漢譯英(謂語(yǔ)的確定和否定翻譯)課件

1、英漢語(yǔ)言宏觀對(duì)比靜態(tài)與動(dòng)態(tài)（ Static vs. Dynamic ）英語(yǔ)傾向于多用名詞，因而敘述呈靜態(tài)漢語(yǔ)傾向于多用動(dòng)詞，因而敘述呈動(dòng)態(tài)英漢語(yǔ)言宏觀對(duì)比英語(yǔ)的靜態(tài)傾向表現(xiàn)在：1、名詞化 Insulin is used in the treatment of diabetes. 胰島素用于治療糖尿病。2、用名詞表示施事者，以代替動(dòng)詞(大量由動(dòng)詞派生的名詞)He is a good eater and a good sleeper.他能吃能睡。英漢語(yǔ)言宏觀對(duì)比3、用名詞代替形容詞，構(gòu)成標(biāo)題式短語(yǔ)(名詞連用)space shuttle flight test program航天飛機(jī)試飛計(jì)劃4、名詞

2、優(yōu)勢(shì)造成介詞優(yōu)勢(shì)He is at his books.他在讀書(shū)。The machine is in operation.機(jī)器正在運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。英漢語(yǔ)言宏觀對(duì)比5、用形容詞或副詞表達(dá)動(dòng)詞的意義You are ignorant of the duties you undertake in marrying. 你完全不懂你在婚姻方面應(yīng)承擔(dān)的責(zé)任。He is out.他出去了。英漢語(yǔ)言宏觀對(duì)比漢語(yǔ)的動(dòng)態(tài)傾向表現(xiàn)在：1、動(dòng)詞連用(連動(dòng)式和兼語(yǔ)式句子)他想辦法擺脫了困境。(連動(dòng)式)He thought his way out of the dilemma.我們請(qǐng)她唱歌。(兼語(yǔ)式)We asked her to s

3、ing.2、動(dòng)詞(詞組)可以充當(dāng)漢語(yǔ)句子的各種成分他們喜歡乘火車(chē)旅行。(連動(dòng)式詞組做賓語(yǔ))They enjoy traveling by train.英漢語(yǔ)言宏觀對(duì)比3、漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常常重復(fù)或重疊要吃有吃，要穿有穿。You will have enough to eat and sufficient to put on.說(shuō)說(shuō)笑笑，跑跑跳跳，孩子們過(guò)得十分愉快。Talking and laughing, running and jumping, the children had a good time.句子翻譯之謂語(yǔ)確定漢語(yǔ)句子中否定表達(dá)的翻譯句子翻譯之謂語(yǔ)確定英漢謂語(yǔ)之比較英語(yǔ)句子謂語(yǔ)只有動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)

4、詞詞組才能充當(dāng)；She was smiling.He likes translation.They have become health-conscious.John is at home.We gave him advice.We consider that plan wonderful.He has put the salt on the table.The children might have been playing in the garden.I agree with you on that point.In the valley we came across a group of

5、 Mexicans.漢語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)也是句子中的重要成分，但漢語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)除了用動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)，還可以用形容詞、名詞或其他詞語(yǔ)充當(dāng)。他買(mǎi)了一本書(shū)。他是江蘇人。小王今年29歲。南京的秋天很美。我的老師今天不在學(xué)校。在英語(yǔ)句子中，作謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞對(duì)句子其他成分的形式和句子結(jié)構(gòu)有很大影響。謂語(yǔ)受主語(yǔ)支配，在人稱和數(shù)上必須和主語(yǔ)一致。He has put the salt( them) on the table.漢語(yǔ)句子中主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)只要求在語(yǔ)義上一致，而無(wú)須在形式上對(duì)應(yīng)。漢語(yǔ)句子中謂語(yǔ)不受主語(yǔ)支配，沒(méi)有人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)變化。我常去北京。I often go to Beijing.他常去上海。He often goes to

6、 Shanghai.他昨天去了常州。He went to Changzhou yesterday.從這三個(gè)例子看出，漢語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)無(wú)形態(tài)變化，而英語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)有變化。英譯時(shí)謂語(yǔ)的確定1 謂語(yǔ)確定應(yīng)充分、貼切傳達(dá)愿意；中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)將融入世界經(jīng)濟(jì)大潮。The economy of China will merge into the tide of the world economy.The economy of China will converge with that of the world.中央政府不干預(yù)香港特別行政區(qū)的事務(wù)。The central government has refrained fr

7、om intervening in the affairs of the HKSAR.The central government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR.這些時(shí)裝模特逐漸鎮(zhèn)定下來(lái)，有了自信。These fashion models gradually calmed down, restored self-confidence;Gradually, these fashion models calmed down and regained self-confidence.這座旅館能接待300多個(gè)旅客。This hotel

8、 can contain/accommodate over three hundred passengers/guests.學(xué)校教育不僅要抓智育，更要重視德育。Schools must provide students not only sound intellectual training, but, more importantly, moral development.2 漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞無(wú)時(shí)態(tài)變化，時(shí)態(tài)概念通過(guò)詞匯手段來(lái)表達(dá)，英譯時(shí)謂語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)要與原文一致；新的景點(diǎn)不斷出現(xiàn)，觀光人數(shù)不斷增加，地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)也有了很大發(fā)展。窗戶玻璃打破了。在教室里，有人問(wèn)了老師許多問(wèn)題。今年要多考幾個(gè)資格證。據(jù)說(shuō)，他已經(jīng)

9、去了日本。It is said that he has gone to Japan.已經(jīng)達(dá)成了多項(xiàng)協(xié)議。A lot of agreements have been reached.今年要出臺(tái)多項(xiàng)新政策。Many new policies will be formulated this year.同學(xué)們選他做代表，他很高興。His classmates elected him representative, he was very glad.這位駕駛員開(kāi)車(chē)時(shí)心不在焉，幾乎引起一場(chǎng)車(chē)禍。The drivers absent-mindedness during his driving nearly

10、caused a traffic accident.他從未料到問(wèn)題會(huì)這么復(fù)雜。He has never expected that the problem is so complicated.3 用系表結(jié)構(gòu)作謂語(yǔ)；連系動(dòng)詞之后須帶主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)（Subject complement)Eg: the capital of the United States was once New York City.The puddle got bigger the more it rained.這些椅子舒適大方，攜帶方便。These chairs are comfortable and convenient to

11、 carry.她變得如此溫柔和體貼。She becomes so gentle and considerable.在陌生的環(huán)境里她感到很不自在。She didnt feel completely at ease in the strange surroundings.大學(xué)在推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)方面的作用已是有目共睹。Already, the universitys role as an engine of economic growth is well recognized.我們的國(guó)防變得越來(lái)越鞏固和強(qiáng)大。Our national defence becomes more and more conso

12、lidatory and powerful.他在會(huì)上說(shuō)的話非常正確，非常有說(shuō)服力。What he said at the meeting is very right and persuasive.他們的言語(yǔ)和行動(dòng)充滿了信心和自豪。They are confident and proud in their speeches and actions.4 謂語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上必須保持一致；當(dāng)前，我國(guó)的職業(yè)教育和成人教育正在加快發(fā)展。Vocational education and adult education are being pushed on energetically in our co

13、untry.五十英里對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)是很長(zhǎng)一段路程。Fifteen miles seems like a long walk to me.Either my brothers or my father is/are coming.No one except his own supporters agree/agrees with him.Neither Julia nor I am/is going.Joes new trousers are/is black and white.Domestic cattle provide/provides us with milk, beef and hides

14、.Bread and milk is/are a good breakfast.Every boy and every girl in this room is/are entitled to a copy.Many a man and woman in this community finds/find himself and herself in need.My sisters or brother is/are likely to be at home.Either my father or my brothers are/is coming.Neither the Kansas coa

15、ch nor the players were/was confident of victory.Two thirds of the swampland has/have been reclaimed for farming.Forth minus fifteen leaves/leave twenty-five.Seven plus/and five makes/make twelve.All of the cargo was/were lost.All of the crew were/was saved.5 如果在一個(gè)句子中有幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞，就確定一個(gè)動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)，其他動(dòng)詞可譯作非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或介詞

16、短語(yǔ)。中國(guó)觀察問(wèn)題不是看社會(huì)制度。China does not regard social system as criterion in its approach to problems.他告訴我在各種情況下都要保持冷靜。He told me to keep calm under all circumstances.女主人端著幾杯葡萄酒走了進(jìn)來(lái)。The hostess came in with several glasses of wine.南寧市政府招商代表團(tuán)吸引了許多東南亞客商來(lái)南寧洽談項(xiàng)目。The delegation of inviting investment of Nanning

17、City has attracted many businessmen from Southeast Asia to Nanning to hold talks on different projects.上海采取了一系列優(yōu)惠政策吸引外資。A series of preferential policies have been adopted in Shanghai to attract foreign capital.我看見(jiàn)幾朵嫩黃的向日葵，襯托在一片碧藍(lán)的天空里。I saw some fresh yellowish sunflowers against a blue sky.6 如果不知道原

18、文動(dòng)作發(fā)出者是誰(shuí)，或原文主語(yǔ)為人們、大家等，或句中含有據(jù)說(shuō)、據(jù)傳等提法時(shí)，譯文中謂語(yǔ)常用被動(dòng)；新改建的城中公園建了許多草坪。Plenty of lawns were built in the gardens of the newly-renovated citys centers.大家知道鹽對(duì)金屬有很強(qiáng)的腐蝕作用。Salt is known to have a strong corroding effect on metals.應(yīng)該教育孩子講實(shí)話。Children should be taught to speak the true.幾年前發(fā)現(xiàn)了一顆新彗星。A new comet was di

19、scovered a couple of years ago.據(jù)說(shuō)，這條高速公路明年通車(chē)。It is said that this highway will be open to traffic next year.為了歡迎外國(guó)貴賓，安排了一場(chǎng)音樂(lè)會(huì)。A concert was laid on for the distinguished foreign visitors.漢語(yǔ)句子中否定表達(dá)的翻譯一 漢語(yǔ)否定句漢語(yǔ)中否定概念通過(guò)詞匯手段來(lái)表達(dá)，否定句帶有否定字詞的標(biāo)記。例如：我不喜歡這部電影。他這樣說(shuō)毫無(wú)道理。你得趕緊走，否則會(huì)遲到。漢語(yǔ)中也常用“不怎么，不總是，幾乎不，幾乎沒(méi)有，不都是，并非所

20、有”等詞來(lái)表達(dá)部分否定。常用“不.沒(méi)有”“非.不”“非.莫”“不是.不”“決不.沒(méi)有”等來(lái)表達(dá)雙重否定。二 英語(yǔ)否定句英語(yǔ)表達(dá)否定概念同樣采用詞匯手段。如可借助否定詞no, never, nor, not, neither等，或具有否定意義的詞語(yǔ)，如hardly, rarely, seldom, barely, scarcely, narrowly, few, little等。以及由前綴no-, non-, in-, dis-, un-, im-, 和后綴-less等組成的詞語(yǔ)。英語(yǔ)中含有否定意義的詞匯，還包括其他各類詞語(yǔ)和詞組：動(dòng)詞：lack, fail, deny, miss, exclu

21、de, run short/out of, keep/stop/refrain/prevent (from), (get) rid of/overlook/deny.名詞：absence, exclusion, lack, want, failure, ignorance, denial.WantHe wants the courage to speak the truth.After the disaster, there were many who wanted food and shelter.形容詞：absent, missing, ignorant, gone, free/far/s

22、afe from, short of, exclusive of.介詞：beyond, without, above, except, save, but, 連詞：before, unless也可采用句法手段：Rather thanI think I will have a cold rather than the coffee.It is management that is at faults rather than the work force.Rather than risk breaking up his marriage, he told his wife everything.O

23、ther thanHe never speaks to me other than to ask for money.She has no close friend other than him.Morethan.I like her more than her husband.It had more the appearance of a deliberate crime than of an accident.too.to.He is too young to take care of himself.三 以否定形式譯之我認(rèn)為他不夠格。I dont think he is qualifie

24、d.我們?nèi)魏螘r(shí)候都沒(méi)有被困難嚇倒過(guò)。Never have we been daunted by the difficulties.我對(duì)他的情況一無(wú)所知。I dont know anything about him.這房子盡管富麗堂皇，但住起來(lái)一點(diǎn)也不舒服。With all its magnificence, the house is not at all comfortable to live in.動(dòng)物沒(méi)有水不能生存，植物沒(méi)有水也不能生長(zhǎng)。Animals cannot live without water, neither can plants grow.中國(guó)人口的百分之八十在農(nóng)村，如果不解

25、決這百分之八十的人的生活問(wèn)題，社會(huì)就不會(huì)安定的。Eighty percent of Chinas population live in the rural areas. There will be no social stability unless their daily needs are met.少壯不努力，老大徒傷悲。If one does not exert oneself in youth, one will regret it in old age.四 將漢語(yǔ)雙重否定譯成英語(yǔ)雙重否定如果你的學(xué)習(xí)方法對(duì)頭，那么在短時(shí)間內(nèi)掌握一門(mén)外語(yǔ)并不是不可能。It is not impossib

26、le to master a foreign language within a short period if you have a good study method.開(kāi)始學(xué)英語(yǔ)時(shí)，講英語(yǔ)不可能不犯錯(cuò)誤。At the beginning of learning English, you cant speak it without making mistakes.我?guī)缀鯖](méi)有一天不想念他。Hardly a day goes by when I dont miss him.巧婦難為無(wú)米之炊。You cant make something out of nothing.不看秦始皇兵馬俑，不算真正到

27、過(guò)中國(guó)。A traveler who has not seen the Qin Dynasty terra cotta figures cannot claim to have visited China.No one who has not seen the Qin Dynasty terra cotta figures can claim to have visited China.五 以肯定形式譯之：英譯時(shí)借助含有否定意義的詞來(lái)傳譯漢語(yǔ)里的否定意義譯成英語(yǔ)中的肯定詞語(yǔ)有：free from/of, safe from, ignorant of, independent of, devoi

28、d of, foreign to, blind to, different from, less than, dead to, impatient of, deficient in, alien to等等。湯姆在這次期末考試中未及格。Tom failed in the final examination.瑪麗不愿意去很遠(yuǎn)的地方工作。Mary is reluctant to work in the far place.他無(wú)可指責(zé)。He is above blame.我們不能讓孩子們?nèi)ズ永镉斡?。We must keep the kids from swimming in the river.這尊雕

29、像在經(jīng)歷大地震后竟毫發(fā)未損，仍然矗立。The statue survived the great earthquake, remained intact and was still standing there.我的朋友都不抽煙。None of my friends smokes.那決不是明朝的建筑。That is anything but a building of the Ming Dynasty.欲速則不達(dá)。More haste, less speed.人民軍隊(duì)離不開(kāi)人民，就像魚(yú)兒離不開(kāi)水一樣。The people is to the peoples army what water is to fish.沒(méi)有設(shè)備，我們就自己制造。Short of equipment, we make it on our own.女孩兒未出嫁，是顆無(wú)價(jià)寶珠。A girl before marriage is a precious pearl.這位老人還沒(méi)到醫(yī)院就死了。The old man died before he reac