英語定語從句的翻譯技巧

1、.wd.wd.wd.英語定語從句的翻譯技巧英語中，定語從句分成限制性從句與非限制性從句兩種。他們?cè)谟⒄Z中的位置一般是在其所修飾的先行詞后面。限定性定語從句與非限定性定語從句的其別只是在于限制意義的強(qiáng)弱。而漢語中定語作為修飾語通常在其所修飾的詞前面，并且沒有限制意義的強(qiáng)弱之分，因此，限制與非限制在翻譯中并不起十分重要的作用。英語中多用構(gòu)造復(fù)雜的定語從句，而漢語中修飾語那么不宜臃腫。所以，在翻譯定語從句時(shí)，一定要考慮到漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。從構(gòu)造上分析，常見的定語從句翻譯方法：一、前置法：把定語從句翻譯到所修飾的先行詞前面，可以用“的來連接。既然定語從句的意義是作定語修飾語，所以在翻譯的時(shí)候，通常把較短

2、的定語從句譯成帶“的的前置定語，翻譯在定語從句的先行詞前面。He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet.沒有吃過苦的人不知道什么是甜。Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore.太空和海洋是科學(xué)家們努力探索的新領(lǐng)域。His laughter, which was infectious, broke the silence.他那富有感染力的笑聲打破了寂靜。Harmonious interpersonal

3、relationship is the primary reason why I enjoy working here.同事之間關(guān)系融洽是我喜歡在這工作的主要原因。二、后置法：把定語從句翻譯在所修飾的先行詞后面，翻譯為并列分句。英語的英語從句構(gòu)造常常比較復(fù)雜，如果翻譯在其修飾的先行詞前面的話，會(huì)顯得定語太臃腫，而無法表達(dá)清楚。這時(shí)，可以把定語從句翻譯在先行詞后面，譯成并列分句。翻譯時(shí)可以用兩種方法來處理：一重復(fù)先行詞由于定語從句的先行詞通常在定語從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，如果單獨(dú)把定語從句翻譯出來的話，常常需要重復(fù)先行詞，還可以用代詞代替先行詞來重復(fù)。China and Japan reached

4、agreement on the issue of agriculture which was a major barrier for their bilateral relation since 1996.中日兩國(guó)最終就農(nóng)業(yè)問題達(dá)成了協(xié)議，而農(nóng)業(yè)問題自一九九六年起就是兩國(guó)關(guān)系開展的主要障礙。We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the Special Committee, whose activities deserve to be encouraged.在我們對(duì)特別委員會(huì)表示滿意，特別委員會(huì)的工作應(yīng)該受到鼓勵(lì)。You, whose p

5、redecessors scored initial success in astronomical research, have acquired a greater accomplishment in this respect.你們的先輩在天文學(xué)研究方面取得了初步的成功，而你們現(xiàn)在那么在這一方面獲得了更大的成就。Although he is a greenhand, he has enterprise and creativity which are decisive in winning success in the field.他雖然經(jīng)歷缺乏，但很有進(jìn)取心和創(chuàng)造力，而這正是在這一領(lǐng)域獲

6、得成功的關(guān)鍵。二省略先行詞如果把定語從句翻譯在先行詞后面，在“通順、完整的前提下，有時(shí)候可以不用重復(fù)先行詞。It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle.是他接到那封信，說你的叔叔去世了。They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased.他們制定出一種新方案，采用之后生產(chǎn)已迅速得到提高。After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their

7、 talks, which continued well into the night.飯后，四個(gè)主要談判人物繼續(xù)進(jìn)展會(huì)談，一直談到深夜。They worked out a new method by which efficiency has now been dramatically improved.他們制訂出一種新方案，采用之后工作效率大大提高。三、融合法：把定語從句和它所修飾的先行詞結(jié)合在一起翻譯。融合法是指翻譯時(shí)把主句和定語從句融合成一句簡(jiǎn)單句，其中的定語從句譯成單句中的謂語局部。由于限制性定語從句與主句關(guān)系較嚴(yán)密，所以，融合法多用于翻譯限制性定語從句。A 定語從句的主句里有“the

8、re be、“to be等動(dòng)詞時(shí)，可以把原句中的主語和定語從句融合在一起，譯成簡(jiǎn)單句。例如：There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.樓下有人要見你。原句中的主句局部there is a man翻譯成“有人，然后將定語從句譯成句子的謂語局部。There are some students in the class who dislike studying.在班上總有一些學(xué)生不愛學(xué)習(xí)。This is the very knife which he used to murder the victim.他就是用這把刀謀殺了受害人。This was

9、the period when Newton began the research which resulted in the creation of his famous Theory of Gravity.就在這期間，牛頓開場(chǎng)了一項(xiàng)研究。經(jīng)過這項(xiàng)研究，他創(chuàng)立了著名的重力理論。B 定語從句的動(dòng)詞在整個(gè)復(fù)合句中分量較重，可將其主句壓縮成詞組譯作主語，而把定語從句的動(dòng)詞譯作其謂語。例如：He had great success in football which made him an idol in the eyes of every football player.他在足球領(lǐng)域取得的成就使他

10、成為每一個(gè)足球運(yùn)發(fā)動(dòng)的偶像。四、分譯法：分譯法是指將主句和從句分開翻譯的一種方法，主要用于較長(zhǎng)的非限制性定語從句里。采用這種方法可防止句子的冗長(zhǎng)和累贅。有些定語從句在修飾關(guān)系上與先行詞之間關(guān)系顯得較為疏遠(yuǎn)，這時(shí)，我們通常會(huì)將定語從句譯成獨(dú)立的句子。One was a violent thunderstorm, the worst I had ever seen, which obscured my objective.有一次暴風(fēng)驟雨，猛烈的程度實(shí)在是我平生所鮮見的。這場(chǎng)暴風(fēng)雨遮住了我的目標(biāo)。Nevertheless the problem was solved successfully, wh

11、ich showed that the computations were accurate.不過問題還是圓滿地解決了，這說明計(jì)算是很準(zhǔn)確的。從定語從句的性質(zhì)和功能分析，翻譯方法：A表原因The manager was giving a dinner for a few people whom he wished especially to talk to or to hear from.經(jīng)理只宴請(qǐng)了幾個(gè)人，因?yàn)樗貏e想和這些人談?wù)?，聽聽他們的意見。No one in the company likes their boss,who is stingy and bad-tempered.公司里

12、沒人喜歡他們的老板，因?yàn)樗獗┰辍⑷擞中?。B 表結(jié)果The two countries established formal diplomatic relation, which paved the way for the further communication.兩國(guó)正式建設(shè)了外交關(guān)系，從而為雙方進(jìn)一步的交流鋪平了道路。They quarreled with each other everyday, which led to their divorce.他們夫妻二人天天吵架，最終導(dǎo)致離婚。C 表讓步He insisted on buying another car, which he

13、actually didnt need.他堅(jiān)持要再買一輛車，盡管他并不需要。My father,who thought it might not work,supported me.盡管父親認(rèn)為這個(gè)方法可能不會(huì)起作用，但還是支持我。D 表目的This company,which wants to get their new product sold well in the market,is trying hard to perfect its packing and workmanship.為了使新產(chǎn)品在市場(chǎng)熱銷，這個(gè)公司正在全力改進(jìn)工藝和外包裝。E表轉(zhuǎn)折She is quite consi

14、derate and kind,which her younger sister never is.她非常善良，體貼，而她妹妹卻從不這樣。To succeed in this area,one needs profound knowledge and experience,which few has.要想在這一領(lǐng)域取得成功，需要淵博的知識(shí)及豐富的經(jīng)歷，而很少有人能具備這兩點(diǎn)。F 表?xiàng)l件或假設(shè)A new product which has beautiful packing,good quality and advertising may very likely be a hit in mark

15、et一種新產(chǎn)品，只要包裝精巧，質(zhì)量過硬，宣傳得力，就能在市場(chǎng)中熱銷。Any one who works hard and never gives up will succeed.任何人，只要努力工作永不放棄，就能夠成功。獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造主要用于描繪性文字中，其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)HYPERLINK :/baike.baidu /view/84572.htm狀語從句，常用來表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨情況等。例如：表示時(shí)間The meeting being over, all of us went home. 開完會(huì)后我們都回家了。Her work done, she sat down for a

16、 cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下來喝茶。表示條件The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 假設(shè)條件有利，他或許能成功。表示原因There being no taxis, we had to walk. 沒有出租車，我們只好步行。He wrapped her up with great care,the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得嚴(yán)嚴(yán)實(shí)實(shí)的。表示伴隨情況Almost all metals are good conductors,silver being the best of

17、 all. 幾乎所有的金屬都是良導(dǎo)體，而銀那么是最好的導(dǎo)體。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.)獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造主要表示HYPERLINK :/baike.baidu /view/330413.htm謂語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的時(shí)間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)HYPERLINK :/baike.baidu /view/84572.htm狀語從句或HYPERLINK :/baike.baidu /view/190771.htm并列句。用作時(shí)間狀語The work done(=After the wo

18、rk had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我們就回家了。用作條件狀語Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。用作原因狀語An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late in

19、to the night. 因?yàn)槊魈煲l(fā)表一個(gè)重要的演講，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。用作伴隨狀語He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，將兩手穿插枕在腦后。用作補(bǔ)充說明We redoubled our efforts,each man working like two. 我們加倍努力，一個(gè)人干兩個(gè)人的活。*注：獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造表示時(shí)間、條件或原因時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)HYPERLINK :/baike.baidu /view/845

20、72.htm狀語從句，一般放在句首，表示原因時(shí)還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補(bǔ)充說明時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)HYPERLINK :/baike.baidu /view/190771.htm并列句，通常放于句末。一般獨(dú)立主格形式與主句邏輯關(guān)系松散形式為: n. + -ed/-ing形式; n. +HYPERLINK :/baike.baidu /view/345.htm不定式; n. +HYPERLINK :/baike.baidu /view/1211524.htm介詞短語; n. +HYPERLINK :/baike.baidu /view/84346.htm形容詞; n. +HYPERLINK :/ba

21、ike.baidu /view/149.htm副詞;名詞/主格代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞HYPERLINK :/baike.baidu /view/26580.htm名詞/主格HYPERLINK :/baike.baidu /view/141.htm代詞與HYPERLINK :/baike.baidu /view/233390.htm現(xiàn)在分詞之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。如：The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didnt know what to say. 姑娘兩眼望著他，他不知道說什么好。Time permitting(= If time

22、permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果時(shí)間允許的話，我們明天去郊游。名詞/主格代詞+過去分詞名詞/主格HYPERLINK :/baike.baidu /view/141.htm代詞與過去分詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。如：The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 隨著問題的解決，質(zhì)量已經(jīng)提高了。Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were broken), she couldnt s

23、ee the words on the blackboard. 由于眼鏡摔壞了，她看不見黑板上的字。名詞/主格代詞+不定式名詞/主格HYPERLINK :/baike.baidu /view/141.htm代詞與不定式之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，且強(qiáng)調(diào)的是一次具體性的動(dòng)作。如：He is going to make a model plane,some old parts to help. 借助于一些舊零件，他要做一個(gè)飛機(jī)模型。They said good-bye to each other,one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他們道別后，一

24、個(gè)回了家，一個(gè)去了書店。名詞/主格代詞+形容詞如：An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive. 那架飛機(jī)遭遇了空難，無一人生還。So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 這么多人缺席，會(huì)議不得不取消。名詞/主格代詞+副詞如：He put on his sweater ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。The meeting over, they all went home. 會(huì)議一完畢，他們就都回家了。名詞/主格代詞+介詞短語如：The boy go

25、es to the classroom,book in hand. 那男孩手里拿著書去教室。Mary was sitting near the fire,her back towards the door.HYPERLINK :/baike.baidu /view/486763.htm瑪麗靠近HYPERLINK :/baike.baidu /view/8414190.htm火爐坐著，背對(duì)著門。名詞/主格代詞+名詞His first shot failure，he fired again他第一槍沒擊中，又打了一槍。Two hundred people died in the accident,

26、many of them children.兩百人死于事故，其中有許多兒童。- with 引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立主格:與主句邏輯關(guān)系嚴(yán)密形式為: with + n. + -ed/-ing形式; with + n. +adj.; with +n. +HYPERLINK :/baike.baidu /view/1211524.htm介詞短語with ( without)+賓語名詞/代詞+賓語補(bǔ)足語，賓語通常由名詞或代詞充當(dāng)，但代詞一定要用賓格。上文的獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造的幾種情況都適用于此構(gòu)造。The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.小女孩把盒

27、子藏了起來，沒有人知道它在哪里。without +名詞/代詞+動(dòng)詞的-ing形式Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.她沒再說什么話就離開了會(huì)議室。without+名詞/代詞+動(dòng)詞的-ed形式The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.有這么多的名勝可參觀，小孩很沖動(dòng)。with+名詞/代詞+動(dòng)詞不定式The boy was walking, with his father ahead.父親在前，小孩在后走著。with+名詞/代詞+副詞He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或He stood at the door, computer in hand.他站在門口，手里拿著一部電腦。with+名詞/代詞+介詞短語With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.由于兒子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快