英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法句子結(jié)構(gòu)講義

1、第一章獨(dú)立主格用法詳解一、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的形式英語(yǔ)中，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的形式有兩類(lèi)：一類(lèi)是：名詞或代詞跟形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞連在一起，構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。另一類(lèi)是：介詞with / without后接名詞或代詞再跟形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞連在一起，構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。A. 名詞或代詞 +形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞1. 名詞 / 代詞 + 不定式。如：A house to be built, we must save every cent. 由于要建一座房子，我們必須節(jié)省每一分錢(qián)。Now here is Li Lei, Wei Fang to come tomorrow.

2、現(xiàn)在李蕾來(lái)了，魏方明天到。2. 名詞 / 代詞 + -ing分詞。如：The bus coming here soon, we should get everything ready. 汽車(chē)很快就要來(lái)了，我們應(yīng)該把一切事情準(zhǔn)備好。Mother being ill, Li Lei was very worried. 母親病了，李蕾非常焦急。3. 名詞 / 代詞 + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞。如：His cup broken, he used his bowl instead. 茶杯破了，他就用碗來(lái)代替。4. 名詞 / 代詞 + 形容詞。如：The ground muddy, we should be ca

3、reful. 地面濘泥，我們應(yīng)該小心。5. 名詞 / 代詞 + 副詞。如：The class over, we all went out to play. 下課后，我們都出去玩。6. 名詞 / 代詞 + 介詞短語(yǔ)。如(from )：Glasses in his hand, he asked where his glasses were. 手里拿著眼鏡，他問(wèn)他的眼鏡哪去了。 B. 介詞with / without + 名詞或代詞 + 形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞1. with / without + 名詞或代詞 + 形容詞He spoke to us with his mouth full

4、 of food. 她口里含著食物跟我們說(shuō)話。2. with / without + 名詞或代詞 + 副詞He left the office with the lights on. 他離開(kāi)了辦公室，讓燈亮著。3. with / without + 名詞或代詞 + 介詞短語(yǔ)The engineer came with a notebook in his hand. 那個(gè)工程師手里拿著筆記本過(guò)來(lái)了。4. with / without + 名詞或代詞 + -ing分詞Dont brush your teeth with water running. 不要在刷牙時(shí)讓水流著。5. with / wit

5、hout + 名詞或代詞 + 動(dòng)詞不定式With so much work to do, the manager felt very worried. 這么多工作要做，經(jīng)理覺(jué)得很焦急。6. with / without + 名詞或代詞 + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞(from )With the road blocked, they had to turn back and ran round it in another way. 由于道路被堵，他們不得不轉(zhuǎn)身從另一條路繞過(guò)去。二、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的句法功能獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中作狀語(yǔ)，表示時(shí)間、原因、條件和伴隨等情況。1. 作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)School over,

6、the students went home. 放學(xué)后，學(xué)生們都回家了。The ceremony ended, the games began. 儀式結(jié)束后，比賽開(kāi)始了。2. 作條件狀語(yǔ)It being fine tomorrow, well go boating. 如果明天天氣好的話，我們就去劃船。Li Lei coming, it is not necessary to ask Wu Dong. 如果李蕾來(lái)的話，就沒(méi)有必要叫吳東了。 3. 作原因狀語(yǔ)The meeting being put off, we neednt hurry. 由于會(huì)議推遲了，我們就沒(méi)有必要匆忙了。Mr. Li b

7、eing ill, Miss Yang will give us this lesson instead. 李老師病了，楊老師將代他來(lái)給我們上這堂課。4. 作伴隨狀語(yǔ)Mr. Li comes here, with a book in his hand. 李先生手里拿著書(shū)過(guò)來(lái)了。A smile on her face, she asked what she could do for us. 她面帶微笑問(wèn)道我們要什么。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用法獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的基本形式是“名詞或代詞+形容詞（副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞等）”。本文主要?dú)w納“名詞或代詞+非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞”這一結(jié)構(gòu)的用法。1. 名詞或代詞+

8、不定式其中的不定式通常表示尚未發(fā)生或即將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天沒(méi)有人來(lái)，我們將把會(huì)議推遲到下周。 So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人來(lái)幫助他，他一定會(huì)成功的。We divided the work, he to dean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我們分了工，他擦窗戶(hù)，我掃地。2. 名詞或代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞其中的現(xiàn)在

9、分詞通常表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行（或當(dāng)時(shí)正在進(jìn)行）。如：She ran up to me, her hair flying in the wind. 她向我跑來(lái)，秀發(fā)在風(fēng)中飄揚(yáng)著。We explored the caves, Peter acting as a guide. 由彼得作向?qū)?，我們探查了那些洞穴。We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我們加倍努力，一個(gè)人干兩個(gè)人的活。注：有時(shí)現(xiàn)在分詞不表示進(jìn)行，而表示一般情況。如：Their room was on the third floor, its window overlooki

10、ng the sports ground. 他們的房間在三層樓上，窗戶(hù)俯視著操場(chǎng)。3. 名詞或代詞+過(guò)去分詞其中的過(guò)去分詞通常表示被動(dòng)意義。如：Everyone helped, John not excepted. 大家都來(lái)幫忙，約翰也不例外。All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. 積蓄全部用完了，我們就開(kāi)始找工作。This done, they next set to clean the room. 做完這件事之后，他們接下來(lái)就開(kāi)始清理房間。She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她

11、凝視著，雙手叉在胸前?！粳F(xiàn)學(xué)現(xiàn)用】1. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _ in a year.A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed 2. All things _, I think we ought to give the job to George. A. consideredB. consideringC. to considerD. being considered3. The river _ in the night, the crossing was impossib

12、le. A. to riseB. roseC. having risenD. being risen4. More time _, we should have done the job much better. A. to giveB. giveC. being givenD. given5. We shall play the match tomorrow, weather _. A. permetsB. permittingC. to permitD. permitted6. The monitor _ ill, wed better put the meeting off. A. be

13、ingB. to beC. beenD. to have been7. An important lecture _ given tomorrow, the professor has to stay up late into the night. A. to beB. beingC. beenD. to have been8. He was lying on the grass, his hands _ under his head.A. to crossB. crossedC. crossingD. to be crossing9. Tom _ late over and over, hi

14、s boss was very disappointed.A. having beenB. beenC. to beD. to being10. Other things _ equal, I would buy the black dress not the white one. A. beingB. to beC. beenD. having been【參考答案】15 CACDB 610 AABAA英語(yǔ)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)說(shuō)明一、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn) 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是一個(gè)名詞或代詞（作為邏輯主語(yǔ)），加上一個(gè)形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、分詞、不定式等在句中作狀語(yǔ)。它有以下三個(gè)特點(diǎn)：(1) 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯

15、主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不同，它獨(dú)立存在。(2) 名詞或代詞與后面的形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、分詞、不定式等存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。(3) 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般用逗號(hào)與主句分開(kāi)，但與主句之間不能使用任何連接詞。二、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的用法它表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的時(shí)間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句或并列句。(1) 作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)The work done(=After the work had been done) , we went home. 工作完成后，我們才回家。(2) 作條件狀語(yǔ)Weather permitting(If weather permits) , they will go on an ou

16、ting to the beach tomorrow. 如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。(3) 作原因狀語(yǔ)An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow) , the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因?yàn)槊魈煲l(fā)表一個(gè)重要的演講，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。(4) 作伴隨狀語(yǔ)He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head(=

17、and his hands were crossed under his head) . 他躺在草地上，兩手交叉枕在腦后。(5) 表補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明A hunter came in, his face red with cold(=and his face was red with cold) . 一個(gè)獵人走了進(jìn)來(lái)，他的臉凍得通紅。注：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)表示時(shí)間、條件或原因時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句，一般放在句首，表示原因時(shí)還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句，通常放于句末。三、使用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的注意事項(xiàng)(1) 當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)不是指同一個(gè)對(duì)象時(shí)，可用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)取代狀語(yǔ)從句，但不

18、再保留連詞。如：After class was over (=Class being over/Class over) , the students soon left the classroom. 下課后，學(xué)生很快離開(kāi)了課室。(2) 在下列兩種情況下，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的being（或having been）不能省略：a. 獨(dú)立主格的邏輯主語(yǔ)是代詞時(shí)。如：It being Sunday, we went to church. 因?yàn)槭切瞧谔欤覀內(nèi)チ俗龆Y拜。b. 在There being名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.

19、因?yàn)闆](méi)有公共汽車(chē)，所以我們不得不步行回家。(3) 在“名詞（或代詞）介詞短語(yǔ)”構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand. 史密斯先生走進(jìn)了課室，手里拿著一本書(shū)。(比較with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand. ) (4) 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒(méi)有所有格形式。如：The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主編來(lái)了，我們開(kāi)始開(kāi)會(huì)。(比較動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)

20、構(gòu)：The chief-editors arriving made us very surprised. ）(5) 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作時(shí)間或原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，可用完成時(shí)，表示該動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)之前。如：The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began. 聽(tīng)眾坐好后，音樂(lè)會(huì)開(kāi)始了。Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed. 由于湯姆一再遲到，他的老板非常失望。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)用法歸納英語(yǔ)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)主要表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的時(shí)間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等，在許

21、多情況下相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句或并列句。1. 用作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我們就回家了。2. 用作條件狀語(yǔ)Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。3. 用作原因狀語(yǔ)An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lectur

22、e will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因?yàn)槊魈煲l(fā)表一個(gè)重要的演講，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。4. 用作伴隨狀語(yǔ)He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，兩手交叉枕在腦后。5. 表示補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明A hunter came in, his face red with cold (=and his face wa

23、s red with cold). 一個(gè)獵人走了進(jìn)來(lái)，他的臉凍得通紅。We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我們加倍努力，一個(gè)人干兩個(gè)人的活。注：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)表示時(shí)間、條件或原因時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句，一般放在句首，表示原因時(shí)還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句，通常放于句末。英語(yǔ)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)常見(jiàn)類(lèi)型獨(dú)立主格類(lèi)型1：名詞（代詞）+現(xiàn)在分詞The question being settled, we went home. 問(wèn)題解決之后，我們就回家了。We shall play the match tomorro

24、w, weather permitting. 明天假設(shè)天氣好，我們就進(jìn)行比賽。The monitor being ill, wed better put the meeting off. 班長(zhǎng)病了，我們最好還是延期開(kāi)會(huì)吧。獨(dú)立主格類(lèi)型2：名詞（代詞）+過(guò)去分詞The job finished, we went home. 工作結(jié)束后我們就回家了。The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公車(chē)已經(jīng)走了，我們必須走路回家。More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如

25、果給我們更多的時(shí)間，我們會(huì)把工作做得更好。獨(dú)立主格類(lèi)型3：名詞（代詞）+不定式Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天沒(méi)有人來(lái)，我們將把會(huì)議推遲到下周。 So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人來(lái)幫助他，他一定會(huì)成功的。獨(dú)立主格類(lèi)型4：名詞（代詞）+介詞短語(yǔ)The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵們端著槍沖了進(jìn)來(lái)。A girl came in, book in

26、 hand. 一個(gè)少女進(jìn)來(lái)了，手里拿著書(shū)。He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等著，眼睛望著她的背影。獨(dú)立主格類(lèi)型5：名詞（代詞）+形容詞或副詞He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半開(kāi)著。She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣領(lǐng)已解掉，頭低了下來(lái)，拿好鋼筆，準(zhǔn)備開(kāi)始寫(xiě)一封長(zhǎng)信。獨(dú)立主格類(lèi)型6：There bein

27、g +名詞（代詞）There being nothing else to do, we went home. 沒(méi)有別的事可做，我們就回家了。There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed.沒(méi)有再要討論的事了，我宣布散會(huì)。獨(dú)立主格類(lèi)型7：It being +名詞（代詞）It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣誕節(jié)的緣故，政府機(jī)關(guān)都休息。It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有

28、商店都關(guān)門(mén)了。說(shuō)明：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)可在其前加上介詞with。如：Dont sleep with the windows open. 別開(kāi)著窗睡覺(jué)。He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低著頭站在老師面前。He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿著一本書(shū)走了進(jìn)來(lái)。He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他沒(méi)熄燈就睡著了。I wont be abl

29、e to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因?yàn)閶寢層胁。覠o(wú)法去度假。He sat there with his eyes closed. 他閉目坐在那兒。All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整個(gè)下午他都鎖著門(mén)在房里工作。I cant go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗這些衣服，我無(wú)法出去了。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的用法說(shuō)明與注意點(diǎn)一、有關(guān)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的基本概念 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是一個(gè)名詞或代詞（作為邏輯主語(yǔ)），加上一個(gè)形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、分詞、

30、不定式等在句中作狀語(yǔ)。它有以下三個(gè)特點(diǎn)：1. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不同，它獨(dú)立存在。2. 名詞或代詞與后面的形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、分詞、不定式等存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。3. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般用逗號(hào)與主句分開(kāi)，但與主句之間不能使用任何連接詞。二、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的常見(jiàn)形式1. 名詞（代詞）+現(xiàn)在分詞The question being settled, we went home. 問(wèn)題解決之后，我們就回家了。We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假設(shè)天氣好，我們就進(jìn)行比賽。The monitor being il

31、l, wed better put the meeting off. 班長(zhǎng)病了，我們最好還是延期開(kāi)會(huì)吧。2. 名詞（代詞）+過(guò)去分詞The job finished, we went home. 工作結(jié)束后我們就回家了。The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公車(chē)已經(jīng)走了，我們必須走路回家。More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果給我們更多的時(shí)間，我們會(huì)把工作做得更好。3. 名詞（代詞）+不定式Nobody to come tomorrow, we wi

32、ll have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天沒(méi)有人來(lái)，我們將把會(huì)議推遲到下周。 So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人來(lái)幫助他，他一定會(huì)成功的。4. 名詞（代詞）+介詞短語(yǔ)The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵們端著槍沖了進(jìn)來(lái)。A girl came in, book in hand. 一個(gè)少女進(jìn)來(lái)了，手里拿著書(shū)。He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等著，眼睛望著她的背影。5

33、. 名詞（代詞）+形容詞或副詞He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半開(kāi)著。She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣領(lǐng)已解掉，頭低了下來(lái)，拿好鋼筆，準(zhǔn)備開(kāi)始寫(xiě)一封長(zhǎng)信。6. There being +名詞（代詞）There being nothing else to do, we went home. 沒(méi)有別的事可做，我們就回家了。There being no

34、 further business, I declare the meeting closed. 沒(méi)有再要討論的事了，我宣布散會(huì)。7. It being +名詞（代詞）It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣誕節(jié)的緣故，政府機(jī)關(guān)都休息。It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都關(guān)門(mén)了。注：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)可在其前加上介詞with。如：Dont sleep with the windows open. 別開(kāi)著窗睡覺(jué)。He stood before

35、 his teacher with his head down. 他低著頭站在老師面前。He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿著一本書(shū)走了進(jìn)來(lái)。He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他沒(méi)熄燈就睡著了。I wont be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因?yàn)閶寢層胁。覠o(wú)法去度假。He sat there with his eyes clo

36、sed. 他閉目坐在那兒。All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整個(gè)下午他都鎖著門(mén)在房里工作。I cant go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗這些衣服，我無(wú)法出去了。三、英語(yǔ)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的用法獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)主要表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的時(shí)間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句或并列句。1. 用作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我們就回家了。2. 用作條件狀語(yǔ)Weather per

37、mitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。3. 用作原因狀語(yǔ)An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因?yàn)槊魈煲l(fā)表一個(gè)重要的演講，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。4. 用作伴隨狀語(yǔ)He was ly

38、ing on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，兩手交叉枕在腦后。5. 表示補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明A hunter came in, his face red with cold (=and his face was red with cold). 一個(gè)獵人走了進(jìn)來(lái)，他的臉凍得通紅。We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我們加倍努力，一個(gè)人干兩個(gè)人的活。注：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)表示時(shí)間、條件或

39、原因時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句，一般放在句首，表示原因時(shí)還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句，通常放于句末。四、使用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的幾點(diǎn)注意1. 當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)不是指同一個(gè)對(duì)象時(shí)，可用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)取代狀語(yǔ)從句，但不再保留連詞。如：After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下課后，學(xué)生很快離開(kāi)了課室。2. 在下列兩種情況下，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的being（或having been）不能省略：(1) 獨(dú)立主格的邏輯主語(yǔ)是代詞時(shí)。如：It

40、 being Sunday, we went to church.因?yàn)槭切瞧谔欤覀內(nèi)チ俗龆Y拜。(2) 在There being名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因?yàn)闆](méi)有公共汽車(chē)，所以我們不得不步行回家。3. 在“名詞（或代詞）介詞短語(yǔ)”構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走進(jìn)了課室，手里拿著一本書(shū)。比較with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：Miss Smith entered the classroom, w

41、ith a book in his hand.4. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒(méi)有所有格形式。如：The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主編來(lái)了，我們開(kāi)始開(kāi)會(huì)。比較動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：The chief-editors arriving made us very surprised.5. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作時(shí)間或原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，可用完成時(shí)，表示該動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)之前。如：The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.聽(tīng)眾坐好后，音樂(lè)會(huì)開(kāi)始了。Tom having been late over

42、and over, his boss was very disappointed.由于湯姆一再遲到，他的老板非常失望。由with或without 引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)英語(yǔ)中由“with (without)+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”構(gòu)成的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)也可視為一種獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，其中的“賓語(yǔ)”通常由名詞或代詞充當(dāng)，但代詞一定要用賓格而不能用主格。如：He sat in the chair with his legs crossed. 他盤(pán)著雙腿坐在椅子上。The wart was over, without a shot being fired. 一彈未發(fā)，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)就結(jié)束了。Without a word more

43、spoken, she left the meeting room. 她沒(méi)再說(shuō)什么話就離開(kāi)了會(huì)議室。The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit. 有這么多的名勝可參觀，小孩很激動(dòng)。Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 無(wú)人注意，他從窗戶(hù)溜了出去。The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was. 小女孩把盒子藏了起來(lái)，沒(méi)有人知道它在哪里。We all had to take p

44、art in the training run, with nobody excepted. 我們大家都得參加跑步訓(xùn)練，無(wú)人例外()。The little girl called out to her mother, with tears running down her cheeks. 小女孩大聲呼喊著她的母親，眼淚汩汩流下了雙頰。由“名詞(代詞)+介詞短語(yǔ)”構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格在英語(yǔ)中，獨(dú)立主格可以由“名詞或代詞+形容詞、副詞、分詞不、不定式、介詞短語(yǔ)等”構(gòu)成，其中的“名詞或代詞”用主格形式，起邏輯主語(yǔ)的作用，其后的“形容詞、副詞、分詞不、不定式、介詞短語(yǔ)等”起邏輯謂語(yǔ)的作用。注意，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

45、與主句之間不能使用任何連接詞。本文主要介紹“名詞或代詞+介詞短語(yǔ)”的用法。He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等著，眼睛望著她的背影。The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵們端著槍沖了進(jìn)來(lái)。The old woman sat down, traces of tears still on her cheeks. 老太太坐了下來(lái)，面頰上還帶有淚痕。We walked out, one behind the other. 我們一個(gè)接一個(gè)地走了出來(lái)。A girl came in, book in hand. 一個(gè)少

46、女進(jìn)來(lái)了，手里拿著書(shū)。He lay at full length upon his stomach，his head resting upon his left forearm他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，頭枕著左臂，直挺挺地趴伏著。Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the old house，a vast load of firewood on her back每天下午，一個(gè)背著一大背柴禾的老婦人都會(huì)從那間破舊的房屋前蹣跚著走過(guò)。分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的理解技巧在英語(yǔ)中，分詞用作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)它的邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)與句子主語(yǔ)一致，若不一致，則應(yīng)改用其他句型。如：

47、他生病了，我們把他送到了醫(yī)院。誤：Being ill, we took him to the hospital.正：Being ill, he was taken to the hospital by us.句中的“誤”句之所以有誤，不僅僅是因?yàn)檫@句話與相應(yīng)的中文不吻合，而且該句本身的意思也是很荒唐的句中的分詞短語(yǔ)being ill為原因狀語(yǔ)，按理說(shuō)它的邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是句子“我們”，所以該句的實(shí)際意思就是：由于我們生病了，所以我們把他送到了醫(yī)院。如果真是這樣，那“我們”得的就是精神病了，因?yàn)樽约荷?，還要把別人送到醫(yī)院，夠荒唐的吧！如果改用上面的“正”句，意思就通順了因?yàn)樗×?，所以他被我們?/p>

48、到了醫(yī)院。除了以上辦法之外，還有其他的辦法可以解決分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子主語(yǔ)不一致的問(wèn)題嗎？有！我們還可以在分詞前加一個(gè)名詞或代詞，使之成為分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)。由于加在分詞前的名詞或代詞要用主格形式，所以我們稱(chēng)這類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，如上面一句也可改寫(xiě)為：He being ill, we took him to the hospital. 為了幫助大家理解，我們對(duì)這個(gè)含有獨(dú)立主格的句子分析詳細(xì)一下。首先，它是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，不是復(fù)合句，也不是并列句，因?yàn)榫渲械膆e being ill只是一個(gè)用作狀語(yǔ)的分詞短語(yǔ)，句子只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，所以它是簡(jiǎn)單句。其次，這個(gè)句子不能改為：He was ill, we t

49、ook him to the hospital. 因?yàn)檫@樣一來(lái)，它就成了兩個(gè)句子，但句子間卻沒(méi)有相應(yīng)的銜接方式，所以就錯(cuò)了！為什么會(huì)錯(cuò)了呢？看上去好像很對(duì)??！注意，英語(yǔ)句子從結(jié)構(gòu)上看，只有三種類(lèi)型，即要么是簡(jiǎn)單句(只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu))，要么是并列句(句子之間應(yīng)有并列連詞)，要么就是復(fù)合句(有相應(yīng)的主句和從句)，除此之外，不存在其他的句子類(lèi)型。He was ill, we took him to the hospital.這個(gè)句子的錯(cuò)誤就在于，它既不是簡(jiǎn)單句(因?yàn)樗袃蓚€(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu))，也不是并列句(因?yàn)榫渥娱g沒(méi)有并列連詞)，也不是復(fù)合句(句子沒(méi)有體現(xiàn)出主句和從句)。所以如果我們將這個(gè)句子改成以下形式

50、則是完全正確的()：正：He was ill, and we took him to the hospital.正：He was ill, so we took him to the hospital.正：Because he was ill, we took him to the hospital.正：He was ill, so he was taken to the hospital by us.正：Because he was ill, he was taken to the hospital by us.第二章 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法can與could的用法詳解一、表示能力(1) 表示現(xiàn)在的

51、能力，用can：My sister can drive. 我妹妹會(huì)開(kāi)車(chē)。Everyone here can speak English. 這兒人人會(huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。(2) 表示將來(lái)的能力，通常不用can或could，而用be able to的將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)：Ill be able to speak French in another few months. 再過(guò)幾個(gè)月我就會(huì)講法語(yǔ)了。One day people will be able to go to the moon on holiday. 總有一天人們可以到月球上去度假。但是，若表示現(xiàn)在決定將來(lái)是否有能力做某事，則可用 can：Can you com

52、e to the party tomorrow? 你明天能來(lái)參加我們的聚會(huì)嗎？(3) 表示過(guò)去的能力，有時(shí)可用could，有時(shí)不能用could，具體應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)： 若表示過(guò)去一般的能力(即想做某事就隨時(shí)可做某事的能力)，可用could：Could you speak English then? 那時(shí)候你會(huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)嗎? 若表示過(guò)去的特定能力(即在過(guò)去特定場(chǎng)合做某事的能力)，則不能用could，而用was (were) able to do sth，或用 managed to do sth，或用 succeeded in doing sth 等。He studied hard and was ab

53、le to pass the exam. 他學(xué)習(xí)很努力，所以考試能及格。At last he succeeded in solving the problem. 他終于把那個(gè)問(wèn)題解決了?！咀ⅰ縞ould 不用來(lái)表示過(guò)去特定能力通常只限于肯定句，否定句或疑問(wèn)句中，它則可以表示過(guò)去特定的能力：I managed to find the street, but I couldnt find her house. 我想法找到了那條街，但沒(méi)找到她的房子。(前句為肯定句用managed to，不用could，后句為否定句，可用could)另外，could還可與表示感知的動(dòng)詞(如see, hear, sme

54、ll, taste, feel, understand等)連用表示的特定能力：Looking down from the plane, we could see lights on the runway. 從飛機(jī)上向下看，我們可以看見(jiàn)機(jī)場(chǎng)跑道上的點(diǎn)點(diǎn)燈火。還有在間接引語(yǔ)中，could也可表示過(guò)去特定的能力：He said he could see me next week. 他說(shuō)他下周能見(jiàn)我。二、表示許可(1) 對(duì)于現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的“許可”，要區(qū)分以下兩種情況： 表示請(qǐng)求允許(即請(qǐng)求別人允許自己做某事)，兩者均可用，但用could 語(yǔ)氣更委婉：Can Could I come in? 我可以進(jìn)來(lái)嗎

55、?【注】此時(shí)也可用may或might，其中might和could均不表過(guò)去，只表委婉語(yǔ)氣。 表示給予允許(即自己允許別人做某事), 一般只用 can，而不用 could：“Could Can I use your pen? ” “Yes, of course you can.” “我可以借用你的鋼筆嗎?”“當(dāng)然可以?！?不能說(shuō)Yes, you could.)(2) 對(duì)于過(guò)去的“許可”，也要區(qū)分以下兩種情況： 表示過(guò)去一般性允許(即表示某人隨時(shí)都可以做某事)，用can的過(guò)去式could：When I lived at home, I could watch TV whenever I wante

56、d to. 我住在家里時(shí), 想什么時(shí)候看電影就可以什么時(shí)候看。(一般性允許) 表示過(guò)去特定的允許(即表示在過(guò)去某一特定情況下允許進(jìn)行某一特定的活動(dòng))，則不用 could，而需換成其他表達(dá)(如had permission, was were allowed to)：I was allowed to see the film yesterday evening. 昨天晚上允許我去看了電影。(特定的允許，不能用 could)三、表示推測(cè)(1) 對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的推測(cè)，兩者均可用，但can 通常只用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句中，一般不用于肯定句，而could則可用于肯定句、否定句和疑問(wèn)句：It cant be tr

57、ue. 那不可能是真的。What can they be doing? 他們會(huì)在干什么呢?We could go there this summer. 今年夏天我們可能要去那兒。(將來(lái)可能性)You could be right, but I dont think you are. 你可能是對(duì)的，但我并不認(rèn)為你是對(duì)的。(現(xiàn)在可能性)【注】can 有時(shí)也用于肯定句中表示推測(cè)，這主要見(jiàn)于： 表示理論上的可能性(即從理論上看是可能的，但實(shí)際未必會(huì)發(fā)生)：Even experienced teachers can make mistakes. 即使是有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的教師也可能出錯(cuò)。 用于含有only等表示限制

58、的肯定句：(from )“Who is that at the door? ” “It can only be the postman.”“門(mén)外是誰(shuí)?”“只能是郵遞員?！?后接“be (get, seem, become)+形容詞”，表示“有時(shí)會(huì)”、“時(shí)常會(huì)”等：It can get very hot here. 這里有時(shí)會(huì)很熱。She can be very unpleasant. 她有時(shí)很令人討厭。(2) 對(duì)過(guò)去的推測(cè)，必須在 can, could 之后接動(dòng)詞的完成式。但此時(shí)can仍只用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句，不用于肯定句；而could則可用于各種句型：He cant couldnt have

59、seen her there. 他不可能在那兒見(jiàn)到她。 He could have gone home. 他可能已回家了。Who could have taken it? 是誰(shuí)把它拿走了呢?I do not see how I could have done otherwise. 我看不出那時(shí)我還能有別的做法。She could not have been more than sixteen. 那時(shí)她不可能超過(guò)十六歲。I couldnt have won, so I didnt go in for the race. 我不可能獲勝，因此我沒(méi)參賽?！咀ⅰ縞ould后接動(dòng)詞的完成式，除表示對(duì)過(guò)去的

60、推測(cè)外，還有以下用法(不用can)： 表示過(guò)去沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性(即某事本來(lái)可以發(fā)生，卻沒(méi)發(fā)生)：He could have told her, but he didnt choose to. 他本來(lái)可以告訴她的，但他卻沒(méi)有。I could have lent you the money. Why didnt you ask me? 我本來(lái)可以借這筆錢(qián)給你的。你為什么不問(wèn)我? 用來(lái)委婉地責(zé)備某人過(guò)去應(yīng)該做某事而沒(méi)有去做：You could have been a little more considerate. 你本可考慮得更周到些的。You could ask me before you us