第一篇 貨物買賣法lec-5(下)買賣合同成

1、 lec-5Lec-5的教學(xué)內(nèi)容：2-3.4 比較法視角下承諾概念2-3.5 CISG承諾規(guī)則研究p61 1. CISG下承諾構(gòu)成條件p57 2.承諾的生效 3.承諾的撤回 4.逾期的承諾 5.承諾對(duì)要約的修改和添加p63 12-3.4比較法視角下承諾 承諾 我國(guó)合同法(買賣合同) Common law Unidroit CISG22-3.4比較法視角下承諾的概念A(yù) 我國(guó)合同法 第21條承諾是受要約人同意要約的意思表示。(An acceptance is the offerees manifestation of intention to assent to an offer.)B. CISG

2、 Art18 A statement made by or other conduct of offeree indicating assent to an offer is an acceptance. C. common law Acceptance is a final expression of assent to the terms of an offer. D. Unidroit art 2.1.6 A statement made by or other conduct of offeree indicating assent to an offer is an acceptan

3、ce. 32-3.5 CISG承諾規(guī)則研究1.承諾的構(gòu)成條件 p612.承諾的生效 p613.承諾的撤回 p614.逾期的承諾 p625.承諾對(duì)要約的修改和添加 p634規(guī)則研究之一：CISG承諾構(gòu)成的條件p61 CISG 我合同法 1. 承諾必須由受要約人或代理人做出；承諾是受要約人同意要約的意思表示 . (Art21)2. 承諾必須向要約人或其代理人做出；向誰(shuí)做出同意的意思表示?none3. 承諾的內(nèi)容必須與要約的內(nèi)容一致;承諾的內(nèi)容應(yīng)當(dāng)與要約的內(nèi)容一致 (Art30)4. 承諾必須在要約有效 期內(nèi)做出.受要約人在承諾期限發(fā)出承諾. (Art 29)5CISG要約構(gòu)成 v. CISG承諾構(gòu)

4、成 offer of CISG Art14 acceptance of CISG1. A proposal for concluding a contract 2. offer must be addressed to only one or more specific persons unless the contrary is clearly indicated by the person making the offer. 1承諾必須由受要約人或代理人做出2. 承諾必須向要約人做出；3. sufficiently definite (goods and expressly implied

5、ly fixes or makes provision for determining the quantity and price) 3.承諾的內(nèi)容必須與要約的內(nèi)容一致4.承諾必須在要約有效期內(nèi)做出4. intention of offeror to be bound in case of acceptance. CISG承諾的條件是基于要約的要求的邏輯推斷,是學(xué)理上的規(guī)則,不是CISG法條的直接規(guī)定,，此外，承諾規(guī)則的數(shù)量也是可以增加的，兩者之間的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系是非常值得研究的.6CISG承諾條件 v. COMMON LAW CISG common law1. 承諾必須由受要約人或代理人做出；1

6、. must be communicated. 2. must be in response to and in reliance of an offer.2. 承諾必須向要約人或其代理人做出；none3.承諾的內(nèi)容必須與要約的內(nèi)容一致3. must be in strict accordance wit the terms of the offer.4. must be clear and certain. 4.承諾必須在要約有效期內(nèi)做出5 must be made within the time specified or, if not specified, within a reason

7、able time. 7CISG承諾構(gòu)成 v. UNIDROIT CISG UNIDROIT 1. 承諾必須由受要約人或代理人做出；沒(méi)有直接規(guī)定的法條。2. 承諾必須向要約人或其代理人做出；none3.承諾的內(nèi)容必須與要約的內(nèi)容一致沒(méi)有直接規(guī)定的法條。4.承諾必須在要約有效期內(nèi)做出Art 2.1.7: An offer must be accepted within the time the offeror has fixed or if no time is fixed ,within reasonable time having regard to the circumstance ,In

8、cluding the rapidity of the means of communication employed by the offeror.An oral offer must be accepted immediately unless the circumstance indicate otherwise. UNIDROIT Art 2.1.8: A period of acceptance fixed by the offeror begins to run from the time that dispatched.A time indicated in the offer

9、is deemed to be the time of dispatch unless circumstance indicate otherwise 8對(duì)CISG承諾構(gòu)成規(guī)則的評(píng)價(jià)不同于CISG要約來(lái)自法律的直接歸定，CISG的四條規(guī)則在性質(zhì)上是學(xué)理歸納，不是法律直接規(guī)定，因此，呈現(xiàn)如下問(wèn)題：1.承諾四條規(guī)則在數(shù)量上不是絕對(duì)的，是可以增加的。2.四條規(guī)則在內(nèi)容上也不是絕對(duì)的，它并不能涵蓋承諾的所有基本問(wèn)題3.國(guó)外的有關(guān)專著和UNIDROIT就沒(méi)有承諾構(gòu)成條件之說(shuō)。我國(guó)合同法第14條規(guī)定了要約的構(gòu)成的條件，對(duì)承諾也沒(méi)有相關(guān)規(guī)定。4. CISG要約構(gòu)成條件與承諾構(gòu)成應(yīng)該具有對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系，這種關(guān)系值得

10、研究。9CISG向我們提供了四條承諾規(guī)則，該四條規(guī)則能夠基本涵蓋國(guó)際貨物買賣合同成立中的必要的法律問(wèn)題？不！CISG依賴國(guó)內(nèi)合同法或買賣法來(lái)回答許多合同成立的具體實(shí)務(wù)問(wèn)題。即便是CISG法律框架內(nèi)的問(wèn)題，都需要國(guó)內(nèi)法加于填補(bǔ)，特別是common law case 來(lái)補(bǔ)充，更不要說(shuō)，CISG法律框架以外的問(wèn)題了。對(duì)國(guó)際貨物買賣合同的成立不能對(duì)CISG抱有絕對(duì)的希望！ 信任而不迷信！10與CISG承諾構(gòu)成規(guī)則有關(guān)的實(shí)務(wù)問(wèn)題研究 CISG 我合同法 1. 承諾必須由受要約人或代理人做出；承諾是受要約人同意要約的意思表示Art21實(shí)務(wù)問(wèn)題: ( 1)承諾做出的方式 （Art22） - 口頭方式? -

11、非對(duì)話方式(書面方式, 行為方式)? - 沉默可否作為承諾的方式?（2）受約人在主觀上是否必須對(duì)要約知情并同時(shí)依賴要約做出承諾,否則承諾無(wú)效？11ACCEPTANCE MUST BE IN RESPONSE TO AND IN RELIANCE OF AN OFFER ?R v Clarke 1972 Clarke had been arrested on a murder charge. For getting rid of the murder charge , but not for an reward to the public for $2000 (懸賞廣告), he gave in

12、formation to police which led to a conviction of the actual offenders . But later, he tried to claim the rewardCourt held : Clarke was not entitled to claim the reward because his acceptance was not based on the reward but on the desire to clear himself of the charge. So his supply of information wa

13、s not the acceptance to the offer of reward.12 CISG 我合同法 2. 承諾必須向要約人或其代理人做出；向誰(shuí)做出同意的意思表示?none3.承諾的內(nèi)容必須與要約的內(nèi)容一致實(shí)務(wù)問(wèn)題：如果承諾對(duì)要約做了變更或添加 (Art 19) -實(shí)質(zhì)性的 -非實(shí)質(zhì)性的“實(shí)質(zhì)性” (Art 19) p63承諾的內(nèi)容應(yīng)當(dāng)與要約的內(nèi)容一致 (Art30)實(shí)務(wù)問(wèn)題：如果承諾對(duì)要約做了變更或添加(Art 30/31) -實(shí)質(zhì)性的 -非實(shí)質(zhì)性的“實(shí)質(zhì)性”Art30 (見(jiàn)后面)13 CISG “實(shí)質(zhì)性” (Art 19) p63我合同法 Art30有關(guān)貨物的有關(guān)合同的？標(biāo)的P

14、rice 價(jià)格 BLACKS: (1) AMOUNT OF MONEY(2) THE COST SOMETHING IS BOUGHT OR SOLD價(jià)款或報(bào)酬P(guān)ayment 付款BLACKS: (1)DELIVERY OF MONEY (2)MONEY DELIVERED IN SATISFACTION？Quality and quantity of goods數(shù)量 質(zhì)量Place and time of the delivery履行期限 履行地點(diǎn)和方式extent of one partys liability違約責(zé)任settlement of dispute解決爭(zhēng)議方法？（譯文似乎有誤）

15、等14追問(wèn)CISG Art19下添加、變更、限制的 “實(shí)質(zhì)性”除去， CISG Art19已經(jīng)列明的項(xiàng)目外，未列入的如下項(xiàng)目的添加、變更、限制，不構(gòu)成“實(shí)質(zhì)性”嗎？- 保險(xiǎn)？- 包裝？- 商檢？- 不可抗力？- 產(chǎn)地證？- 進(jìn)出口許可證或配額？Key：對(duì)“實(shí)質(zhì)性”的理解，不僅僅依據(jù)19條，在某些情況下，應(yīng)依據(jù)Art9 考慮 當(dāng)事人之間已經(jīng)確立的交易慣例和習(xí)慣（based established usage and practice），以及案件的交易過(guò)程（actual course of dealing）。對(duì)CISG的理解，不能對(duì)條文孤立理解，要相互對(duì)照，全面認(rèn)識(shí)。 15STOP FOR THE

16、 TIME BEING16 lec-5Lec-5的教學(xué)內(nèi)容：2-3.4 比較法視角下承諾概念2-3.5 CISG承諾規(guī)則研究p61 1. CISG下承諾構(gòu)成條件p57 2.承諾的生效 3.承諾的撤回 4.逾期的承諾 5.承諾對(duì)要約的修改和添加p63 17 CISG 我合同法 4.承諾必須在要約有效期內(nèi)做出實(shí)務(wù)問(wèn)題：(1) 承諾期限的認(rèn)定和計(jì)算Art 20 -信和電報(bào) -假日和非營(yíng)業(yè)日的計(jì)算 (2)承諾做出的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn) Art 21-在承諾期限內(nèi)做出-在超出承諾期限內(nèi)做出受要約人在承諾期限發(fā)出承諾.Art 29實(shí)務(wù)問(wèn)題：(1) 承諾期限的認(rèn)定和計(jì)算 - 依要約規(guī)定; 如果對(duì)規(guī)定歧義? - 如果要

17、約沒(méi)有規(guī)定:依合理期間？(2)承諾做出的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn) -在承諾期限內(nèi)做出Art 29 -在超出承諾期限內(nèi)做出Art 2818關(guān)于承諾期限的認(rèn)定和計(jì)算The statement of offer “You may accept this offer within 10 days after this offer has reached you “Suppose on June 1st ,Seller mails an offer to Buyer and telephones the Buyer that:” you have five days to consider the offer” ho

18、wever this mail between the Seller and Buyer takes normally 7days. Please refer to CISG Art 20 19規(guī)則研究之二：CISG 承諾的生效 CISG Art 18 （2） 我合同法 Art 26 An acceptance becomes effective at the moment when the indication of assent reaches the offeror within the time fixed or ,if no time is fixed, within a reaso

19、nable time.-承諾通知到達(dá)要約人時(shí)生效。-承諾不需要通知的，根據(jù)交易習(xí)慣或者要約的要求作出承諾的行為時(shí)生效。-采用數(shù)據(jù)電文形式訂立合同的，承諾到達(dá)的時(shí)間以數(shù)據(jù)電文到達(dá)特定系統(tǒng)為準(zhǔn)。(見(jiàn)后面PPT)問(wèn)題與思考: 承諾的生效與要約的生效20實(shí)務(wù)問(wèn)題：承諾到達(dá)的法律意義-Firstly, the arriving moment of the acceptance means the time that contract becomes binding ,thus giving rise to starting binding moment of the rights and duties；

20、-secondly，in the case of contract being rendered invalid or revoked , the arriving moment of the acceptance is just the time to invalidate or revocate the contract；-Lastly, the arriving moment of the acceptance determines the right moment when the contract is concluded and then determines the issues

21、 of jurisdiction and governing law。21SILENCE DEEMED AS A ACCEPTANCE ?Felthouse v. Bindley(1862) Felthouse wrote to his nephew offering to buy a horse. In the letter Felthouse told his nephew that if Felthouse did not get a response from his nephew, he would consider the offer has been accepted.Court

22、 held: nephews acceptance had not been communicated, as silence could not used as the means of acceptance ,unless otherwise agreed. therefore , there was no contract between them.合同成立22silent acceptance: 兩例比較Case 1On June 1st Seller sends Buyer an offer to sell the a specified type and quality of go

23、ods at a stated price and added: this is such a attractive offer that I shall assume that you accept unless I hear form you by June 15”Buyer did not reply. Seller shipped the goods on June 16.Contract concluded ? 23silent acceptance: 兩例比較Case 2 On June 1st Buyer delivered the following to the seller

24、 “please rush price quotation for the following goods if you dont hear form me within three days after I received your quotation ,consider your offer as accepted ”The seller delivered the quotation to the buyer on June 3, buyer did not respond until June 10.later buyer rejected the contract that sel

25、ler believed has been concluded.Contract concluded ?24silent acceptance: 兩例比較Key:In Case 1, the contract is not concluded as Silent acceptance from offeree (the buyer) is not legally valid In case 2, the contract is concluded as the offeree (the buyer ) is voluntarily willing to be legally bound by

26、the contract if he does not respond to the seller within 3 days after receiving the quotation (offer) 25 CISG Art22 COMMON LAWan acceptance may be withdrawn if the withdraw reaches the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective POSTAL RULEAcceptance by letter (t

27、elegram) becomes effective once the acceptance is posted, regardless of whether the acceptance is delayed or lost in the postal system. However, this rule does not apply if the parties have agreed otherwise. 26 實(shí)務(wù)問(wèn)題：application of Postal Rulemeans acceptance offerFax/email/telephoneReception rule (到

28、達(dá)規(guī)則): The mail of acceptance becomes valid once it reaches the offeror. See: acceptance by fax and email (next slid)Reception ruleLettertelegramPostal rule （投郵規(guī)則）:Once letter /telegram posted (mailed, shipped) the offer is accepted, unless otherwise agreed. USA: Mail Box Rule - Acceptance becomes ef

29、fective on dispatch, unless both parties otherwise agreed. Reception rule27實(shí)務(wù)問(wèn)題：To become effective for the acceptance by fax and email Acceptance by instantaneous communication generally occurs when it is received- A fax sent during regular business hours is probably accepted when it reaches the of

30、ferors fax machine.-In negotiations by email, acceptance is likely to be communicated when the offeror “l(fā)og into ”the system.28To become effective for the other notifications -Notification of withdrawal of offer;-Notification of revocation of offer;-Notification of withdrawal of acceptance;-Notifica

31、tion of amendment to the offer (purported acceptance);- other notifications for cancelling or conforming contractual intention either in oral form or writing form.Key: “communicated” or “ reached”29規(guī)則研究之三：CISG 承諾的撤回 CISG Art22 我合同法Art27an acceptance may be withdrawn if the withdraw reaches the offer

32、or before or at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective 承諾可以撤回。撤回承諾的通知應(yīng)在承諾通知到達(dá)要約人之前或者與承諾通知同時(shí)到達(dá)要約人。UNIDROIT ART 2.1.10an acceptance may be withdrawn if the withdraw reaches the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective問(wèn)題與思考:要約的撤回Art17: 要約可以撤回

33、。撤回承諾的通知應(yīng)在承諾通知到達(dá)要約人之前或者與承諾通知同時(shí)到達(dá)要約人。30規(guī)則研究之四：CISG下逾期的承諾CISG Art 21 我合同法A late acceptance is effective if ,without delay , the offeror orally informs the offeree or dispatch the notice 1 一般遲延承諾 Art28受要約人超過(guò)承諾期限發(fā)出承諾的，為新要約，除非要約人及時(shí)通知受要約人該承諾有效。If the transmission had been normal it would have been reached

34、 the offeror in due time ,the acceptance is effective unless 2、意外遲延承諾 Art29受要約人在承諾期限內(nèi)發(fā)出承諾，按照通常情形能夠及時(shí)到達(dá)要約人，但因其他原因承諾到達(dá)要約人時(shí)超過(guò)承諾期限的，該承諾有效，除非要約人及時(shí)通知受要約人因承諾超過(guò)期限不接受該承諾的以外。31CISG Art 21/我合同法Art28一般遲延承諾 新要約，除非要約人及時(shí)認(rèn)可CISG Art 21/我合同法Art29意外遲延承諾 承諾有效，除非要約人及時(shí)反對(duì)。實(shí)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)點(diǎn)以及化解之法要約人如何知道逾期的承諾是一般遲延承諾還是意外遲延承諾，以便采取完全不同的處理

35、方法 ？-出險(xiǎn)的承諾的表達(dá)方式多半是書面方式（即fax、email 、信）中的信件承諾。-如何判斷承諾信是否正常還是非正常逾期？Key：可以通過(guò)對(duì)如下indicators 來(lái)判斷：郵戳、承諾函中的日期以及信件傳遞通常所需要的時(shí)間。32Discuss: CISG Art 21 v. Art 7發(fā)價(jià)人依據(jù)CISG Art 21對(duì)逾期承諾的接受權(quán)利和CISGArt7誠(chéng)信原則的關(guān)系On June 1 Seller mailed an offer that stated “your acceptance of this offer must reach me by June 30”. On June 15, Buyer posted the reply of his acceptance in a letter. Buyers letter would normally have reached the Seller on June 20, but was delayed and did not reached to the Seller until a month later ,on July 20.33In mid-Jul