英語國家概況Chapter3分解課件

1、Chapter 3The Shaping of the Nation第1頁，共24頁。I. Williams Rule 1.feudalism king all the land Barons large estates (tenants-in-chief) lesser nobles less land (knights and freemen) Villeins and serfs 第2頁，共24頁。2. Replacing the Witan (the council of the Anglo-Saxon Kings) with the Grand Council of his tena

2、nts-in-chief3. Compiling a property record Domesday Book: stating the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. Half a fifth the rest170 tenants-in-chief the king the Churches第3頁，共24頁。4. Strengthening church and keeping its independence from Roman Catholic churc

3、hes to consolidate his rule (1.1)II. Henry IIs Reforms in the courts and law 1. strengthening the kings Court: making six circuits and appointing traveling judges 2. establishing a common law (an unwritten law common to the whole people) to override local law and private law 第4頁，共24頁。3. Initiating j

4、ury system to replace old English ways in judging a case4. Wishing to reform abuses in Church but meeting with rejection from Becket, the archbishop of Canterbury, later killed by the king knights and worshipped as a hero in the history as described in Geoffrey Chaucers the Canterbury Tales 第5頁，共24頁

5、。III. King John and the Great Charter (1215)1. Causes of the Great Charter Norman Conquest Englands possessionof territory in FranceNorman loyalty to Roman CatholismLooking after French territoryEntering holy wars:Three great crusadesEnormous drain upon financial resourcesGrievances from the barons第

6、6頁，共24頁。2. The Great Charter and its significancea. The barons drew a list of 63 clauses and presented to King John in 1215, known as the Great Charter (Magna Carta) (2.1)b. The significance(1) Laying the foundation of English liberties(2) Limiting the powers of the English king(3) Stating the legal

7、 relationship between the crown and the barons(4) Guaranteeing the freedom of the Church第7頁，共24頁。IV. Henry III and the beginning of Parliament1. Conflicts between the King and the baronsLoss of the Kings favorLoss of land and moneyRebelling under Simon de Montfort, and taking the King prisoner2. The

8、 beginning of Parliament ? And its development 第8頁，共24頁。 Witan in Anglo-Saxon time full of wise men The Grand Council since William full of great baronsThe Great Council summoned by the barons barons two knights from each county two citizens from each townHouse of LordsHouse of Commons第9頁，共24頁。第10頁，

9、共24頁。V. The Hundred Years War with France (1337-1453) The name was given to the intermittentwars between France and England, lasting for about 100 years. Causes of the war1. Territorial cause: English loss of land in France2. Economical cause: French clothes manufacturers importing wool from England

10、第11頁，共24頁。3. Political cause: to stop France from aiding the Scots in national consciousness4. Direct cause: claiming the French crown stages of the war and the ending of itThe English won brilliantly and gained a lot of French territoriesThe English won and was crowned French king.Encouraged by the

11、 French heroine Joan of Arc, the French drove the English out.第12頁，共24頁。亨利五世身為王子時沉湎于聲色犬馬，不思進取，后來在父親的病榻前立誓痛改前非，誓要重振祖宗疆業(yè)。年輕的亨利五世長于謀略且善于用兵，更能鼓舞士氣，贏得部屬的愛戴。1415年時，由于英國國王亨利五世受到大臣與主教的鼓動，以及來自法國王子和侮辱，決定出兵法國遠征艾吉宮戰(zhàn)場。憑著過人的勇氣，他率領王公貴族及市井小民勇往直前。其時英國兵力遠在法軍之下，英軍主力為輕裝步兵，而且老弱病殘、良莠不齊。經過一番遠途跋涉后，糧草告罄，士氣更是低迷。而對手則重甲騎兵，又有火炮

12、助陣，兵強馬壯，糧秣充沛，斗志十足。在天時、地利、人和盡失的惡劣局面下，如何戰(zhàn)勝強大的敵人成為亨利五世面臨的最大挑戰(zhàn)。生死存亡之際，亨利五世積極面對眼前的天大逆境，顯示出作為一代雄主的智慧與霸氣，以其三寸不爛之舌與氣吞天下的領袖魅力，終于一振士氣。第13頁，共24頁。事實證明，他是比愛德華三世更善于發(fā)揮英格蘭長弓手威力的指揮官。亨利五世首先攻下埃夫勒，繼而向沿海重鎮(zhèn)加來進軍。在這期間，亨利五世宣稱他要得到法國的王冠。以少勝多的阿讓庫爾戰(zhàn)役幾乎摧毀法國人的斗志。此后英軍不斷取勝，1419年全部征服諾曼底，隨即法國北部第一重鎮(zhèn)魯昂投降。亨利五世贏得勝利與榮獲，最后逼得法王簽下和約。這份條約對英格蘭

13、來說是難以置信的巨大勝利：條約規(guī)定，亨利五世與查理六世的女兒凱瑟琳結婚，并且查理六世死后其法國王位由亨利五世繼承，亨利五世實際成為法國的攝政。當他和他的戰(zhàn)爭 新娘同處一室時，兩人之間的愛戀、恩怨糾纏在一起。第14頁，共24頁。第15頁，共24頁。第16頁，共24頁。農家姑娘貞德是1429-1431年法國抗英斗爭中涌現(xiàn)出來的民族英雄。英軍兵臨要塞奧爾良城下，她率兵沖破敵軍重圍，奮力沖殺，擊潰英軍。她的英雄事跡四傳傳頌，被稱為“奧爾良少女”。但也因此引起法國貴族的妒恨。在貢比涅戰(zhàn)役中，她被出賣，落入勃艮第叛軍手中。英軍企圖以重金換取貞德。影片截取貞德在監(jiān)獄和法庭上面對法官正氣凜然、堅貞不屈的歷史片

14、斷，以信仰問題為主要審訊內容，以正義廣場和馬爾歇宮為主要場景，把劇情時間壓縮在一天之中，表現(xiàn)了貞德的高風亮節(jié)和英雄氣概。影片隨著女英雄肉體上的精神上痛苦的加劇不斷展開劇情。最后，貞德被押赴魯昂市廣場，被綁在火刑柱上活活燒死。 第17頁，共24頁。第18頁，共24頁。 significance of the war It was a blessing to both countries: France and Britain could be more concentrating on their own interior affairs and make more development in

15、dependently.第19頁，共24頁。VI. The Black Death and the peasant Uprising 1. Black Death The deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas, swept through England in 1348. 第20頁，共24頁。第21頁，共24頁。捷克人骨飾教堂建于14世紀，這里的天花板、墻壁上盡是人骨串成的裝飾品，據統(tǒng)計，這些飾品大約用掉一萬具尸體。在1369年，一次瘟疫使3萬人喪生，尸骨遍地，因此教堂當局決定用未葬的尸骨裝飾教堂。神學家表

16、示，天主教視死亡為神圣的事，死后將尸身獻給上帝，象征無上的贊美故“人骨裝飾品”不值得大驚小怪。這座教堂平常并不對外開放，只在每年11月20日（相當中國的鬼節(jié)），才讓一般民眾入內祈福。第22頁，共24頁。2. The consequences reducing the population from 4 mil. to 2 shortage of labor rise of labor price government intervention (Statute of Laborers) conflict between the classes the Lollards preaching on equalit