moral人類與動物的道德觀比較課件

1、Morals, Apes and UsHow much do we know about us and other creatures?Primates 靈長類Moral adj. only before nounRelating to right and wrong and the way people should behaveMoral standards/principles/values/behaviourMoral dilemmaMoral obligation/dutyA moral person (a person always tries to behave in the r

2、ight way)Synonym: ethicalAbout Moral Moral nounMorals: principles of right or wrong behavior that are generally accepted by a societyHave moralsSomething that you can learn from a story or experiencemoral of About Moral“The fact that man knows right from wrong proves his intellectual superiority to

3、the other creatures; but the fact that he can do wrong proves his moral inferiority to any creature that cannot” (Mark Twain).About MoralBased on what you have researched and your experience with animals, do you think Binti, the gorilla saved the three-year-old boy out of empathy (pity) or instinct?

4、 Give your reasons.Pre-reading DiscussionReading Tasks What is the writers purpose of writing this article?Does the writer based his arguments on first-hand material?How many experiments have been conducted in the article, draw a table about each experiment with information about the experimenter, o

5、bjective, procedure and findings or conclusions?experiments12345experimenterUniversity of Zurich Ethologist Eduard StammbachwriterobjectiveTest their ability to rein in aggressive behavior and act cooperativelyprocedureFirst, once, then, during,Results or findingsDominant ones Inhibit their aggressi

6、onDiscussion questionsFind out the train of thought of the writer?Work out the outline of the writingDo you think the writers arguments are convincing?How do you understand “but using an expression to predict a response is not the same as seeing the expression as an indication of anothers emotions a

7、t the time.(para.15)”?How do you think of “we can consciously evaluate whether behavior is right or wrongentwined with the self-interest shown by other animals.”? (Para.20)(1-4) Put forward the thesis: can other creatures share, cooperate, punish cheaters, show empathy, and act altruistically?(5-19)

8、 Experiments show animals are by no means robots driven solely by instinctual responses but no experiment to date has provided evidence that animals are aware of others beliefs or intentions, so there can be no ethical judgment. (20) conclusion: Asking what it means to be moral challenges us to thin

9、k about how our own capacity for moral agency came about.Structure Analysis(1-4) Put forward the thesis: can other creatures share, cooperate, punish cheaters, show empathy, and act altruistically?(1) An event capture peoples attention: a female gorilla rescued an unconscious 3-year-old boy(2) Peopl

10、e wonder about why gorilla did this(3) So far, the answer is not clear.(4) The writers way of tackling the broadly concerned question of what mental traits cause us to behave morally and to what extent other animals possess those tools. Structure Analysis(5-6) An experiment tests macaque monkeys abi

11、lity to rein in aggressive behavior and act cooperatively. (5) introduce the procedures of the experiment(6) The result of the experiment: although the monkeys would control their aggressive behavior and act cooperatively, their position in the community would not change.At first, threatento keep th

12、em awayThen, learnfollow and waited to grab Before long, approached peacefully and allowedFurthergrooming even duringStructure Analysis(7-8) Inhibition plays a crucial role in maintaining social conventions among them.(7) monkeys have a rudimentary sense of ownership and respect for property.(8) By

13、defending and respecting the ownership and property, the monkeys in the experiment shows how inhibition plays a crucial role in maintaining social conventions among them.Structure Analysis(9-10) Experiments tested the possibility that rule-breakers in a community would be punished.(9) Through the fi

14、rst experiment, it seems that individuals were being punished for being inappropriately silent, for deceptively withholding information about a rich food source .(10) outsiders wont be attacked thus indicates: members of an established rhesus community abide by a rule that says: attack members that

15、find food and dont share it.Structure Analysis(5-10) Research indicates that animals can inhibit their impulses and punish those who violate community rules.(5-6) An experiment tests macaque monkeys ability to rein in aggressive behavior and act cooperatively(7-8) Inhibition plays a crucial role in

16、maintaining social conventions among them.(9-10) Experiments tested the possibility that rule-breakers in a community would be punished.Structure Analysis(11) To prove Bintis behavior out of empathy, scientists have to prove that animals understand the thoughts and feelings of others. (transition)St

17、ructure Analysis(12-16)Many Experiments done before have provided a window on animal emotion that has yet to be opened by more recent scientific observations. (13) one experiment was designed to see if a monkey could interpret another monkeys facial expression.(14) the assumption under the experimen

18、t and its result(15) using an expression to predict a response is not the same as seeing the expression as indication of anothers emotions.(16) we could not prove monkeys response is motivated by empathy.Structure Analysis(17-18) The experiment shows animals tended to show altruistic behavior to eac

19、h other. But there are more possibility for their altruism.(19) Analysis and conclusion of the experiments: since no experiment to date has provided evidence that animals are aware of others beliefs or intentions, there can be no ethical judgment. (20)conclusion: Asking what is means to be moral cha

20、llenges us to think about how our own capacity for moral agency came about.Structure AnalysisReading Scholarly writing Subject: some aspect of history, sociology, political philosophy, literary criticism, or many other fields.A fairly high degree of formality avoid colloquialismUse of formal words a

21、nd termsHighly varied and long and complex sentence structuresA concern for clear presentation of material and argument, resulting in careful logical linking of paragraphs and sentences.And to date, no study of ape intelligence comes close to showing that orangutans, gorillas, or chimpanzees have th

22、e mental sophistication of a 10-year-old human.( Para. 3)Language Points nearly show Complex intellectual abilityAnd one incident is not enough to warrant conclusions. ( Para. 3)Language PointsVt. Provide adequate grounds for /justifyBut Bintis actions do raise the public and scientific interest in

23、the broad question of what mental traits cause us to behave morally and to what extent other animal possess those tools. ( Para. 4)Language PointsDistinctive features of the mindProvoke/bring about the publics as well as the scientists interest in Act in the right wayAs a psychologist, Im interested

24、 in the techniques we use to get at these questions: Can other creatures share, cooperate, punish cheaters, show empathy, and act altruistically. ( Para. 4)Language PointsIn a way that shows you care about other people and their interests more than you care about yourselfunderstandpityIn a 1988 stud

25、y, University of Zurich ethologist Eduard Stammbach set up an experiment with long-tailed macaque monkeys to test their ability to rein in aggressive behavior and act cooperatively. ( Para. 5)Language PointsRein in/ rein back: to limit or control something that has developed too much or continued fo

26、r too long Designed an experimentRather than chasing specialists away or eating all their popcorn, they began to inhibit their aggression.Language PointsInstead of Driving the specialist awayRestrain their warlike behaviorSpecialist kept their low rank but were allowed a moment at the high table whe

27、n their skills were of use to the royalty.Language PointsHigh table Br E: a table at a formal meal where the most important people eat, for example at a traditional universityAlthough these might seem to be strictly human concerns, territorial animals such as sunfish, lizards, sparrows, and gibbons

28、are invested in these issues.Language Pointsbe cared about only by the human beingsare devoted to/committed toStaying close to the tube and looking at it were not sufficient cues of ownership from the dominants perspective. A dominant macaque would appear to inhibit its impulse to grab the tube if a

29、 subordinate held it close to its body.Language PointsIn the dominants point of viewHold back its motivating forceBut in any social situation with conventions, individuals often find that it pays to break the rules.Language PointsIt pays to do: it is worthwhile (profitable ) to doIt pays to do: it n

30、eeds to pay a price to doIt was as if individuals were being punished for being inappropriately silent, for deceptively withholding information about a rich food source.Language Pointsrefusing to offering information in a misleading way They beelined to the food and either consumed it on the spot or

31、 gobbled a few pieces and then moved to a new location with a stash. Language Pointsate it without delayWalked to the food in the straight courseGulped a few piecesout of sightIt seems likely that the actors picked up on a change in the activity of the receivers, one that was consistent enough to pr

32、edict the shock.Language PointsBecame familiar withThis experiment left many loose ends. Although it is clear that rhesus monkeys can learn to avoid shock by attending to a facial expression, we dont know if this response is motivated by empathy, and empathy is necessary for altruism.Language Points

33、Final details that have not yet been dealt with(very formal) to pay attention to impelledThere is no ambiguity about what the gorilla did.Would she have acted in the same way towards It pays to break the rules.There is no way to predict Sentence structureCapture an eventCapture ones attentionCapture

34、 ones heartFully grasp the distinction between Raise the public and scientific interest in Set up an experimentReceive a popcorn treatMaintain social conventionsExpressionsRein in aggressive behaviorRefrain from pulling the chainInhibit the impulseAbide by a rule/adhere to Break the rules/violate community rulesEmploy rulelike strategiesExpressionsDarwins Theory of RevolutionEvolution is the theory that modern o