【培訓(xùn)課件】新編英語語法教程(共30張)(PPT 30頁)

1、A NEW ENGLISH GRAMMAR COURSEBOOK新編英語語法教程第1頁，共30頁。Lecture 30Coordination了A coordinate construction is a sequence of semantically-related grammatical units that are similar in a form, equal in rank of structure, identical in function and are connected by coordinators. 第2頁，共30頁。In ordinary expository p

2、rose, parallelism can be regarded as a type of coordination, linking elements that are already logically connected. Thus an adjective is paralleled to another, a noun to a noun or a verb to a verb.E.g. I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. (- Winston Churchill)Saying good-bye to

3、the world she knows and loves, Paris heads west, to San Francisco, and discovers being single in a world full of men who are too young, too old, too married, or too good to be true.第3頁，共30頁。Comma Faults: Comma faults result from using only a comma to connect two main clauses.(in place of a period ,

4、a semicolon, a colon, or a dash.) To avoid comma faults, you can either insert a proper punctuation( a semicolon, a colon) or join the sentences with a conjuction.Faulty: You dont speak fluently, you should practise more.Revised: 1,.;. 2, .so. 3,. . .第4頁，共30頁。Run-on Sentences: Run-on sentences are s

5、entences which run together with neither proper punctuation nor proper conjunction. E.g. Run-on: She put on her bathing cap then she plunged into the water. Revised: . . Then.第5頁，共30頁。You can fool all of the people some of the time . You can fool some of the people all of the time. You cant fool all

6、 of the people all of the time.You can fool all of the people some of the time and some of the people all of the time, but you cant fool all of the people all of the time. - Abraham Lincoln 第6頁，共30頁。Coordinating devices1, Punctuation marksa, The comma .If we want to make the series more rapid so as

7、to create a suggestion of urgency and excitement, we can use commas all through the series, eliminating the coordinator. b, The colon coordinates by amplification, with conjunct like accordingly, furthermore, however, nevertheless, therefore, hence , etc.c, The semicolon coordinates by contrast. 第7頁

8、，共30頁。2, Coordinators1) And-group: and, bothand, not onlybut (also), notnor, neithernor, etc.To make the series move slowly and seem lengthy and drawn-out, we repeat the coordinator all through the series, eliminating the commas.In addition to semantic extension, and can denote other meanings, such

9、as temporal sequence, result, condition, contrast, and it can also function as an attitudinal disjunct. (p.548)E.g. Customer: Can you give me a room and a bath? Hotel clerk: I can give you a room, but you have to take your own bath, sir. Grammatical constructions like “nice and, good and, go and,” s

10、eem to be, but actually are not , coordinate constructions:He is good and hungry. (very, extremely.)Youre all nice and hardworking.Keep it sweet and short. 第8頁，共30頁。卜And前的修飾后面的，表示程度,限于少數(shù)表性質(zhì)和程度的形容詞和副詞。最典型的是 nice and good.還有：Fine, rare, sweet, bright, big, clear, lovely, pure, well 等：Its rare and hot

11、inside.She is big and busy.I shall go into business bright and early in the morning.I didnt like the speech, but at least it was nice and short.第9頁，共30頁。這種結(jié)構(gòu)第二個形容詞在名詞前作定時,and往往可以省略I prefer good black coffee.濃濃的咖啡。You scold me so much in the nice long letter. 長長的信。And 連接兩個相同名詞表“不同類型”的概念，且常有“有好的，也有壞的”

12、的含義：There are teachers and teachers.You can find doctors and doctors.There are translations and translations.There are women and women.第10頁，共30頁。 但如重復(fù)兩次，則表“眾多”:We saw dogs and dogs and dogs all over the place.兩個或兩個以上的簡單句關(guān)系如不很緊密，并列連詞可引導(dǎo)單獨一個句子：Youre alive! And shes dead.Im sorry to trouble you. But ca

13、n you direct me to the nearest post office?第11頁，共30頁。口語中，and 與 be 或 go 的完成體搭配表示說話人對另一人所做某蠢事感到惱怒或埋怨：That idiot Antonio has gone and locked our door. 這個笨蛋，竟把我們的門鎖了。Youve gone and waked him. Hes so tired.你怎么把他弄醒了！他可累壞了。Youve been and bought such a pair of shoes.你怎么買了這么一雙鞋！Whos been and taken my diction

14、ary?真討厭，誰拿了我的字典？第12頁，共30頁。And that (而且) 用來補充說明前面的內(nèi)容以加強語氣。其中 that 代替上文中某個詞、短語或句子，以避免重復(fù)。有時只用and:Return to your work, and that at once.回去干活，馬上去！He will come, and that soon. 而且馬上就來。第13頁，共30頁。表示并列成分都被否定時，在 not , nothing , without , never 等后宜用 or, 不用 and, 因為 and 連接的并列成分在否定詞后有歧義：He doesnt have long hair or

15、 wear jeans.= He and he doesnt wear.He doesnt have long hair and wear jeans.= 1) 同上。 2) Either he doesnt have long hair OR he doesnt wear jeans.要么要么She cant sing or dance.=Sheand she.She .and.=1).2) Either she cant sing or she cant dance.第14頁，共30頁。And 連接的分句表主從意義。第一分句是第二分句的條件或時間：Go by train and youll

16、 get there quicker.= If you goOne more effort, and youll succeed.= If you makeOne more boot, and Ill have a pair.如并列分句均為祈使句，第一句仍可表條件，第二句表結(jié)果：Surrender and live; resist and die.= If you surrender, youll live; Dont drink and drive.= If you dont drink, you can drive. Or: If you drink, you cant drive. 不許

17、酒后開車。C.f. Dont drink or drive.= Dont drink and dont drive. 第15頁，共30頁。有時用 and 表示部分否定，即否定其中一個，通常是否定后者：He is not a and a writer.月他是教師，不是作家。He didnt speak clearly and correctly.他講得清楚，但不正確。第16頁，共30頁。Or-group coordinators: or, eitheror在否定句中，一般用 or 不用 and 連接同等成分。Or 一般不表示所擇關(guān)系：He has no money or food.= He ha

18、s neither money nor food.I didnt find him clever or good-looking.= I found him neither clever nor.A sheep was not moving about or eating grass like the others.有一只羊的行動和(？或)吃草的樣子跟別的羊不一樣。Spiders never do the least harm to us or our belongs. 蜘蛛從不危害我們，也(？或)不危害我們的財物。 第17頁，共30頁。But-group coordinators: But,

19、 notbut, while, whereas, yet, only etc, denoting contrast or a turn in meaning.Early as it was, but a lot of people were waiting to buy new stamps in front of the post office. But 錯。并列連詞不可用于as, though, although引導(dǎo)的從屬句中。My name is Robert, _ most of my friends call me Bob for short.A, then B, instead C

20、, however D, but選 D, C 是連接副詞，在連接分句時，前面用“;”或前后用“,”，but 后一般不用逗號。第18頁，共30頁。I never see her but I want to kiss her.錯：我從未但我想正：我沒有一次見到她而不想I never think of summer but I think of my childhood.I never see the picture but I think of my college years.上列各句中 but 是 but that 的省略式。它引出的從句帶有結(jié)果含義，主句總是否定，并含有never, too,

21、 so, such 等詞。換言之，當 主句是否定時，but 作”without”解，譯為“一就”,“如果不就不會”,“除外，就不”又如：No man is too old _ he can learn.A, that B, as C, when D, butD.人不管多老，都可以學(xué)習(xí)。I am not such a fool but that I understand you.我不至于蠢到連你都不了解。It never rains but it pours.直譯：除了傾盆下外，就總不下雨。/每次下都是傾盆而下。/ 一下雨就是傾盆大雨。可譯為：不雨則己，一雨傾盆。第19頁，共30頁。There

22、is _ would be surprised at the news.A, no man but who B, no man butC, no man D, not any manB. 上句的 but 是關(guān)系代詞，相當于 thatnot, whonot.在從句中充當主語。這種從句除 but 外不會再有其它主語。又如：Theres no one but knows that.沒有人不知道這件事。Theres no one of us but wishes to help you. 我們中沒有一個人不愿意幫助你。There are very few but admire his talents.

23、很少有人不敬佩他的才華。There is no rule but has exceptions.沒有無例外的規(guī)則。/凡規(guī)則都有例外。It is one of those true sayings that there is no one_errs.A, that B, who C, what D, butThere was not a single person there but who thought you were in the right. ？With the introduction of the electronic computer, there are no complica

24、ted problems _ can be solved.A, that B, as C, but D, which第20頁，共30頁。1), He was anything but a hero. 2), There is anything but easy.基本用法和意義相同，都強調(diào)“某人或某事絕非”，但 1) 后跟名詞或代詞時可有兩種譯法：”除外什么都是/行/可以;絕不,根本不，一點兒也不” 。2) 后跟形容詞時則只譯 “絕不，根本不”。例：My doctor wont let me drink anything but champagne. 只讓我喝“除外，不讓”The little

25、bridge is anything but safe.一點也不安全。He is anything but polite. 他沒有一點禮貌。He is anything but a fool. 他絕不是傻瓜。(比較：He is nothing but a fool.他只不過是/僅僅是個傻瓜。/除.外什么也沒有。He is all but a fool. 幾乎是)It is not “terrible” at all. It is _ “terrible”A, but for B, all but C, nothing but D, anything butBut for 引出的介詞短語相當一個

26、非真實條件句，謂語詞要用虛擬：But for John they would all have died.But for 表例外(除之外)意義與用法近似 except for, 但不及它普通。一第21頁，共30頁。Quasi- coordination 準并列1.連接主語 along with, together with, as much as, as well as, and:Ann, as much as her brothers, was to blame.The ocean, as well as the gulf, provides good fishing.The ambassa

27、dor, and perhaps his wife too, is likely to be present.Catty, and nobody else, is able to do the job.2.連接主語以外的成份：As well as (并列連詞或介詞)As well as breaking his leg, he hurt his arm.(介)She is clever as well as beautiful.A as well as B 側(cè)重點常在A (not only A but also B側(cè)重點在B)。A往往當作新信息加以強調(diào)。一般譯為 “不僅 B,而且 A; 既 B

28、 又 A; A 和 B一樣也; 除 B 外還有 A”:Im a Chinese, but I have foreign friends as well as Chinese friends. (如對調(diào)則強調(diào)不對)第22頁，共30頁。Notice that a force has direction as well as magnitude.要注意,力不但有大小,而且有方向。Electric energy can be changed into light energy as well as into sound energy.電能既可變?yōu)槁暷?又可變?yōu)楣饽?。Hoover wanted men

29、who could handle a teacup as well as a Tommy-gun.胡佛需要既會使用自動步槍又懂社交禮儀的人。跟 and, or 一樣,連接的成分要對等：Thomas was a real friend, for he advised me as well as help(ing ) me with my Arabic. ？第23頁，共30頁。在現(xiàn)代英語里, as well as 有時也表達A和B同等重要，相當于 and, and also:You helped him as well as me.=both可見,這個結(jié)構(gòu)究竟在語意上強調(diào)A還是表示A,B同等重要,

30、需對上下文進行具體分析才能確定。As well as 還可作比較結(jié)構(gòu),意為“跟.一樣好”：He speaks English as well as his teacher.I like Joe as well as Jack. 可有三解：1) 我跟Jack一樣地喜歡Joe. 關(guān)聯(lián)從屬連詞, as Jack (likes).2) 我喜歡Joe,同樣喜歡Jack. 從屬連詞, as 從句省略 I like.3) 我不僅喜歡Jack,也喜歡Joe. 準并列連詞。第24頁，共30頁。Rather than (從屬連詞、介詞、或并列連詞), 相當于 and not 或 instead of:She te

31、lephoned rather than write從屬 /writing介詞/wrote并列.用作從屬連詞或介詞時，如果強調(diào)，其前可帶逗號:We ought to check up, rather than just accept/ accepting what he says.If not 和 not to say(=if one may not say)與只能引導(dǎo)名詞詞組的 not to mention /not to speak of /to say nothing of 意義不同:It would be foolish, if not / not to say mad, to sel

32、l your car.He has experience, to say nothing of / not to mention scholarship.He can speak German and French, not to speak of / to say nothing of English.第25頁，共30頁。Still less(=much less), still more(=much more)：I dont like him, still less respect him.He can do it well, still more you.More x than y =

33、x rather than y:I was more angry than frightened.He is more dead than alive.(=He is dead rather than alive.)第26頁，共30頁。Not so much X as Y = more Y than X = Y rather than X :I dont much dislike him as hate him.He is not so much unintelligent as uneducated.Its not so much that I dont want to come as (t

34、hat)/ but (that) I just havent got the time.第27頁，共30頁。插入并列和追加并列Margaret, and Dorothy, too, dances very beautifully.Margaret dances very beautifully, and Dorothy, too.John writes extremely well, and Sally, too.John and Sally, too writes extremely.He is, or was at any rate, a major composer.He is a major composer, or was at any rate.She can, and probably will, beat the world r