課件跨文化交際text a-unit

1、Unit 1 Intercultural Communication in the Global ContextText A Intercultural Communication in a Global SocietyContents1. Globalization2. Text A: Intercultural Communication in a Global SocietyWhat is globalization?Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies,

2、 and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on the industry, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around

3、the world. What is globalization?Globalization is not new, though.For thousands of years, people have been buying from and selling to each other in lands at great distances, such as through the famed Silk Road across Central Asia that connected China and Europe during the Middle Ages. In fact, many

4、of the features of the current wave of globalization are similar to those prevailing before the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. What is globalization?But policy and technological developments of the past few decades have spurred increases in cross-border trade, investment, and migration so

5、large that many observers believe the world has entered a qualitatively new phase in its economic development. Distinguishing this current wave of globalization from earlier ones, author Thomas Friedman has said that today globalization is “farther, faster, cheaper, and deeper.” Effects of Globaliza

6、tionGlobalization has various aspects which affect the world in several different ways such as: Industry - emergence of worldwide production markets and broader access to a range of foreign products for consumers and companies. The movement of material and goods between and within national boundarie

7、s has e easier. Effects of GlobalizationEconomy - realization of a global common market, based on the freedom of exchange of goods and capital. The interconnectedness of these markets meant that an economic collapse in one area could impact other areas. With globalization, companies can produce good

8、s and services in the lowest cost location. This may cause jobs to be moved to locations that have the lowest wages, least worker protection and lowest health benefits. Effects of GlobalizationCompetition - Survival in the new global business market calls for improved productivity and increased comp

9、etition. Due to the market ing worldwide, companies in various industries have to upgrade their products and use technology skillfully in order to face increased competition.Effects of GlobalizationSome also view the effect of globalization on culture as a rising concern. Along with globalization of

10、 economies and trade, culture is being imported and exported as well. The concern is that the stronger, bigger countries such as the United States, may overrun the other, smaller countries cultures, leading to those customs and values being faded away. This process is also sometimes referred to as A

11、mericanization or McDonaldizationWarm upWatch the video clip and have a discussion with your group members focused on the following topics.1. What do you think make the love between the credit girl and the young man in the video? 2. Is traveling a good way to learn different cultures? What other way

12、s are there to learn different cultures?(From The Other End of the Line 30:15-35:45)Analysis of Text AIntercultural Communication in a Global SocietyObjectivesBy the end of this lesson, you will be able to know that1) the society we are living in es more complex, diverse, divisive and global;2) comp

13、etition occurs at different social levels;3) Americans, as well as other nations, are facing increasing communication across cultures both domestically and internationally;4) what intercultural is, and what multicultural is;5) the impacts of cultural differences on people;6) what intercultural commu

14、nication is and why we should learn it.Text structurePart I: para.1-5 introduction of why to learn ICPart II: para.6-9 definitions of multicultural and interculturalPart III: para.10 the impacts of cultural differencesPart IV: para.11-12 intercultural communication and its developmentPart V: para. 1

15、3 different perspectives on studying ICPart I: para.1-5 introduction of why to learn ICPara.1-2 We live in an increasingly complex, diverse, divisive, and global society. para.1 entertainment media filled with the spirit of competition para. 2 news media bombarded us with political issues highlight

16、competition and conflict in the political systemPara. 3-4 conflict within our nation para.3 political sophistication and polorization within our nation para. 4. reasons para. 4. reasons 1. differing opinions about the role we should play in world affairs 2. why it is important to study international

17、 relationship in association with ICPara. 5 Americans are faced with challenges related to communication across cultures both domestically and internationally. Part II: para.6-9 definitions of multicultural and interculturalPara. 6 what is multicultural and what is intercultural multicultural refers

18、 to nations that have diverse cultural groups, usually as a result of immigration, while intercultural refers to the diversity among separate nations.Para. 7-8 what is multiculturalism and its implementationmulticulturalism refers to the view that immigrants should preserve their cultures and that a

19、ll the different cultures within a state should interact peacefully; all cultural groups should be treated with respect as equals. Part IIPara. 7-8 what is multiculturalism and its implementationE.g. the U.S. from a melting pot to a salad bowlCanada: dual citizenshipAustralia: Special Broadcasting S

20、ervicePara. 9 application of interculturalPart III: para.10 the impacts of cultural differencescultural differences present both challenges and opportunities for communicationCultural differences have the potential to lead to misunderstanding, munication, dispute, and even conflict. Sometimes divers

21、e cultural groups within a nation will come into conflict with one another cultural differences can also open up opportunities for collaboration, cooperation, and learningintergovernmental organizations (IGOs) : UNnongovernmental organizations (NGOs) Amnesty International國(guó)際特赦組織 Amnesty International

22、國(guó)際特赦組織國(guó)際特赦組織是一個(gè)人權(quán)監(jiān)察的國(guó)際性非政府組織，主要由全世界的社會(huì)學(xué)教授組成，監(jiān)察國(guó)際上違反人權(quán)的事件?，F(xiàn)時(shí)在全世界已經(jīng)有超過(guò)一百萬(wàn)名會(huì)員，國(guó)際特赦組織是全球最大的人權(quán)組織。根據(jù)組織的簡(jiǎn)介，“我們奉行并推廣世界人權(quán)宣言及其他國(guó)際法的人權(quán)法則，主要的工作為預(yù)防及終止肆意侵犯身體以至精神方面的健全、表達(dá)良心的自由以及免受歧視的自由。Part IV: para.11-12 intercultural communication and its developmentcommunication is a symbolic process by which people shared mean

23、ings. Intercultural communication occurs when people creating shared meanings have different cultural perspectives and values. Typically, it is the differing world views of members of different cultures that make intercultural communication challenging. Intercultural communication may occur between

24、individuals; it occurs when you travel abroad and talk with someone in a culture that is different from your own. Intercultural communication may also occur between groups of people or within nations Part V: para. 13 different perspectives on studying ICinternational studies: the role of communicati

25、on in soft power is essential to maintaining peace in a regionpolitical science: international relations is directly concerned with the role of intercultural communication in the political relations among nationspsychology linguisticsSociology: intercultural communication as one of many social facto

26、rsanthropologycomparative literatureEducation: preparing students to function in a global society and with multicultural issues in the classroomtechnical communication: preparation of documentation that can meet the needs of diverse audiences internationally and on the use of communication technolog

27、ies across culturesand history Cases Study Case 1 Just as Dr. Strenger notices that over the recent years people around the world have been suffering from an increasing fear of their own “insignificance”. As humans we naturally measure ourselves to those around us, but now we live in a global villag

28、e and we are comparing ourselves with the most significant people in the world and finding ourselves wanting. In the past being a lawyer or doctor was a very reputable profession. But today, even high achievers constantly fear that they are insignificant when they compare themselves to success stori

29、es in the media. The remedy, according to Dr. Strenger, is a process that he calls “active self-acceptance” through a sustained quest for self-knowledge through life. The fear for insignificance can only be e through strong individual and cultural identity over and above measurable achievement. He b

30、elieves that people need to invest as much time in developing their worldview as their careers. Case 2 The Dutch manager was shocked because he thought he hadnt told the team to build it in a certain way, he simply had asked if it could be done! He had never questioned the way in which he communicat

31、ed to the head of his technology group. In fact, he thought he had been asking simple questions, almost making idle conversation, and never considered that because he was the boss, his Indian employee would do as he asked. He expected that the technology design team would counter反駁 with another mend

32、ation if his idea was inappropriate. He never realized that in the Indian culture such a challenge rarely is ing即將到來(lái).The misunderstandings took place because cultural barriers got in the way. To take full advantage of the opportunities that the global environment offered, both the Dutch and the Indi

33、an teams needed to have a better understanding of the culturally based expectations of each group. Case 2 In this case, the Dutch manager would have been more successful if he had asked, “What kind of platform do you suggest?” Rather than risking that his Indian employee would disagree with the sugg

34、estion he made, this approach would have allowed for a respectful dialogue. The Dutch manager should have known that Indians rarely disagree or say no because their communication style is indirect, and risking disharmony is considered unpleasant and unseemly (不得體的，不合時(shí)宜的). They could have saved milli

35、ons of dollars and prevented months of frustration if the Dutch manager had been culturally astute (機(jī)敏的，精明的) enough to manage the multinational talent pool available to him.By the same token, if the Indian senior manager had understood that a manager in an egalitarian (平等主義的) culture such as the Dut

36、ch (unlike Indias more hierarchal one) expects a collaborative effort from his employees, even if it requires disagreement, he would have avoided the problem as well. Case 3Advances in information technology are bringing about changes in contemporary society that pose new situations requiring interc

37、ultural communication expertise (專(zhuān)門(mén)知識(shí)或技能). Technology has enabled ordinary individuals to cheaply and quickly organize themselves around a common interest, ideology (思想意識(shí)；意識(shí)形態(tài)), or social cause. Rather than moving the global community toward the single, homogenized (均勻分布的，均質(zhì)的) culture decried (公開(kāi)反對(duì)，

38、譴責(zé))by many globalization opponents, technology is actually providing a means to reaffirm and extend cultural awareness, identity, and practices. Media technology plays an important role in modern society whether it is political, economical or cultural. Case 4What Mrs. Nimos surprised is the young ma

39、ns question of “how old are you”. In western countries where privacy is greatly valued, age is something that is considered rather private. Asking about the others age, especially in this case on their first meeting, is rather impolite. However, in Japan where hierarchy is strictly followed, age is

40、an important factor in situating a person in the Japanese cultural hierarchy. For her Japanese business counterparts to feel comfortable that they knew the proper way to address and to relate to her, they needed to know her age. In China, age is important for the same reason. However, when communica

41、ting with family members, generation es an important factor that overrides (優(yōu)先于，壓倒) age. Even if they have the same age, the one belonging to the younger generation must address the other with the respect accorded to the older generation in the family. If they are the same generation, they can commu

42、nicate as peers. Case 5The problem here is that Mr. Richardson doesnt mean what he says, which is rather different from being insincere or dishonest. To put it another way, what Mr. Richardson means is different from what the sentence that he has uttered means. “We must get together and have lunch s

43、ometimes” is quite a common expression people use near the end of business interactions in North America, and for North Americans it means several different things. First of all, it signals that the person who says it thinks that the encounter will (or should) be ending soon. So it can function as w

44、hat conversation analysts call a “pre-closing.” It is also a way of creating a feeling of “involvement”, a way to tell someone that you have enjoyed spending time with them and you would not mind doing it again. While it does contain the vague idea that a subsequent meeting would be desirable, it do

45、es not in any way commit the speaker or the hearer to such an arrangement. However, to Mr. Wong, it sounds like an invitation.Case 5Similarly, “See you later” does not commit someone to a later meeting. It would be very odd if, in response to this utterance, the hearer were to take out his or her di

46、ary and attempt to set a date. Other examples are “How are you” in English and “Have you eaten?” in Chinese, both of them are typical greetings, which do not require the hearer to give specific answers. All of them just serve as lubricants (潤(rùn)滑劑) to move the conversation forward.Case 6Even people spe

47、ak the same language, English, in this case, they might have quite a lot of differences, even in small things such as how to order a meal and speak humorously. These experiences described by Fiona should cause difficulties adjusting to life in a new culture. Dealing with many small differences can c

48、ause exhaustion. When people come into a new culture, in this case, from Australia to America, they have to make many small adjustments in a short period of time. Each adjustment causes a little bit of difficulty, but the stress adds up to a point where people e frustrated and begin to complain abou

49、t their life in the other culture. From her description, it can be seen that her stress is adding up so much that she even thinks of going back to Australia. However, she should know that this is only a necessary period of culture shock （文化沖擊）, requiring her to make some adjustment. The culture shoc

50、k is exacerbated（加重、惡化） because few or no cultural differences were expected given that people thought they would be using the same language. At his point she is likely to have experienced some cultural differences and will be more willing to take them seriously. Assignments1. Ex. I (P10)2. Ex. V (P

51、23)3. Preview Unit 2Answers to Comprehension questionsReference for TranslationAnswers to Comprehension questions1. What examples does the author give to prove that modern society is filled with competitions? Nowadays the international system is saturated with natural competitions and struggles for

52、power. A case in point is the reality-based programs on TV and other media. 2. How are competition and conflict in American political system highlighted by news media?The media is full of political information and opinions that highlight competition and conflict in our political system. For example

53、in NBCs Meet the Press and CBSs Face the Nation, the media reporters often set one political figure against another, show the political rivalry within the US Congress, or put forward an issue for debate among competing leaders or rival media members.3. Why is it necessary to study international rela

54、tionship in association with intercultural communications?In the age of globalization no nation is isolated from others. So there are hosts of issues involve our relationship with other nations or at least with their governments. There are also many contacts with members of other nations that are ba

55、sed on cooperation and collaboration. Americans play an important role in the world affairs.Answers to Comprehension questions4. What is the authors view on the fact that some nations fear the spread of American popular culture? The author thinks that it can be viewed from another angle. Firstly, th

56、e global appeal of American culture is due at least in part to the fact that Americans are such a culturally diverse nation. Secondly, amid all the concern about the exporting of American popular culture, the US is also increasingly importing culture from other nations. Such global reciprocity is es

57、sential to the understanding of the rules regarding intercultural communication.5. In terms of America, what is monoculturalism and what is multiculturalism?As a national of immigrants, America in its earlier history required its immigrants assimilate to the majority culture, that is, immigrants are

58、 urged to blend together to e one as Americans. This melting pot view is monoculturalism. However, the term multiculturalism refers to the view that immigrants should preserve their cultures and that all the different cultures within a state should interact peacefully; all cultural groups should be

59、treated with respect as equals. This is a salad bowl view.Answers to Comprehension questions6. According to the author, what is the difference between multicultural and intercultural? Basically, the term multicultural refers to nations that have diverse cultural groups, usually as a result of immigr

60、ation, while the term intercultural refers to the diversity among separate nations. Like the term multiculturalism, the term intercultural refers to interactions among members of diverse cultures. However, when we use the term intercultural we are usually referring to cultural diversity among nation