Book3_U2_語法

1、第 PAGE 8 頁 共 NUMPAGES 8 頁 由疑問詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句在句子中起名詞作用的從句叫名詞性從句。名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組，在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語，表語，賓語，同位語，介詞賓語等，因此根據(jù)它在句中的句法功能，名詞性從句又可以分為主語從句，表語從句，賓語從句和同位語從句。本單元主要介紹由疑問詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。疑問詞有兩類，即疑問代詞(what, whatever, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose) 和疑問副詞(when, where, how, why)。疑問代詞通常在從句中作主語，表語和賓語。疑問

2、副詞則通常在從句中作狀語（時(shí)間狀語，地點(diǎn)狀語，方式狀語或原因狀語）。請(qǐng)看如下例句，并試著分析作引導(dǎo)詞的疑問詞在從句中所擔(dān)任的成分。(1) What he said at the meeting confused everyone present. 他在會(huì)議上所說的讓在場(chǎng)的人感到困惑。(作引導(dǎo)詞的疑問代詞在主語從句中作賓語)(2) The little boy ate whatever his mother gave him.不管他媽媽給他什么，這個(gè)小男孩都吃。(作引導(dǎo)詞的疑問代詞在賓語從句中作賓語)(3) Please give some suggestion which book I sho

3、uld choose among these. 我應(yīng)該選擇其中的哪本書，請(qǐng)給我一些建議。(作引導(dǎo)詞的疑問代詞在同位語從句中作定語)(4) The problem is who/ whom I should turn to for help. 問題是我應(yīng)該向誰求救。(作引導(dǎo)詞的疑問代詞在表語從句中作賓語)(5) Whoever leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. 無論誰最后一個(gè)離開房間都應(yīng)該關(guān)燈。(作引導(dǎo)詞的疑問代詞在主語從句中作主語)(6) When we will go skating is up to you to make

4、 a decision.我們什么時(shí)候去溜冰由你做決定。(作引導(dǎo)詞的疑問副詞在主語從句中作時(shí)間狀語)(7) I insisted upon an answer to my question why he had done it.我堅(jiān)持要知道他為什么這么做的答案。(作引導(dǎo)詞的疑問副詞在同位語從句中作原因狀語)(8) There is a doubt how they managed to travel to the moon.有一個(gè)疑問就是他們?nèi)绾纬晒θピ虑虻摹?作引導(dǎo)詞的疑問副詞在同位語從句中作方式狀語)運(yùn)用名詞性從句時(shí)的注意點(diǎn)：1) 關(guān)于that的省略一般情況下，賓語從句中的that是可以省略

5、的。但在下列幾種情況下，that一般不可省略。介詞后面的that不能省。Peter is a good student except that he is sometimes careless.彼得是好學(xué)生，只是有時(shí)粗心。并列連詞and連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上賓語從句，第二個(gè)及以后的賓語從句中的that不省略。My uncle says (that) he has served here for twenty years and that he is going to retire next month. 我叔叔說他在這兒工作已二十年了，下個(gè)月即將退休。主句謂語動(dòng)詞與that從句之間有插入語，tha

6、t不可省略。 He said that, if he could manage it, he would come for dinner. 他說，如果他安排得好的話，他會(huì)來吃晚飯的。賓語從句中有其他從屬連詞時(shí)，that不能省略。He told me that if it was necessary they would work all night. 他告訴我，如果需要的話，他們就干個(gè)通宵。2) 名詞性從句的詞序名詞性從句在句中要用陳述句語序。如：He asked me what was the matter with me. 他問我怎么了。Weve heard the news that w

7、ell move into the new house. 我們已經(jīng)聽說了我們將搬去新房子的消息。Whatever you say will interest us all. 無論你說什么我們都會(huì)感興趣。3) whether和if的用法whether和if在賓語從句中可以互換，但是作介詞賓語時(shí)連接詞一般用whether。如：It all depends on whether they will come back. 一切都取決于他們是否會(huì)來。后面直接跟or not 時(shí)用whether。如：I didnt know whether or not he had arrived in Wuhan. 我

8、不知道他是否已經(jīng)到達(dá)武漢了。主語從句，表語從句中只能用whether。如：Whether the meeting will be put off has not been decided yet.會(huì)議是否會(huì)被推遲還沒有被決定。The question is whether they have so much money.問題在于他們是否有很多錢。whether可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句，用以說明前面的名詞的內(nèi)容，if不能。如：We ought to discuss carefully the question whether we can do it or not.我們應(yīng)當(dāng)認(rèn)真討論是否能做此事這個(gè)問題

9、。whether常與or連用表示一種選擇，if不能這樣用；whether也可與動(dòng)詞不定式連用但if不能。如：The question of whether they are male or female is not important.他們是男性還是女性不重要。I have not decided whether to go or not. 我還沒有決定是否要去。4) 疑問代詞 + ever和no matter + 疑問代詞的區(qū)別。疑問代詞 + ever可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，在從句中要充當(dāng)一定的部分。如：Whoever breaks the rule must be punished. (在主語

10、從句中作主語)任何違反規(guī)定的人必須受罰。You can choose whatever you like in the shop. (在賓語從句中作賓語)你可以在商店中選擇你喜歡的任何東西。疑問詞 + ever還可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。如：Whoever breaks the rule, he must be punished. 無論誰違反規(guī)定，都必須受罰。Whatever you do, you must do it well. 不管你做什么，你必須把它做好。no matter + 疑問詞只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。如：No matter what you do, you must do it wel

11、l. 不管你做什么，你必須把它做好。No matter who breaks the rule, he must be punished. 無論誰違反規(guī)定，都必須受罰。5) 名詞性從句中主句和從句的時(shí)態(tài)一致賓語從句中主句和從句的時(shí)態(tài)保持一致，但如果從句中表示的是客觀現(xiàn)象，雖然主句是過去時(shí)態(tài)，從句仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：Hello, I didnt know you were in London. How long have you been here?喂，我不知道你在倫敦。你在這里多久了？The teacher told us that light travels at a very high s

12、peed.老師告訴我們光以非?？斓乃俣葌鞑?。主語從句作主語相當(dāng)于單數(shù)第三人稱作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，如果由and 連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的主語從句作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；由兩個(gè)或多個(gè)連接詞引導(dǎo)一個(gè)主語從句，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如：When the meeting will begin has not been decided yet.會(huì)議何時(shí)開始還沒有決定。When they will start and where they go have not been decided yet.他們何時(shí)出發(fā)以及去何處還沒有決定。When and where the meeting will begin has

13、 not been decided.會(huì)議何時(shí)何地開始還沒有決定。6)含有賓語從句復(fù)合句的反意疑問句反意疑問句一般與主句一致。He said they were going to help me, didnt he？ 他說過他們要幫我，不是嗎？She told you that the mat was her own work, didnt she? 她告訴過你這個(gè)墊子是她親自做的，是嗎？當(dāng)主句的主語為第一人稱，謂語動(dòng)詞是think, believe, consider, imagine, suppose, hope 等詞時(shí)，反意疑問句應(yīng)與賓語從句保持一致。這時(shí)特別要注意否定轉(zhuǎn)移的問題。I su

14、ppose youre serious, arent you? 我想你是當(dāng)真的，不是嗎？(不可用dont I)I dont suppose hes serious, is he? 我想他不是當(dāng)真的，是嗎？ (不可用do I)提示：如果主語是第二、第三人稱，則疑問句部分與主句一致，且不存在否定轉(zhuǎn)移的問題。You dont think we can speak English, do you? 你認(rèn)為我們不會(huì)說英語，對(duì)嗎？He thinks hes got the right answer, doesnt he? 他認(rèn)為自己找到了正確的答案，是嗎？7) because, why引導(dǎo)的表語從句 Th

15、ats because he didnt understand me. 那是因?yàn)樗麤]有理解我。（Thats because 強(qiáng)調(diào)原因）Thats why he got angry with me. 那正是他對(duì)我生氣的原因。（Thats why 強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果）注意: what引導(dǎo)的主語從句表示結(jié)果或名詞reason作主語時(shí)，后面的表語從句表示原因時(shí)要用that引導(dǎo)，一般不宜用because。The reason why I was sad was that he didnt understand me. 我難過的原因是他沒有理解我。What cost him his life was that he

16、 was too careless. 使他喪命的原因是他太粗心了。2. 形式主語it1) 代主語從句。如：It is possible that he has stolen the car. 很可能他偷了小車。Isnt it strange that he should not have passed the test? 他測(cè)試沒有通過，難道不奇怪嗎？注意：if引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)，只能用it作形式主語，放在句首，而將if引導(dǎo)的主語 HYPERLINK /Article/nc/Index.html t _blank 從句放到句末。如：It is uncertain if he will leave

17、for Beijing tomorrow. 明天他是否去北京還不敢肯定。2) 代不定式短語作主語。如：It was his duty to attend to the matter. 處理這件事是他的責(zé)任。It is impossible to finish the work on time. 準(zhǔn)時(shí)完成工作是不可能的。3) 代動(dòng)名詞。如：Its no good sitting up too late. 熬夜沒有好處。Its no use saying anything more about it. 再說這件事沒用。It is useless crying over the spilt milk

18、. 覆水難收。4) 用作形式主語的的重要句型 It + be + adj. for (of) sb to do sth 某人做某事It is hard for him to make up his mind. 他很難下定決心。It was foolish of her to say such a thing. 她說那樣的話，真是太蠢了?！菊f明】介詞 of 與 for 的區(qū)別是：of 用于指某人的性格、屬性、特征等，介詞for表示對(duì)象，意為“對(duì)來說” It takes sb + 時(shí)間段 + to do sth. 某人做某事花了時(shí)間It takes years to master a new la

19、nguage. 要花多年的時(shí)間才能掌握一門新的語言。【說明】此句型可以有以下多變種變體：It took me an hour to write the letter. =The letter took me an hour (to write). =I took an hour to write the letter. 我寫這封信花了一個(gè)小時(shí)。 It is up to sb. to do sth. 該由某人做某事Its up to you to to make the choice. 得由你來作選擇。 it look (seem, appear, happen, occur) that as

20、if 似乎It seemed as if he didnt recognize me. 他似乎沒認(rèn)出我來。It happened that I was out when he called. 他打電話時(shí)我碰巧不在家。 If it were not for / If it hadnt been for 若不是因?yàn)镮f it were not for their help, we couldnt have got over the difficulties.要不是他們幫助，這些困難我們不克服不了的。 It + be + 過去分詞 + that 該句型常見動(dòng)詞有：say, hope, think,

21、suppose, expect, report, know, believe, decide, etc.It is said that they have invented a new type of computer. 據(jù)說他們發(fā)明了一種新型電腦。It is believed that China will become one of the strongest countries in the world.大家都相信中國(guó)將會(huì)步入世界強(qiáng)國(guó)之列。It was reported that more than 170 thousand people died in the 2004 tsunami

22、.據(jù)報(bào)道，至少有十七萬人在2004年那場(chǎng)海嘯中喪生。 若句子是疑問形式，就只能用it作形式主語。Does it matter much that they wont come tomorrow? 他們明天不來很重要嗎？Is it true that he will go abroad next week? 他下周出國(guó)是真的嗎？練習(xí)單項(xiàng)選擇。1. _ he does has nothing to do with me. A. Whatever B. No matter what C. That D. If2. The manager came over and asked the custome

23、r how_ A. did the quarrel came about B .the quarrel had come about C. had the quarrel come about D. had the quarrel come about3. Energy is _makes thing work. A. what B. something C. anything D. that4. The order came _the soldiers _the small village the next morning. A. that ; had to leave B. that; s

24、hould leave C. /; must leave D. when; should leave5. The question came up at the meeting_ we had enough money for our research. A. that B. which C. whether D. if 6. We all know the truth _ there are air, water and sunlight there are living things.A. where B. wherever C. that D. that wherever 7. _ is

25、 troubling me is _ I dont understand _ he saidA. What; that; what B. What; what; whatC. That; that; what D. Why; that; which8. It is widely _that smoking can cause cancer. A. believed B. think C. say D. hoped9. _has passed the test will get a prize. A. Whoever B. No mater who C. Whomever D. Who 10.

26、Is_ true that the famous scientist will give us a lecture next week? A that B it C his D he11. It has not been decided _ they will leave for New York. A. when B why C that D what12. The reason I plan to go is_ she will be disappointed if I dont. A. because B. that C. thanks to D. what13. What time d

27、o you think_? A. will Tom come back B. Tom will come back C. is Tom coming back D. can Tom get here14. The teacher said that light_ faster than sound. A. Has traveled B. traveled C. had traveled D. travels15. If you know_ it was that write A Tale of Two Cities, raise your hand. A. whom B. which C. w

28、ho D. that16. Thinking_ you know_ in fact you dont is a terrible mistake. A. that; that B. what; what C. that; what D. what that17._ David says sounds right to Helen. Thats why she has made up her mind to leave with him_ happens. A. Whatever; whatever B. No matter what; whatever C. No matter what; n

29、o matter what D. Whatever; however18. After_ seemed like hours he came out with a bitter smile. A. which B. it C. what D. that19. This is _ the question lies.A. what B. that C. where D. how20. _ I was there that evening.A. It happened to B. It happened thatC. That happened D. It is happened that二、關(guān)聯(lián)

30、詞填空。1. Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer _ it was 20 years ago, _it was poorly equipped.2. The shopkeeper did not want to sell the products for _ he thought was not enough.3. We really want to know _ use can be made of this material.4. After the discussion, there was sti

31、ll some doubt _fingerprints had been left on the safe. 5. _makes mistakes must correct them. 6. He asked us _ we were getting along with our work.7. This is _you spent your summer holiday, isnt it?8. Sometimes we are asked _ we think the likely result of an action will be. 9. _ they won the game was

32、 _ we had expected. 10. The poor young man is ready to accept _ help he can get.三、句子翻譯。1. Whatever he does has nothing to do with me.2. You dont think we can speak French, do you?3. There is no possibility that Bob can win the first prize in the match.4. Whether the meeting should last two days or t

33、hree days doesnt matter.5. Eat whichever cake you like and leave the others for whoever comes late.6. 我只知道他住在巴黎，除此之外，我一無所知。7. 等一早上沒啥好處。8. 他住哪里關(guān)系不大。(it作形式主語)9. 我難過的原因是他誤解我。10. 任何已經(jīng)通過這次考試的人將會(huì)得到一個(gè)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。四、句子改錯(cuò)。1. You can give this ticket to whomever wants to have it. 2. I dont know if to stay here or not.3. This school is no longer that it was 30 years ago.4. You are sayin