形容詞和副詞

1、形容詞和副詞一、形容詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ) 1. 形容詞作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí), 可以 表示“現(xiàn)狀, 狀態(tài)”; 也可以表示某一動(dòng)作的結(jié)果, 常用在表示“認(rèn)為, 看待”等動(dòng)詞后, 如believe, prove, consider等。知識(shí)梳理形容詞和副詞 2. 形容詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí), 可以看作是“being形容詞”結(jié)構(gòu)或when, if, because等從句的省略, 表示時(shí)間、方式、原因、伴隨、讓步、條件等, 也可以表示對(duì)主語(yǔ)進(jìn)行解釋, 說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)是什么情況, 或進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào), 其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與句子主語(yǔ)保持一致。如: Hungry and tired, he had to stop working. Ripe

2、(When they are ripe), the oranges taste sweet. 二、表語(yǔ)形容詞 表語(yǔ)形容詞是一般只用于系動(dòng)詞后作表語(yǔ)的形容詞, 這類動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有remain, stay, stand, keep, lie, grow, turn, get, become, run, come, seem, sound, appear, look, smell, taste, feel等。常見(jiàn)的表語(yǔ)形容詞有: 1.某些以a開(kāi)頭的形容詞: afraid “害怕的”; alive “活著的”; alone “單獨(dú)的”; ashamed “羞愧的”; asleep “睡著的”; awak

3、e “醒著的”等。 這類形容詞除afraid和ashamed可用very修飾外, 一般不用very修飾, 但可用其他表示程度的副詞修飾, 如very much。常用搭配: wide awake 完全清醒sound/fast asleep 酣睡quite alone 非常孤獨(dú) still alive 仍然活著much alike 非常相似 full/well/quite aware of 充分意識(shí)到; 對(duì)非常清醒; 完全知道 表語(yǔ)形容詞還可用作后置定語(yǔ)。如: He is the most famous scientist alive in the world today. 2. 某些與健康狀況有

4、關(guān)的形容詞: well “健康的”; fine “健康的”; poorly “不適; 不舒服”; unwell “不舒服的”; ill “有病的”; faint “頭暈的”等。如: Im feeling well today. He is ill today. 注意: ill不作“生病”講時(shí), 可用作前置定語(yǔ), 如ill luck(霉運(yùn))。3. 某些描述感覺(jué)或心情的形容詞: glad “高興的”; pleased “高興的”; content “滿意的”; sorry “難過(guò)的”; upset “難過(guò)的”等。如: I am glad/pleased to hear that you are o

5、ffered a good job.4. 其他表語(yǔ)形容詞: certain “確認(rèn)的”; sure “確信的”; fond “喜歡的”; ready “準(zhǔn)備好的”; unable “不能的”等。如: Im certain/sure that he will succeed.三、復(fù)合形容詞 1. 副詞詞干分詞, 如: hardworking 勤勞的 2. 名詞詞干過(guò)去分詞, 如: manmade 人造的 3. 名詞詞干現(xiàn)在分詞, 如: timeconsuming 耗 時(shí)的 4. 名詞詞干形容詞, 如: worldfamous 世界 聞名的 5. 數(shù)詞詞干名詞, 如: fivestar 五星級(jí)的

6、6. 數(shù)詞詞干名詞ed, 如: threelegged 三條腿 的7. 數(shù)詞詞干名詞形容詞, 如: fiveyearold 5歲的8. 形容詞詞干過(guò)去分詞, 如: readymade 現(xiàn)成 的9. 形容詞詞干名詞ed, 如: kindhearted 好心 的10. 形容詞詞干現(xiàn)在分詞, 如: ordinarylooking 相貌一般的11. 形容詞詞干形容詞, 如: redhot 熾熱的四、副詞 1. 派生副詞 (1) 最常用的后綴是ly, 即“形容詞后綴ly”構(gòu) 成副詞。 (2) 還有加后綴ward(s), ways, wise等構(gòu)成副 詞。如: backwards, northwards,

7、 sideways, crossways, clockwise等。 2. 復(fù)合副詞和短語(yǔ)副詞 復(fù)合副詞是指由兩個(gè)詞共同組成的副詞。如anyhow, meantime, nowhere, somehow, therefore等。 短語(yǔ)副詞是指用連詞把副詞連接起來(lái)的短語(yǔ)。如back and forth(前后), here and there(到處), now and then(不時(shí))等。一、形容詞和副詞比較等級(jí)的構(gòu)成 1. 形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí) 單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞, 一般在詞尾加er, est來(lái)構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。構(gòu)成法原級(jí)比較級(jí)最高級(jí)單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞一般在詞尾加er, esttall

8、cheaptallercheapertallestcheapest以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的單音節(jié)詞只加r, stnicelargenicerlargernicestlargest形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)以一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)詞, 雙寫(xiě)結(jié)尾的輔音字母, 再加er, estbigthinbiggerthinnerbiggestthinnest以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞, 變y為i, 再加er, estbusyangrybusierangrierbusiestangriest少數(shù)以er, ow結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞末尾加er, estclevernarrowcleverernarrowercleveres

9、tnarrowest部分雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞, 在其前加more, most來(lái)構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)importantmore importantmost important注意:有些形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)可采用在詞尾加er和est的形式, 也可采用在單詞前加more和most的形式, 這類形容詞有clear, common, cruel, free, handsome, lively, often, pleasant, polite, pretty, quiet, secure, solid, stupid等。2. 副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí) (1)大多數(shù)以ly結(jié)尾的副詞在其前加more和most來(lái)構(gòu)成

10、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。 quicklymore quicklymost quickly carefullymore carefullymost carefully (2)單音節(jié)詞及少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞在詞尾加er構(gòu)成比較級(jí), 加est構(gòu)成最高級(jí)。 hardharderhardest fastfasterfastest earlyearlierearliest原級(jí)比較級(jí)最高級(jí)good, wellbetterbestbad, ill, badlyworseworstmany, muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther, furtherfarthest, furthestoldo

11、lder, elderoldest, eldest3. 幾個(gè)特殊的形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)二、形容詞和副詞原級(jí)的常見(jiàn)句型 1. as形容詞/副詞as 如: He is as tall as his father. He speaks English as fluently as an Englishman. 注意: 在否定句或疑問(wèn)句中可用so.as, 即 not as/so.as。如: He cant run so/as fast as you. Its not as/so warm as yesterday. 2. “as形容詞a(n)單數(shù)名詞as”或“as many/much名詞as”

12、。如: This is as good an example as the other is. I can carry as much paper as you can. There are as many students in your class as in ours.三、形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的常見(jiàn)句型 1. more原級(jí)/名詞than原級(jí)/名詞, 意為“與其說(shuō)是不如說(shuō)是”。如: He is more diligent than clever. 2. “比較級(jí)and比較級(jí)”和“more and more多音節(jié)詞原級(jí)”, 表示程度遞增。這種結(jié)構(gòu)后不可接than引導(dǎo)的從句。如: Th

13、ings are getting better and better. She plays the piano more and more beautifully.注意:from bad to worse/worse and worse 越來(lái)越糟 make matters worse/what was worse/worse than all/worse than ever 更糟的是 如: Things are getting from bad to worse/worse and worse. The car broke down when I was driving home from w

14、ork, and to make matters worse it was pouring with rain.any other + 單數(shù)名詞all (the) other + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞anyone elseany of the other + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞the rest of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞比較級(jí)than3. 如果比較的對(duì)象不能相互包容時(shí), 常見(jiàn)的句型有:4. “the比較級(jí), the比較級(jí)”表示兩種情況同時(shí)變化。這個(gè)句型中的第一句相當(dāng)于狀語(yǔ)從句, 不能用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。如: The more medicine I take, the worse I seem to feel.5. “n

15、o比較級(jí)than.”意為“都不”, 是對(duì)兩者的共同否定, 側(cè)重前者; “not比較級(jí)than.”意為“不及”, 表示前者不如后者, 隱含對(duì)兩者的肯定, 側(cè)重后者。如: He is no taller than I. My handwriting is not better than yours.6. “the比較級(jí)of the two(名詞)”, 表示“兩者中較的一個(gè)”。如: The taller of the two boys is my brother.7. the最高級(jí)of/in比較范圍 形容詞和副詞的最高級(jí)表示在一定范圍內(nèi)某類事物或某人在性質(zhì)、高低或大小等方面程度最高或最低。本結(jié)構(gòu)意為

16、“之中最”, 用于三者或三者以上的比較。同類范疇用of, 不同類用in。 He talks (the) least and does (the) most in his class. He is the fastest runner of the three boys.8. “not/never比較級(jí)”意為“最不過(guò)”。 本結(jié)構(gòu)是在比較級(jí)前加上否定意義的詞, 表達(dá)最高級(jí)的含義。如: His work couldnt be worse. He has never spent a more worrying day.9. “nothing/nobody.比較級(jí)than”意為“沒(méi)有更/最”。如: No

17、thing is better than a hot drink on a cold winter day. 在寒冷的冬季沒(méi)有什么比一杯熱飲更好了。四、形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)的修飾語(yǔ) 1. almost, exactly, half, just, nearly, quite, twice, three times, a third time等用于原級(jí) 之前, 表示程度。如: He is almost as tall as his brother. This line is twice as long as that one.2. a bit, a little, rather, any, mu

18、ch/many, far, a great/good deal, a lot, still, even等用于比較級(jí)之前, 表示確定的程度。分?jǐn)?shù)或有關(guān)長(zhǎng)度、時(shí)間、重量等名詞短語(yǔ)通常放在比較級(jí)前, 也可由by引出而置于比較級(jí)之后。如: Its a little colder today than it was yesterday. This shirt is much more expensive than that one. He is two years older than me. He is older than me by two years. 注意: 修飾可數(shù)名詞的比較級(jí)不用much,

19、 而用 many, 如many more books; 修飾不可數(shù) 名詞的比較級(jí)用much, 如much more work, “更多的工作”; much more necessary, “更有必要”。 除quite better外, quite不可修飾比較級(jí)。3. by far, much, the first/second用于形容詞的最高級(jí)前。如: The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. This is by far the best. This is much the most important.五、比較級(jí)相關(guān)習(xí)語(yǔ)1

20、. more than (1) more than數(shù)詞 多于, 超過(guò) (2) more than名詞 不僅僅是 (3) more than形容詞非常, 很 (4) more than含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的從句超過(guò) 了的范圍 (5) more A than B與其說(shuō)倒不如說(shuō)2. no more than(only)僅僅, 只有3. not more than(at most)不超過(guò), 至多4. less than不到, 少于5. no less than(as much as)多達(dá), 不少于6. not less than(at least)至少7. more or less(almost, nearl

21、y, about) 基本上, 差不多; 或多或少8. sooner or later 遲早, 早晚, 總有一天9. whats more 而且, 此外10. no sooner.than.一就考點(diǎn)歸納 近幾年高考對(duì)形容詞、副詞的考查以形容詞、副詞的詞義辨析為主，其次是它們的搭配、比較等級(jí)以及表示銜接手段和表示頻率、方式、程度等副詞的用法。因此，本版我們將結(jié)合歷年高考真題具體講解各考點(diǎn)的解題策略。一、考查形容詞、副詞詞義辨析 解這類題時(shí), 首先要弄清楚各選項(xiàng)詞義, 然后再去理解題意, 最后結(jié)合題意選出符合語(yǔ)境的選項(xiàng)?！究祭?】Be _ you cant expect me to finish a

22、ll this work in so little time. (山東 2012) A. reasonable B. confident C. creative D. grateful【分析】選A。本題考查形容詞辨析。各選項(xiàng)詞義為: reasonable合理的, 理智的; confident自信的; creative有創(chuàng)造性的; grateful感激的。結(jié)合破折號(hào)后的內(nèi)容“你不能期望我在如此短的時(shí)間里把這項(xiàng)工作全部做完”可知, 破折號(hào)前是說(shuō)“要講道理”, 故A項(xiàng)正確?！究祭?】Anyone, whether he is an official or a bus driver, should b

23、e _ respected. (福建 2012) A. especially B. equally C. naturally D. normally【分析】選B。本題考查副詞辨析。各選項(xiàng)詞義為: especially特別, 尤其, 格外; equally同樣地, 平等地; naturally自然地; normally 通常, 正常地。結(jié)合題意“任何人, 無(wú)論是政府官員還是公交車司機(jī), 都應(yīng)該受到同樣的尊重”可知, B項(xiàng)正確。二、考查形容詞、副詞的搭配 做這類題時(shí), 要辨別清楚每個(gè)選項(xiàng)在詞義和搭配上的細(xì)微差別?！究祭?】When Mom looked back on the early days

24、 of their marriage, she wondered how they had managed with _ money. (上海 2011) A. so few B. such few C. so little D. such little【分析】選C。由money可知, 其前用little修飾, 不能用few; 且當(dāng)名詞前有many, much, few, little等詞修飾時(shí), 要用so而不用such, 所以C項(xiàng)正確?！究祭?】The result is not very important to us, but if we do win, then so much _.

25、(2012 新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷) A. the best B. best C. better D. the better【分析】選D。so much the better是固定短語(yǔ), 意為“甚至更好”。三、考查形容詞、副詞的比較等級(jí) 1. 比較級(jí)與最高級(jí) 一般情況下，這類考題題干中沒(méi)有明顯的比較等級(jí)形式。做這類題時(shí)，首先看選項(xiàng)，如果選項(xiàng)中有比較等級(jí)，那么就挖掘題干的深層含義，判斷其中是否需要使用比較等級(jí)的某種具體形式?！究祭?】Many people have donated that type of blood; however, the blood bank needs _. (北京 2012)

26、 A. some B. less C. much D. more【分析】選D。由選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)初步判斷本題考查比較等級(jí)。根據(jù)have donated和however可知題意為“很多人都捐獻(xiàn)了那種血型的血液, 但是血庫(kù)需要更多(more)”。more后省略了blood of that type?！究祭?】Next to biology, I like physics _. (2012 大綱全國(guó)卷II) A. better B. best C. the better D. very well【分析】選B。從選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)可知, 本題考查比較等級(jí)。解本題的關(guān)鍵在于理解next to的含義。next to意為“僅

27、次于, 緊接著”, 故題干應(yīng)表達(dá)“我最喜歡生物, 其次是(最喜歡)物理”之意, 故用best。2. 比較級(jí)的修飾語(yǔ) 比較級(jí)前面可用不同的程度副詞修飾, 常見(jiàn)的程度副詞有: a little, a bit, a lot, a great deal, much, even, far等?！究祭縏he film is, I have to say, not a bit interesting.Why? Its _ than the films I have ever seen. (江西 2011)A. far more interestingB. much less interestingC. no

28、 more interestingD. any less interesting【分析】選A。根據(jù)Why?可知, 應(yīng)答者和發(fā)話者持相反的觀點(diǎn), 故應(yīng)答者認(rèn)為電影有趣。而選項(xiàng)中只有A項(xiàng)表示有趣。far用在比較級(jí)前表示程度。四、考查表示銜接手段的副詞 對(duì)于這類試題，考生首先要理解前后兩個(gè)分句或句子的意思，然后再選擇相應(yīng)的副詞。 常見(jiàn)的表示銜接手段的副詞: however,otherwise, though, nevertheless, instead, besides,meanwhile, therefore, thus, yet, afterwards,eventually等?！究祭?】Quee

29、n Elizabeth II is often thought to be the richest woman in the world. _, her personal wealth seems rather small. (安徽 2012) A. Besides B. Otherwise C. However D. Altogether【分析】選C。第一句意為“伊麗莎白二世經(jīng)常被認(rèn)為是世界上最富有的女性”, 第二句卻說(shuō)“她的個(gè)人財(cái)產(chǎn)似乎相當(dāng)少”, 故however(然而)符合語(yǔ)境。【考例2】Bicycling is good exercise; _, it does not pollute

30、 the air. (湖南 2012) A. nevertheless B. besides C. otherwise D. therefore【分析】選B。前一分句意為“騎自行車是一項(xiàng)很好的運(yùn)動(dòng)”, 后一分句意為“它不污染空氣”, 由此可知, besides(而且)符合語(yǔ)境。【考例3】The young man couldnt afford a new car. _, he bought a used one. (天津 2011) A. Besides B. Otherwise C.Instead D. Still【分析】選C。根據(jù)“這位年輕人買不起新車”及“他買了輛舊車”可知, inste

31、ad(作為替代)符合語(yǔ)境。五、考查表示頻率、方式、程度等的副詞 對(duì)于這類副詞，考生要分清每個(gè)詞的一般用法和特殊用法，而且要特別注意具體的語(yǔ)境。 1. 表示頻率的副詞，如occasionally,sometimes, seldom, never, regularly, usually, rarely等?！究祭縒e used to see each other _, but I havent heard from him since last year. (遼寧 2012) A. especially B. regularly C. particularly D. approximately【分

32、析】選B。根據(jù)“但是自從去年以來(lái)我沒(méi)有收到過(guò)他的信”可以判斷, 我們過(guò)去經(jīng)常(regularly)見(jiàn)面。 2. 表示方式的副詞, 如anxiously, badly, bravely, calmly, carefully, angrily, happily, slowly等?！究祭俊癙erhaps we need to send for Dr. Smith to see what we can do about it,” Father suggested _ to his neighbor who had come to discuss the problem. (湖北 2012) A. t

33、entatively B. thoughtlessly C. definitely D. rudely【分析】選A。根據(jù)Perhaps可知, 父親只是試探性地(tentatively)向鄰居提出建議。 3. 表示程度的副詞，如so, very, too, rather, fairly, pretty, enough, quite等。【考例】It is one thing to enjoy listening to good music, but it is _ another to play it well yourself. (2011 大綱全國(guó)卷II) A. quite B. very C

34、. rather D. much【分析】選A。題意為: 喜歡聽(tīng)好音樂(lè)是一回事, 但是你自己能演奏好完全是另一回事。quite意為“完全地, 十分地”, 符合題意。真題再現(xiàn)1. He didnt selfishly keep for himself the money inherited from his uncle. Instead, he made a _ contribution to help the community. (湖北2013)A. commercial B. generousC. comparable D. profitable2. Mary worked here as

35、a _ secretary and ended up getting a full-time job with the company. (浙江2013)A. pessimistic B. temporaryC. previous D. cautious3. The Forbidden City attracts a _ stream of visitors every day, especially during national holidays. (福建2013)A. constant B. mainC. powerful D. shallow4. There are a small n

36、umber of people involved, possibly _ twenty. (江西2013)A. as few as B. as little asC. as many as D. as much as 5. It may not be a great suggestion. But before _ is put forward, well make do with it. (2013新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷II)A. a good one B. a better oneC. the best one D. a best one6. If we leave right away, _ we

37、ll arrive on time.(浙江2013)A. hopefully B. curiouslyC. occasionally D. gradually7. Everything seemed to be going _ for the first two days after I moved to New York. (遼寧2013)A. vividly B. generallyC. frequently D. smoothly8. What a terrible experience! _, youre safe now thats the main thing. (江西2013)A

38、. Anyway B. BesidesC. Otherwise D. Therefore9. Dont defend him any more. Its obvious that he _ destroyed the fence of the garden even without apology. (湖北2013)A. accidentally B. carelesslyC. deliberately D. clumsily10. A society cannot be successful if it throws tradition away, but it cannot be successful _ if we do something to stop progress. (福建2013)A. either B. neitherC. too D. also鞏固練習(xí)1. Excuse me, do you have any rooms _ this evening? Sorry, sir. All the rooms are full. A. recyclable B. valuable C. comfortable D. available2. My grandfathe