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1、摘 要隨著信息科學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷開(kāi)展和進(jìn)步,在不同的工業(yè)領(lǐng)域中正在普及自動(dòng) 化控制技術(shù)的使用,由此使得生產(chǎn)的效率和質(zhì)量都大為提升,作為一類核心的 電氣領(lǐng)域自動(dòng)控制技術(shù),PLC很好地綜合了當(dāng)下先進(jìn)的科學(xué)技術(shù)與傳統(tǒng)控制技術(shù) 中的諸多優(yōu)勢(shì),工作效率也大幅提升,實(shí)現(xiàn)了生產(chǎn)和運(yùn)行的自動(dòng)化控制。可編 程控制器由于其優(yōu)良的控制性能,極高的可靠性,在各行各業(yè)中的應(yīng)用日益廣 泛普及。本設(shè)計(jì)以西門(mén)子公司的S7200CN為基礎(chǔ),設(shè)計(jì)了 PLC電子時(shí)鐘的梯形圖。本設(shè)計(jì)分三章:第一章為PLC的技術(shù)特征和應(yīng)用。第二章為PLC控制系統(tǒng) 設(shè)計(jì)。第三章為PLC控制電子鐘設(shè)計(jì)。關(guān)鍵詞PLC技術(shù)控制系統(tǒng)電子鐘.用計(jì)數(shù)器CO將秒脈沖變成

2、分脈沖。.用左移位指令SHL-W形成分個(gè)位左移碼。.用左移位指令SHL-B形成分十位左移碼。.用左移位指令SHLT形成時(shí)個(gè)位左移碼。.用左移位指令SHL-B形成時(shí)十位左移碼。.用左移位指令SHL-B安排四個(gè)數(shù)碼管輪番接通。.將四個(gè)左移位碼分別譯成七段數(shù)碼管的字顯示碼,并考慮四個(gè)數(shù)碼管輪番 接通問(wèn)題。3. 2編程元件地址分配編程元件地址分配編程元件編程地址符號(hào)作用輔助繼電 器M0.1MlCO復(fù)位及分鐘個(gè)位顯示脈沖M0.2M2分鐘十位顯示移位脈沖M0.3M3小時(shí)個(gè)位顯示移位脈沖M0.4M4小時(shí)十位顯示移位脈沖M1.0M10分鐘個(gè)位顯示“0”M1.1Mil分鐘個(gè)位顯示“1”M1.2M12分鐘個(gè)位顯示

3、“2”M1.3M13分鐘個(gè)位顯示“3”M1.4M14分鐘個(gè)位顯示“4”M1.5M15分鐘個(gè)位顯示“5”M1.6M16分鐘個(gè)位顯示“6”M1.7M17分鐘個(gè)位顯示“7”M2.0M20分鐘個(gè)位顯示“8”M2.1M21分鐘個(gè)位顯示“9”M2.2M2210分鐘到信號(hào)M3.0M30分鐘十位顯示“0”M3.1M31分鐘十位顯示“1”M3.2M32分鐘十位顯示“2”M3.3M33分鐘十位顯示“3”M3.4M34分鐘十位顯示“4”M3.5M35分鐘十位顯示“5”M3.6M361小時(shí)到信號(hào)編程元件編程地址符號(hào)作用M3.7M3724小時(shí)到信號(hào)M4.0M40小時(shí)個(gè)位顯示“0”M4.1M41小時(shí)個(gè)位顯示“1”M4.2

4、M42小時(shí)個(gè)位顯示“2”M4.3M43小時(shí)個(gè)位顯示“3”M4.4M44小時(shí)個(gè)位顯示“4”M4.5M45小時(shí)個(gè)位顯示“5”M4.6M46小時(shí)個(gè)位顯示“6”M4.7M47小時(shí)個(gè)位顯示“7”M5.0M50小時(shí)個(gè)位顯示“8”M5.1M51小時(shí)個(gè)位顯示“9”M5.2M5210小時(shí)到信號(hào)M6.0M60小時(shí)十位顯示“0”M6.1M61小時(shí)十位顯示“1”M6.2M62小時(shí)十位顯示“2”M8.0M80分鐘個(gè)位調(diào)整脈沖M8.1M81分鐘十位調(diào)整脈沖M8.2M82小時(shí)個(gè)位調(diào)整脈沖M8.3M83小時(shí)十位調(diào)整脈沖M9.0M90選擇分鐘個(gè)位顯示M9.1M91選擇分鐘十位顯示M9.2M92選擇小時(shí)個(gè)位顯示M9.3M93選擇

5、小時(shí)十位顯示M10.0M100分鐘個(gè)位a段M10.1M101分鐘個(gè)位b段M10.2M102分鐘個(gè)位c段M10.3M103分鐘個(gè)位d段M10.4M104分鐘個(gè)位e段M10.5M105分鐘個(gè)位f段M10.6M106分鐘個(gè)位g段M11.0M110分鐘十位a段M11.1Mill分鐘十位b段M11.2M112分鐘十位c段M11.3M113分鐘十位d段M11.4M114分鐘十位e段M11.5M115分鐘十位f段M11.6M116分鐘十位g段M12.0M120小時(shí)個(gè)位a段M12.1M121小時(shí)個(gè)位b段3.3數(shù)字電子鐘控制系統(tǒng)的方案3. 3. 1方案論證目前常用的數(shù)字電子鐘控制方法有單片機(jī)控制PLC控制。兩種

6、方式的 控制原理基本相似,都是分別以各自的主控器件來(lái)完成門(mén)信號(hào)的采集、運(yùn)行狀 態(tài)控制和設(shè)定,到達(dá)自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)和控制運(yùn)行的功能。本設(shè)計(jì)采用PLC控制方式, 選用西門(mén)子S7-200PLC作控制器,繼電器輸出,時(shí)間顯示用4個(gè)數(shù)碼管,完成 本設(shè)計(jì)要求的各項(xiàng)指標(biāo),實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)字電子鐘的控制。作為一類新型的計(jì)時(shí)設(shè)備,數(shù)字電子鐘可將秒,分鐘以及小時(shí)等在人體的 相關(guān)視覺(jué)器官中進(jìn)行顯示。該設(shè)備以24小時(shí)作為其計(jì)時(shí)的相關(guān)周期,對(duì)于可編 程邏輯控制器所控制的此類計(jì)時(shí)設(shè)備,其顯示是通過(guò)數(shù)碼管來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。3. 3. 2控制要求對(duì)于此類計(jì)時(shí)設(shè)備來(lái)說(shuō),控制方面的具體要求有:(1)在其開(kāi)機(jī)之后,所處的初始態(tài)將會(huì)為00時(shí)00分,如果將啟動(dòng)所

7、對(duì)應(yīng)的 按鈕按下,那么該設(shè)備進(jìn)行計(jì)時(shí)。(2)可對(duì)時(shí)間顯示進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的調(diào)整,使之變?yōu)樗幍南鄳?yīng)時(shí)間。(3)對(duì)手動(dòng)按鈕進(jìn)行設(shè)置,由此確保控制器具有更為便捷的使用性能。3. 3. 3數(shù)碼管顯示原理在處于七段數(shù)碼管之上的Y0-Y6中連接可編程邏輯控制器的相關(guān)輸出點(diǎn)。 只要Y0Y6中存在著相關(guān)的輸出信號(hào),那么即可進(jìn)行數(shù)字的顯示。比方說(shuō),只要 Y1以及Y2存在著信號(hào)的輸出,那么即可進(jìn)行1的顯示,也就是說(shuō),對(duì)K6進(jìn)行 相應(yīng)的轉(zhuǎn)換,使其變成二進(jìn)制數(shù),那么即到達(dá)了相關(guān)的要求。再把常數(shù)值K6由 MOV指令傳送到相應(yīng)的數(shù)碼管就可以顯示數(shù)字了。(1)控制任務(wù)設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)數(shù)字電子鐘,用LED數(shù)碼管顯示當(dāng)前的時(shí)間,根據(jù)控制要求

8、,需 要顯示的時(shí)間如下:秒:由SM0.5來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)一秒的脈沖發(fā)生器分鐘:顯示范圍為0059,用兩只LED數(shù)碼管顯示小時(shí):顯示范圍為0023,用兩只LED數(shù)碼管顯示(2) LED數(shù)碼管的工作原理一只LED數(shù)碼管可以看成是一組LED,有兩種接線方式,一種是共陰極接 法,一種是共陽(yáng)極接法。當(dāng)發(fā)光二極管為正向偏置時(shí),就會(huì)點(diǎn)亮。(3)秒脈沖發(fā)生器所謂秒脈沖發(fā)生器就是每秒生成一個(gè)脈沖,這個(gè)脈沖是所有計(jì)時(shí)器的基準(zhǔn), 可以通過(guò)編程的方式實(shí)現(xiàn),也可以利用PIC的特殊繼電器,如S7200的周 期為1秒的脈沖發(fā)生器SMO. 5來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。第4章結(jié)論對(duì)于數(shù)字電子鐘來(lái)說(shuō),其時(shí)間的顯示是通過(guò)數(shù)字電路來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的,因此其穩(wěn) 定性及精準(zhǔn)

9、性都顯著地優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)的機(jī)械式時(shí)鐘,而且它采用了非常直觀的數(shù)字 顯示方式,便于讀數(shù)。當(dāng)前的數(shù)字顯示主要是通過(guò)譯碼電路以及集成記數(shù)等來(lái) 實(shí)現(xiàn),由此對(duì)其顯示器件進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的驅(qū)動(dòng)。此外,還可對(duì)CMOS-LED光電組合 器件進(jìn)行直接的使用,由此設(shè)計(jì)并制得具有模塊式特征的石英類型數(shù)字鐘。其 電路裝置方面具有方便安裝且體積小巧的優(yōu)勢(shì),還可對(duì)其增加有關(guān)的驅(qū)動(dòng)電路, 從而實(shí)現(xiàn)大規(guī)模的光電顯示效果。10該類計(jì)時(shí)設(shè)備的最基礎(chǔ)組成單元為各類計(jì)數(shù)器,在各類計(jì)數(shù)以及計(jì)時(shí)的場(chǎng) 合中有著不可替代的作用;而且因?yàn)槠渖a(chǎn)制造本錢(qián)較低,有較高的精準(zhǔn)性, 涵蓋了各類不同的功能,而且體積較小,所以得到用戶的青睞。通過(guò)可編程邏輯控制器中所具

10、備的定時(shí)中斷相關(guān)功能,那么就能到達(dá)定時(shí)的 目的,具有可靠性和精準(zhǔn)性高的優(yōu)點(diǎn),此外,進(jìn)行采用較為簡(jiǎn)單的編程就能實(shí) 現(xiàn)所需的功能,所以它具有較大的實(shí)用價(jià)值。參考文獻(xiàn)王宇超.PLC技術(shù)在電氣工程及其自動(dòng)化控制中的應(yīng)用分析.中國(guó)設(shè)備工程, 2017.2皮驍汗.PLC技術(shù)在電氣工程及其自動(dòng)化控制中的應(yīng)用分析.山東工業(yè)技術(shù), 2018.3劉佳PC技術(shù)在電氣工程及其自動(dòng)化控制中的運(yùn)用信息記錄材料,2016.4任為民.電子技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)課程設(shè)計(jì).中央廣播電視大學(xué)出版社,1997.5康華光.電子技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)模擬局部(第四版).高等教育出版社,1999.6胡學(xué)林.可編程控制器教程.電子工業(yè)出版社,1998.7廖常初.S72

11、00PL編程及應(yīng)用.機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2001.李振聲.實(shí)驗(yàn)電子技術(shù).國(guó)防工業(yè)出版社,2001.9任為民.電子技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)課程設(shè)計(jì).中央廣播電視大學(xué)出版社,1997.10范建東.可編程控制器原理及應(yīng)用.華南理工大學(xué)出版社,2003.11白娟娟.PLC技術(shù)應(yīng)用.北京理工大學(xué)出版社,2000.12俊贊.PLC技術(shù)應(yīng)用.電機(jī)電氣技術(shù),1999.13趙千川.PLC程序測(cè)試與驗(yàn)證的研究進(jìn)展J.清華大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版), 2011,51 (11): 1527-1533.14馮馬才.對(duì)PLC自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)的可靠性問(wèn)題與其設(shè)計(jì)方案的探究J.科協(xié)論 壇(下半月),2011 (11): 57-58.15呂衛(wèi)陽(yáng).PLC技

12、術(shù)綜述J.自動(dòng)化博覽,2008 (S1): 16-19.16趙中敏.張秋云.楊廣才.PLC控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)J.機(jī)床電器,2007(02): 37-40.17袁清珂.趙沖.林立仁.基于PLC氣動(dòng)式機(jī)械手控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)與開(kāi)發(fā)J.儀11 表技術(shù)與傳感器,2015 (11): 59-61.18陳延奎.PLC控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)方法J.中國(guó)科技信息,2009 (20): 116-118.19鄧高壽.潘宏俠.PLC在工業(yè)自動(dòng)化控制領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用及開(kāi)展J.機(jī)械管理 開(kāi)發(fā),2006 (03): 99-100+102.20歐陽(yáng)三泰.周琴.歐陽(yáng)希.PLC控制技術(shù)綜述J.電氣傳動(dòng),2005 (09): 52-54.21王志凱.

13、郭宗仁.李琰.用PLC實(shí)現(xiàn)模糊控制的兩種程序設(shè)計(jì)方法J.工業(yè)控 制計(jì)算機(jī),2002 (02): 61-62.致 謝大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)期間,各位老師對(duì)我的學(xué)習(xí)和工作都給予了很大幫助與關(guān)心,使 我的認(rèn)知能力、學(xué)習(xí)能力都得到了提升,使我體會(huì)到在創(chuàng)造過(guò)程中探索的艱難 和成功的喜悅,借此向所有關(guān)心幫助過(guò)我的老師、同學(xué)表達(dá)應(yīng)由衷謝意!衷心感謝在百忙之中評(píng)閱論文和參加辯論的各位專家、教授!12附錄一可編程控制器技術(shù)討論與未來(lái)開(kāi)展隨著時(shí)代的開(kāi)展,當(dāng)今的技術(shù)也日趨完善、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)愈演愈烈;單靠人工的操作 已不能滿足于目前的制造業(yè)前景,也無(wú)法保證更高質(zhì)量的要求和高新技術(shù)企業(yè) 的形象.人們?cè)谏a(chǎn)實(shí)踐中看到,自動(dòng)化給人們帶來(lái)了極大的

14、便利和產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量上的 保證,同時(shí)也減輕了人員的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,減少了人員上的編制.在許多復(fù)雜的生產(chǎn) 過(guò)程中難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)控制、整體優(yōu)化、最正確決策等,熟練的操作工、技術(shù)人員 或?qū)<?、管理者卻能夠容易判斷和操作,可以獲得滿意的效果.人工智能的研究 目標(biāo)正是利用計(jì)算機(jī)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)、模擬這些智能行為,通過(guò)人腦與計(jì)算機(jī)協(xié)調(diào)工作, 以人機(jī)結(jié)合的模式,為解決十分復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題尋找最正確的途徑我們?cè)诟鞣N場(chǎng)合看到了繼電器連接的控制,那已經(jīng)是時(shí)代的過(guò)去,如今的 繼電器只能作為低端的基層控制模塊或者簡(jiǎn)單的設(shè)備中使用到;而PLC的出現(xiàn) 也成為了劃時(shí)代的主題,通過(guò)極其穩(wěn)定的硬件穿插靈活的軟件控制,使得自動(dòng) 化走向了新的高潮。PLC的最

15、大特點(diǎn)在于:電氣工程師已不再電氣的硬件上花費(fèi)太多的心計(jì),只 要將按鈕開(kāi)關(guān)或感應(yīng)器的輸入點(diǎn)連接到PLC的輸入點(diǎn)上就能解決問(wèn)題,通過(guò)輸 出點(diǎn)連接接觸器或繼電器來(lái)控制大功率的啟動(dòng)設(shè)備,而小功率的輸出設(shè)備直接 連接就可以。PLC的內(nèi)部包含了具有中央處理器的CPU,并帶有外部I/O 口擴(kuò)展的I/O接 口地址和存儲(chǔ)器三大塊組成,CPU的核心是由一個(gè)或者多個(gè)累加器組成,它們具13 有邏輯的數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算能力,并能讀取程序存儲(chǔ)器的內(nèi)容通過(guò)計(jì)算后去驅(qū)動(dòng)相應(yīng)的 存儲(chǔ)器和I/O接口; I/O 將內(nèi)部累加器和外部的輸入和輸出系統(tǒng)連接起來(lái),并 將相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)存入程序存儲(chǔ)器或者數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)器中;存儲(chǔ)器可以將I/O 口輸入的 數(shù)據(jù)存入

16、存儲(chǔ)器中,并在工作時(shí)調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)到累加器和I/O接口上,存儲(chǔ)器分程序存 儲(chǔ)器ROM和數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)器RAM, ROM可以將數(shù)據(jù)永久的存入存儲(chǔ)器中,而RAM只能 作為CPU計(jì)算時(shí)臨時(shí)計(jì)算使用的緩沖空間。PLC的抗干擾是極其優(yōu)秀的,我們根本不用去關(guān)心它的使用壽命和工作場(chǎng)合 的惡劣,這些所有的問(wèn)題已不再成為我們失敗的主題,而留給我們的是關(guān)心如 何來(lái)利用PLC的內(nèi)部資源為我們加強(qiáng)設(shè)備的控制能力,使我們的設(shè)備更加的柔 性。PLC的語(yǔ)言并不是我們所想象的匯編語(yǔ)言或C語(yǔ)言來(lái)進(jìn)行編程,而是采用原 有的繼電器控制的梯形圖,使得電氣工程師在編寫(xiě)程序時(shí)很容易就理解了 PLC 的語(yǔ)言,而且很多的非電氣專業(yè)人士也對(duì)PLC很快認(rèn)識(shí)并深

17、入。以上僅僅是PLC的優(yōu)點(diǎn)之一,這也是人們比擬容易理解的一局部,在很多 的設(shè)備中,人們已不再希望看到太多的控制按鈕,它們不但容易損壞而且極易 產(chǎn)生人為的失誤,小的并不是主要的失誤也許你還能夠接受;但過(guò)大的甚至是 致命的失誤是我們無(wú)法容忍的。新的技術(shù)總是為了給我們帶來(lái)更平安和便捷的 操作,使得我們面臨的一大堆問(wèn)題一掃而光,你有了解過(guò)HMI嗎?這里說(shuō)HMI 你根本不清楚它是什么,也沒(méi)有興趣了解,換一個(gè)中文把它說(shuō)明為觸摸屏或者 人機(jī)界面你就知道了,它和PLC的結(jié)合給了我們更大的空間。HMI控制不僅僅是減少了控制按鈕,增加控制的靈活性,更主要的它是可順 序性的,而且在能夠改變數(shù)據(jù)輸入和數(shù)據(jù)輸出反響,在

18、溫度控制曲線的模擬也 能直觀的顯示出來(lái)。并且能夠通過(guò)編寫(xiě)功能幫助程序來(lái)提供各種力所能及的幫 助,使得操作者減少不必要的失誤。HMI的廠商目前也越來(lái)越多,功能也越來(lái)越 強(qiáng),價(jià)格也越來(lái)越低,使用的面越來(lái)越廣。HMI的前景可以說(shuō)十分的看好。在很多場(chǎng)合,單靠單機(jī)的控制是無(wú)法保證設(shè)備的順暢運(yùn)行,而通過(guò)設(shè)備與 設(shè)備的信息交流到達(dá)我們想要的效果。比方在前包裝和后工序的檢測(cè),我們就 要將包裝的信息反響到檢測(cè)處,而檢測(cè)處的信息也要反響到包裝來(lái)。這樣通過(guò) 信息共享來(lái)使得兩者之間鏈接起來(lái),形成一個(gè)共體,從而使的兩者間的配合更 加的緊密,在彼此間到達(dá)映影相揮的效果。PLC的通信已經(jīng)愈來(lái)愈表達(dá)它的價(jià)值,在PLC與PLC

19、之間的通信,能夠通過(guò) 信息的溝通和數(shù)據(jù)的共享來(lái)保證設(shè)備之間的相互協(xié)調(diào),已到達(dá)互補(bǔ)的效果。PLC14 之間的數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換采用RS232接口來(lái)傳送數(shù)據(jù),而RS232接口只能保證10米的傳 輸距離,如果在1000米的距離內(nèi)我們可以通過(guò)RS485來(lái)進(jìn)行通信,更長(zhǎng)的距離 只能通過(guò)MODEL來(lái)進(jìn)行傳輸。PLC的數(shù)據(jù)傳送只是將內(nèi)部的數(shù)據(jù)傳送到對(duì)方的一塊連續(xù)的地址中,我們把 它稱為一個(gè)表,對(duì)方的PLC通過(guò)讀取表中的數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)進(jìn)行操作。如果表中的數(shù)據(jù) 是一個(gè)一般設(shè)置的數(shù)據(jù)的話,那只是一般的數(shù)據(jù)傳送,比方今天的油價(jià)上升了, 我要把油價(jià)的價(jià)格傳送到所有的輸油機(jī)上,那就是數(shù)據(jù)的共享;而當(dāng)表中的數(shù) 據(jù)是一段控制PLC的指令程序

20、,那就很有難度了,比方你要控制一臺(tái)機(jī)器人來(lái) 按你想象的動(dòng)作工作,你會(huì)給它編制一段程序并以數(shù)據(jù)的形式發(fā)送過(guò)去。信息輸送的形式有單工位、半雙工位和全雙工位的分別。單工位的意義也 就是說(shuō)兩者之間,一個(gè)只能發(fā)送,而一個(gè)只能接收,比方一個(gè)特務(wù)他只能接收 上司的指示,而無(wú)法給上司回復(fù);半雙工位也就是兩個(gè)能都能發(fā)送和接受數(shù)據(jù), 但不能同時(shí)發(fā)送和接受,比方你打 時(shí)是不能接 ,對(duì)方也一樣;而全雙工 位是兩者之間都能發(fā)送和接受數(shù)據(jù),并可同時(shí)發(fā)送和接受。像互聯(lián)網(wǎng)就是典型 的例子。信息輸送的過(guò)程也有同步和異步之分:同步的意義在于發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)線 和時(shí)鐘線是同步的,也就是數(shù)據(jù)信號(hào)和時(shí)鐘信號(hào)同時(shí)由CPU進(jìn)行發(fā)送,這需要

21、彼此都要專門(mén)的時(shí)鐘信號(hào)來(lái)進(jìn)行傳送和接送,并且是強(qiáng)制性的,這種方法的特 點(diǎn)在于它的速度極快、但相應(yīng)占用CPU的工作時(shí)間也相對(duì)的要長(zhǎng)、同時(shí)技術(shù)難 度也非常的大。它的要求在于在一幀的數(shù)據(jù)傳送中不能有一位的誤差,不然的 話整個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)將發(fā)生錯(cuò)誤,這在硬件上是一個(gè)比擬大的難度。在一些專用的設(shè)備 中應(yīng)用的越來(lái)越廣泛,像專用的醫(yī)療設(shè)備、數(shù)字信號(hào)設(shè)備等,在比擬單一數(shù)據(jù) 的傳輸中,它的效果非常的好。而異步是應(yīng)用范圍最廣泛的,這得益于它的技術(shù)難度相對(duì)要小、同時(shí)不需 要配制專門(mén)的時(shí)鐘信號(hào)、它的特點(diǎn)在于,它的數(shù)據(jù)是間隔性的,離散性的發(fā)送 和接受,當(dāng)CPU太忙的時(shí)候可以停頓性去工作,在硬件上也減少了難度,同時(shí) 數(shù)據(jù)的喪失相

22、對(duì)要少,我們可以通過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)的檢測(cè)來(lái)觀察我們發(fā)送的數(shù)據(jù)是否有 錯(cuò)誤,像奇偶法、累加法和八位效驗(yàn)法等,都可以用來(lái)幫助我們檢測(cè)發(fā)送的數(shù) 據(jù)是否有錯(cuò)誤發(fā)生,通過(guò)反響來(lái)進(jìn)行區(qū)分。信息的傳送口線有串口和并口之分:通常的PLC是8位機(jī),當(dāng)然也有16位 機(jī)。我們?cè)诎l(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)的時(shí)候可以是一位一位的發(fā)送給對(duì)方,也可以8位8位的 將數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送到對(duì)方,一位和8位區(qū)別也就是我們所說(shuō)的串口發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)和并口發(fā)15 送數(shù)據(jù)。串口速度比擬慢,但只要兩條或者三條口線就能解決問(wèn)題,并能借用 線來(lái)進(jìn)行遠(yuǎn)程控制。而并的傳送速度是極快的,它是串口的256倍,在 短距離占有優(yōu)勢(shì),由于是TTL電平,一般限于1米的范圍,它并不適用于長(zhǎng)距 離的數(shù)據(jù)傳送

23、,這樣本錢(qián)太昂貴了。很多的情況下我們總喜歡采用串并轉(zhuǎn)換芯片來(lái)進(jìn)行傳輸,這種情況下不需 要我們進(jìn)行過(guò)于復(fù)雜的寄存器設(shè)置了,而直接通過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)傳送指令進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)交流, 但在通信中并不是一個(gè)十分可行的方法,因?yàn)樵诎l(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)的時(shí)候?qū)Ψ降腜LC必 須一直等待你的數(shù)據(jù)輸出,它不能去做其他的工作。當(dāng)你在看書(shū)的時(shí)候,你聽(tīng)到有人敲門(mén)、你停下手上的事情、去翻開(kāi)門(mén)、并 同敲門(mén)者對(duì)話、這個(gè)時(shí)候 響了、你示意接個(gè) 、在接完 后、回過(guò)頭 來(lái)同敲門(mén)者繼續(xù)對(duì)話、對(duì)話完畢后、你再繼續(xù)看你的書(shū),這種情況我們把它稱 為中斷,它具有權(quán)威性,也具有優(yōu)先性,PLC具備了這樣的功能。它的特點(diǎn)在于 我們?cè)谠O(shè)備的操作過(guò)程中可能會(huì)遇到緊急的突發(fā)事件,我

24、們要立刻的停下手上 的工作,去處理更重要的事情,這種情況是我們經(jīng)常所遇到的,PLC在去執(zhí)行緊 急的任務(wù)時(shí),總會(huì)先保存目前的狀態(tài),比方程序的地址,CPU的累加器數(shù)據(jù)等, 就像我們?nèi)ラ_(kāi)門(mén)時(shí)要記下我們看的書(shū)在第幾頁(yè)了或者干脆作個(gè)記號(hào),因?yàn)槲覀?待會(huì)還要繼續(xù)接著看后面的書(shū)。CPU總是按照我們的意愿去做應(yīng)該做的事情,但 你錯(cuò)誤的給它一件事情,它也會(huì)同樣的去做,這一點(diǎn)我們必須注意。中斷并不是只有一個(gè),有時(shí)會(huì)同時(shí)存在幾個(gè)中斷,中斷具有優(yōu)先的級(jí)別, 他們會(huì)根據(jù)人的要求去執(zhí)行更高級(jí)別的中斷。這種中斷中的中斷也就形成了中 斷嵌套。當(dāng)然中斷的級(jí)別根據(jù)各種PLC內(nèi)部CPU的資源有關(guān),同時(shí)也跟堆棧的 容量大小也有關(guān)系。

25、中斷的內(nèi)容有很多種,比方外部中斷、通信中的發(fā)送和接受中斷、定時(shí)和 計(jì)數(shù)的時(shí)鐘中斷、還有WDT復(fù)位中斷等,它們豐富了 CPU在處理各種事務(wù)時(shí)響 應(yīng)種類。這樣講也許你并不能完全理解中斷的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)和操作順序,我們做一 個(gè)小小的例子來(lái)說(shuō)明.每一個(gè)設(shè)備總是不會(huì)忘記有一個(gè)按鈕,它也是在我們遇到緊急情況時(shí)使用 的,那就是急停按鈕。當(dāng)我們遇到人身事故和意外情況時(shí)我們只要按下它,機(jī) 器立即停止所有的操作,并等待處理完意外后再恢復(fù)操作。急停按鈕連接PLC 內(nèi)部CPU的內(nèi)部I/O接口上,當(dāng)按鈕給CPU 一個(gè)外部觸發(fā)信號(hào)時(shí),CPU對(duì)I/O 進(jìn)行再次檢測(cè),當(dāng)確認(rèn)有外部觸發(fā)信號(hào)時(shí),CPU保護(hù)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)并將程序計(jì)數(shù)器自動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn) 到相

26、應(yīng)的外部I/O中斷程序中去,當(dāng)外部中斷程序處理完畢,程序計(jì)數(shù)器返回16 TOC o 1-5 h z 第1章PLC技術(shù)概要1 HYPERLINK l bookmark12 o Current Document PLC技術(shù)特征1 HYPERLINK l bookmark14 o Current Document 應(yīng)用面廣闊1 HYPERLINK l bookmark16 o Current Document 集成程度高1 HYPERLINK l bookmark18 o Current Document 可靠性能好1 HYPERLINK l bookmark20 o Current Documen

27、t PLC技術(shù)的運(yùn)用2 HYPERLINK l bookmark22 o Current Document PLC技術(shù)在開(kāi)關(guān)量控制中的應(yīng)用2 HYPERLINK l bookmark24 o Current Document PLC技術(shù)在電氣系統(tǒng)的順序控制中的應(yīng)用2 HYPERLINK l bookmark26 o Current Document PLC技術(shù)與計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的融合3 HYPERLINK l bookmark28 o Current Document 提高技術(shù)人員的專業(yè)技能水平3 HYPERLINK l bookmark30 o Current Document 加大研究力度3第2

28、章PLC控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)4 HYPERLINK l bookmark32 o Current Document PLC控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的基本原那么4 HYPERLINK l bookmark34 o Current Document PLC控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的基本內(nèi)容4 HYPERLINK l bookmark36 o Current Document PLC控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的一般步驟5第3章PLC控制電子鐘設(shè)計(jì)6 HYPERLINK l bookmark38 o Current Document 3.1七段共陰數(shù)碼管電子鐘PLC程序設(shè)計(jì)原理6 HYPERLINK l bookmark40 o Current

29、Document 主要控制要求6 HYPERLINK l bookmark42 o Current Document 總體設(shè)計(jì)思想6 HYPERLINK l bookmark44 o Current Document 具體設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程6 HYPERLINK l bookmark0 o Current Document 編程元件地址分配7 HYPERLINK l bookmark2 o Current Document 數(shù)字電子鐘控制系統(tǒng)的方案9 HYPERLINK l bookmark4 o Current Document 方案論證9 HYPERLINK l bookmark6 o Curren

30、t Document 控制要求9 HYPERLINK l bookmark8 o Current Document 數(shù)碼管顯示原理10第4章結(jié)論10到主程序繼續(xù)工作。有一點(diǎn)可以說(shuō)明的是我們一般會(huì)把急停按鈕的外部中斷升 至最高級(jí)別,從而保證平安。附錄二PLC technique discussion and future deveIopmentAlong with the development of the ages, the technique that is nowadays is also gradually perfect, the competition plays more str

31、ong; the operation that list depends the artificial has already cant satisfied with the current manufacturing industry foreground, also cant guarantee the request of the higher quantity and high new the image of the technique business enterprise.The people see in produce practice, automate brought t

32、he tremendous convenience and the product quantities for people up of assurance, also eased the personnels labor strength, reduce the establishment on the personnel. The target control of the hard realization in many complicated production lines, whole and excellent turn, the best decision etc., wel

33、l-trained operation work, technical personnel or expert, governor but can judge and operate easily, can acquire the satisfied result. The research target of the artificial intelligence makes use of the calculator exactly to carry out, imitate these intelligences behavior, moderating the work through

34、 persons brain and calculators, with the mode that persons machine combine, for resolve the very complicated problem to look for the best pathWe come in sight of the control that links after the electric appliances in17various situation, that is already the that time generation past, now of after us

35、e in the mold a perhaps simple equipments of grass-roots control that the electric appliances can do for the low level only; And the PLC emergence also became the epoch-making topic, adding the vivid software control through a very and stable hardware, making the automation head for the new high tid

36、e.The PLC biggest characteristics lie in: The electrical engineering teacher already no longer electric hardware up too many calculations of cost, as long as order the importation that the button switch or the importation of the sensors order to link the PLC up can solve problem, pass to output to o

37、rder the conjunction contact machine or control the start equipments of the big power after the electric appliances, but the exportation equipments direct conjunction of the small power can.PLC internal containment have the CPU of the CPU, and take to have an 1/ O for expand of exterior to connect a

38、 peoples address and saving machine three big pieces to constitute, CPU core is from an or many is tired to add the machine to constitute, mathematics that they have the logic operation ability, and can read the procedure save the contents of the machine to drive the homologous saving machine and 1/

39、 Os to connect after pass the calculation; The 1/ O add inner part is tired the input and output system of the machine and exterior link, and deposit the related data into the procedure saving machine or data saving machine; The saving machine can deposit the data that the 1/ O input in the saving m

40、achine, and in work adjusting to become tired to add the machine and 1/ Os to connect, saving machine separately saving machine RAM of the procedure saving machine ROM and dates, the ROM can do deposit of the data permanence in the saving machine, but RAM only for the CPU computes the temporary calc

41、ulation usage of hour of buffer space.The PLC anti- interference is very and excellent, our root need not concern its service life and the work situation bad, these all problems have already no longer become the topic that we fail, but stay to our is a concern to come to internal resources of make u

42、se of the PLC to strengthen the control ability of the18equipments for us, make our equipments more gentle.PLC language is not we imagine of edit collected materials the language or language of Cs to carry on weaving the distance, but the trapezoid diagram that the adoption is original after the ele

43、ctric appliances to control, make the electrical engineering teacher while weaving to write the procedure very easy comprehended the PLC language, and a lot of non- electricity professional also very quickly know and go deep into to the PLC.Is PLC one of the advantage above and only, this is also on

44、e part that the people comprehend more and easily, in a lot of equipments, the people have already no longer hoped to see too many control buttons, they damage not only and easily and produce the artificial error easiest, small is not a main error perhaps you can still accept; But lead even is a fat

45、al error greatly is what we cant is tolerant of. New technique always for bringing more safe and convenient operation for us, make we a lot of problems for face on sweep but light, do you understand the HMI? Says the HMI here you basically not clear what it is, also have no interest understanding, c

46、hange one inside text explains it into the touch to hold or man-machine interface you knew, and it combines with the PLC to our larger space.HMI the control not only is reduced the control press button, increase the vivid of the control, more main of it is can sequence of, and at can the change data

47、 input to output the feedback with data, control in the temperature curve of imitate but also can keep the manifestation of view to come out. And can write the function help procedure through a plait to provide the help of various what lies in ones power, the one who make operate reduces the otiose

48、error. Currently the HMI factory is also more and more, the function is also more and more strong, the price is also more and more low, and the noodles of the usage are wide more and more. The HMI foreground can say that think to be good very.At a lot of situations, the list is a smooth movement tha

49、t cant guarantee19 the equipments by the control of the single machine, but pass the information exchanges of the equipments and equipments to attain the result that we want. For example fore pack and the examination of the empress work preface, we will arrive wrapping information feedback to examin

50、e the place, and examine the information of the place to also want the feedback to packing. Pass the information share thus to make both the chain connect, becoming a total body, the match of your that thus make is more close, at each other attain to reflect the result that mutually flick.The PLC co

51、rrespondence has already come more body now its value, at the PLC and correspondence between PLCs, can pass the communication of the information and the share of the dates to guarantee that of the equipments moderates mutually, the result that arrive already to repair with each other. Data conversio

52、n the adoption RS232 between PLC connect to come to the transmission data, but the RS232 pick up a people and can guarantee 10 meters only of deliver the distance, if in the distance of 1000 meters we can pass the RS485 to carry on the correspondence, the longer distance can pass the MODEL only to c

53、arry on deliver.The PLC data transmission is just to be called a form to it in a piece of and continuous address that the data of the inner part delivers the other party, we, the PLC of the other party passes to read data in the watch to carry on the operation. If the data that data in the watch is

54、a to establish generally, that is just the general data transmission, for example today of oil price rise, I want to deliver the price of the oil price to lose the oil ally on board, that is the share of the data; But take data in the watch for an instruction procedure that controls the PLC, that ha

55、d the difficulty very much, for example you have to control one pedestal robot to press the action work that you imagine, you will draw up for it the form that a procedure combine with the data sends out to pass by.The form that information transport contain single work, the half a work and the diff

56、erence of a workers .The meaning of the single work also is to say both, a can send out only, but a can receive only, for example a spy he can20receive the designation of the superior only, but cant give the superior reply; A work of half is also 2 and can send out similar to accept the data, but ca

57、nt send out and accept at the same time, for example when you make a phone call is to cant answer the phone, the other party also; But whole pair works is both can send out and accept the data, and can send out and accept at the same time. Be like the Internet is a typical example.The process that i

58、nformation transport also has synchronous and different step cent: The data line and the clock lines are synchronous when synchronous meaning lie in sending out the data, is also the data signal and the clock signals to be carry on by the CPU to send out at the same time, this needs to all want the

59、specialized clock signal each other to carry on the transmission and connect to send, and is constrained, the characteristics of this kind of method lies in its speed very quick, but correspond work time of take up the CPU and also want to be long oppositely, at the same time the technique difficult

60、y also very big. Its request lies in canting have an error margins in a dates deliver, otherwise the whole piece according to compare the occurrence mistake, this on the hardware is a bigger difficulty. Applied more and more extensive in some appropriative equipments, be like the appropriative medic

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