There was cheese, eggs and so on. If we needed to change our order, my

55、mother would pen a note-“Please add a bottle of buttermilk next delivery”-and place it in the box along with the empty bottles. And then, the buttermilk would magically appear.All of this was about more than convenience. There existed a close relationship between families and their milkmen. Mr. Basi

56、lle even had a key to out house, for those times when it was so cold outside that we put the box indoors, so that the milk wouldnt freeze. And I remember Mr. Basille from time to time taking a break at our kitchen table, having a cup of tea and telling stories about his delivery.There is sadly no ho

57、me milk delivery today. Big companies allowed the production of cheaper milk, thus making it difficult for milkmen to compete. Besides, milk is for sale everywhere, and it may just not have been practical to have a delivery service.Recently, an old milk box in the countryside I saw brought back my c

58、hildhood memories. I took it home and planted it on the back porch （門廊）. Every so often my sons friends will ask what it is. So I start telling stories of my boyhood, and of the milkman who brought us friendship along with his milk.解析：記敘文。通過作者的回憶向我們呈現(xiàn)出舊日里一 家人與送奶工之間結(jié) 下的深厚友誼與如今作者心中那抹淡淡的、因回憶而帶來的憂傷。 短文按

59、事件的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、結(jié)局、感悟展開故事來敘述。第66頁，共119頁。再者，養(yǎng)成良好的閱讀習(xí)慣良好的閱讀習(xí)慣有： 1. 養(yǎng)成默讀習(xí)慣，使注意力集中在文字上，糾正唇讀、心讀、喉讀等做法，以免分散精力，影響讀速。 2. 克服指讀、回視、重讀等不良習(xí)慣，因?yàn)檫@樣容易使理解只停留在某個(gè)詞或句子上，使獲得的信息支離破碎。要善于抓住句子中的核心詞，從一個(gè)句子快速地掃視到另一個(gè)句子，進(jìn)行連貫性理解。 英語閱讀能力的培養(yǎng)是一個(gè)漸進(jìn)的復(fù)雜過程，要養(yǎng)成每天閱讀英語的習(xí)慣，循序漸進(jìn)，持之以恒，精泛結(jié)合，廣泛獵奇。在潛移默化之中，你會(huì)感覺到你的閱讀能力又有了進(jìn)一步的提高最后，了解所學(xué)目的語國家的文化 第67頁，共119頁

60、。 常用的解題方法：先文后題解題模式： 文題文解2. 先題后文 解題模式: 題文解 第68頁，共119頁。先題后文的其優(yōu)勢：1)有的放矢： 61. Which of the following might be a bed of proper length according to Phil Heinricy? A. 72. B. 7 C. 66 D. 63此例說明了讀者只需在明確a bed of proper length 目的后，由這個(gè)明確的觀念導(dǎo)入文章內(nèi)容“seven-foot beds would work fine.”即可確定答案(B)。這篇短文中，前前后后出現(xiàn)了幾個(gè)床的長度數(shù)值，如