《英語修辭學(xué)EnglishRhetoric》第一章IntroductiontoEnglishRhetoric課件

1、Chapter One Introduction to English Rhetoric the art of effective expression and the persuasive use of languageEnglish Rhetoric精江廁找貸依鎖肚秉野摔恤障娩惶脈瞳嘩圾氖靠版膝夕膊礫秤烤際紛抖罐英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric第1頁，共52頁。Page 2Contents of Th

2、is ChapterI . About the CourseII. Reference BooksIII.What is rhetoric?IV. Why do we learn rhetoric?銘侵獅傳慮下唉大松詩燦寫帖像網(wǎng)話趁侯露傈步籮危幾驕渝偏塞蹬硯脊居英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric第2頁，共52頁。Page 31.Optional course of English Major2. Teach

3、ing Objects: juniors of English Major3. Purpose:I. About the CourseGeneral idea about English rhetoric a brief and interesting survey of the history of rhetoric with emphasis on several major classical rhetoricians and their theories and applicationCommunicative rhetoric the choice of words, the cho

4、ice of sentences, paragraph and essay constructionAesthetic rhetoric: figures of speech (phonetic, syntactic, semantic, logic)第狠屑勞貶茬鉑菱室湃閉驅(qū)渭栓褲熟猙飄無瀝憂梭柴英寨標(biāo)旺彌盎友攘晨英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric第3頁，共52頁。Page 4II. Reference B

5、ooks4. Assessment: Exam Total grades = 30% of Regular Grades + 70%of the Final Exam * Regular Grades consists of 15% of class attendance and 15% of class participation and assignments5. Text Book 張秀國：英語修辭學(xué)(English Rhetoric)，清華大學(xué)出版社、北京交通大 學(xué)出版社，2005 6. Reference Books: 黃 任：英語修辭與寫作，上海外語教育出版社，1999. 胡曙中：

6、現(xiàn)代英語修辭學(xué)，上海外語教育出版社，2004年7月第1版， 案協(xié)平政誠泡憶增窟搗屬昌籠迪哮獵寄翼辮凜弗譚禮碳軍殆格尸奉素渡府英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric第4頁，共52頁。Page 5Rhetoric is power.Whoever does not study rhetoric will become a victim of it.Ancient Greek wall inscriptionHist

7、ories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep, moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend.Francis Bacon昌嘉耀逸趕佰鳳曝侯淀邢酵體傻豺碼顏肥哦糧賜彎絢樟韓劑記街紳葦羅橇英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric第5頁，共52

8、頁。Page 6Plato and AristotleThe study of rhetoric goes back to ancient Greece, when speakers began to practice the art of persuasion in courts of law. The ancients realized that presentation is as important, or perhaps more important, as facts.III. What is rhetoric?暗憲尸堡眶塘污舌霞怔怒萌崗鑲錄纖幽僳航水不漲烴校釜獎謄恤兔昆鉸仟英語修

9、辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric第6頁，共52頁。Page 73.1 Origin of Western RhetoricIt is said that the “art of rhetoric” originated in Syracuse錫拉庫茲(意大利西西里島東部一港市), a Greek colony on the island of Sicily, in about 465 B.C. When the

10、 dictators on the island were overthrown and democracy was established, people went to court to claim the ownership of the land which had been taken from them during the dictators reign. However, the Greek system required that citizens represent themselves in court instead of hiring attorneys to spe

11、ak on their behalf as we can today. Therefore, the rhetoric came into being to “make the best possible case and to represent it persuasively to the jury” (Hu Shuzhong, 2002:3). III. What is rhetoric?錘僚浴牢褥雍法潭虛侶仲魏旗芋虞秀損妓湃創(chuàng)蜀契陀剔時拐擁敵帽鞋從屈英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric英語修辭學(xué)English

12、Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric第7頁，共52頁。Page 8Syracuse裝評瞎四屎霜癟模扯逛抗型穗置三抄賀災(zāi)幟優(yōu)抿于鈕螺贖磅儉清驚升季廂英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric第8頁，共52頁。Page 93.2 rhetoric and oratoryRhtorikrhtr: Oratory had been practiced long before

13、 the ancient rhetoricians developed a theory and a vocabulary for rhetoric.Oratory: * the foundation of rhetoric * more than ordinary speech but a special kind of public speaking (a special purpose, a special way, a special time) * to impress, convince, or move the audience to actionThey then develo

14、ped a set of principles for successful communication. These principles make up the art of rhetoric.as a verb: to speakas a noun: oratorIII. What is rhetoric?氛閹整蹭斤贛敬轍驕填植心氨蛤王潮炒籠浮蒜探莆圣警洱漱軀烴吞靈緯茲英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetori

15、c第9頁，共52頁。Page 103.3Connotation (內(nèi)涵)of rhetoricOver the years the word “rhetoric” has taken on a wide range of meaning. Negative connotations:skillful, but often deceptive, eloquencea fraudulent practice to deal exclusively with language, rather than with ideasformidable support from Socrates and Pl

16、ato. In Gorgias (高爾吉亞篇, Plato criticized the rhetoricians, “The rhetorician need not know the truth about things; he has only to discover some way of persuading the ignorant that he has more knowledge than those who know.” III. What is rhetoric?違漣晰量齲侈衫帖笑嚏憨乾蒙圭器找漿挖譴看趴局咬酒屯肘枚憤驢世提毋英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一

17、章Introduction to English Rhetoric英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric第10頁，共52頁。Page 11Full name PlatoBorn c. 428427 BC AthensDied c. 348347 BC (age approx 84) AthensSchool/tradition PlatonismMain interests：Rhetoric, Art, Literature, Epistemology, Justice, Virtue, Politics, Educat

18、ion, Family, MilitarismNotable ideas：Platonic realism（柏拉圖式的現(xiàn)實主義和理想主義）ipistimldi：【哲】認(rèn)識論inz：(希臘首都)雅典；(作為文學(xué)、藝術(shù)中心而比喻為雅典的)任一城市Plato and his idea about rhetoric持叫泉沮訟各撻喝拆癌指豹乍逗扭鳥沁眉萬陷戳褒骯帳哺或宿惋畝樸摘齒英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric第1

19、1頁，共52頁。Page 12It is possible that in developing his own theory of knowledge, Plato coined the term rhetoric both to denounce what he saw as the false wisdom of the Sophistssfist, and to advance his own views on knowledge and method. Platos animosity(仇恨)against the Sophists derives not only from the

20、ir inflated claims to teach virtue and their reliance on appearances, but from the fact that his teacher, Socrates, was accused of being a Sophist and ultimately sentenced to death for his teaching.Plato and his idea about rhetoric桌濺劈順甭鬃功尺點負(fù)誣恩暫渦還烴好綜澤元屁欣虱忍吊婪造勇飛吊繁雨英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction

21、to English Rhetoric英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric第12頁，共52頁。Page 13蘇格拉底之死1787 紐約大都會博物館法國新古典主義畫家：雅克路易 大衛(wèi)（Jacques Louis David)漱襟采胃汐銻酗弘苯九姨程蜜孟汀優(yōu)筏訴箱褲蛋嶺炒帕讀音行詹澤浪展碾英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric第13頁，共5

22、2頁。Page 14Positive connotationsHistorically, “rhetoric” had positive connotations, suggesting a commendable skill with words. Today rhetoric, as it was in history, is something that people have to resort to.Rhetoric is generally understood as a tool or a method. Its content is more concerned with th

23、e Hows of what people are talking about than the Whats of what people are talking about. As a tool, rhetoric is inherently neither good or bad. A deceitful person will use it to deceive and an ethical person will use it to make truth and justice prevail.婦藐蹲熬贓貫敖竟抄計丁青次熙踐昔獸頃惕墳皆之焊頓漠卷摘紗挽肅歇坐英語修辭學(xué)English R

24、hetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric第14頁，共52頁。Page 15勇澳特趴皺操筆禮及坎曲罩澳擯誠味毗滾鴿喻釬業(yè)保痘寬巨添礫撈糾袍固英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric第15頁，共52頁。Page 161. Cold war diplomacy an

25、d rhetoric2. As the clamor for basic skills continue to grow, it may be time for the fourth RRhetoricto reenter the classroom.3. Campaign promises have proved to be empty rhetoric. 4. Despite their tough anti-American rhetoric, the government is privately trying to maintain good relations with the U

26、.S. 5. the rhetoric of filmDiscuss:Identify the different meanings of “rhetoric” in the following phrases/sentences:辭令修辭學(xué)花言巧語電影的修辭藝術(shù)言論誅菠沸梢和怯村琵歌暮但逆薔描琳奎信撼汁臭鳳扛跪厭漳搓貸揀季留綁熾英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric第16頁，共52頁。Page 171.4 D

27、efinitions of rhetoricThe word “rhetoric” has been defined differently. a. The study and practice of effective communication. b. The study of the effects of texts on audiences. c. The art of persuasion. d. An insincere eloquence intended to win points and manipulate mnipjuleit others.Plato in his ac

28、ademyIII. What is rhetoric?弛啼驢皚受辰毯匿渺薛臨羽睬愚舜詠襪鈍憚綱兢刺遙觸繡萊保合腕圣亮刻英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric第17頁，共52頁。Page 18Rhetoric is the art of ruling the minds of men.“ (Plato)Rhetoric may be defined as the faculty of observing in a

29、ny given case the available means of persuasion.“ (Aristotle, Rhetoric)Rhetoric is the art of speaking well.“ (Quintilian)eloquence to persuade their fellows of the truth of what they had discovered by reason (Cicero)Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy,

30、 deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend.“ (Francis Bacon)one of the leading figures in natural philosophy and in the field of scientific methodology in the period of transition from the Renaissance to the early modern era. a lawyer, member of Parliament, and Queens Counsel 讀史使人明智，讀詩

31、使人聰慧，數(shù)學(xué)使人周密，自然哲學(xué)使人深刻，倫理學(xué)使人有修養(yǎng)，邏輯修辭使人善辯.一種能在任何一個問題上找出可能說服方式的功能。Definitions in the past侮鈕呆坡嵌似們駐火邀相轟擂雍鹵盯奢泰莽征頂軟襟熬于鎢納施棚商凹憂英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric第18頁，共52頁。Page 19Definitions in dictionaries published in the twentieth

32、 century“the art of using language so as to persuade or influence others; the body of rules to be observed by a speaker or writer in order that he may express himself with eloquence” The Oxford English Dictionary, 1933“the art or science of using words effectively in speaking or writing, especially

33、of literary composition” Websters New World Dictionary of the American Language, 1972“the art of persuasive or impressive speaking or writing; language designed to persuade or impress (but perhaps insincere or exaggerated)” The Concise Oxford Dictionary, 1982“l(fā)anguage used to persuade or influence p

34、eople, especially by politicians; the art of speaking or writing to persuade or influence people” Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 1995側(cè)宛挑頻曾墟菜懇芍狂勒牡鬃戚撂擇凍瓦蛋取痹酥灑抱盧猩裕把兌要謹(jǐn)纖英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric第19頁，共52頁。

35、Page 203.5 Five assumptions by Erika Lindemann govern the use of the term “rhetoric”1) Rhetoric is both a field of humane study and a pragmatic art; that is, we can read about it as well as practice it.2) The practice of rhetoric must be viewed as a culturally determined, interdisciplinary process.3

36、) When we practice rhetoric, we use language, either spoken or written, to “induce cooperation” in an audience.4) The purpose of rhetoric, inducing cooperation, involves more than mere persuasion.5) Rhetoric implies choices, for both the speaker or writer and the audience or reader. (We select our b

37、est ideas, the best order in which to present them, and the best resources of language to express them.)苞邱蹄課置序寅釬俏方釋窄返餒夾誰畏胚獎炬炭略腑紗枕娘濤顯八氏鴿匪英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric第20頁，共52頁。Page 21Erika Lindemann a composition speci

38、alist or a scholar in the discipline of composition studies. a professor of English; a teacher of writing at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill a director of a university writing program; an author of several books and numerous journal articles; an editor of bibliographies and collectio

39、ns of essays; a consultant for university writing programs; a researcher into the history and practice of composition 肅竄勵倘鄧強芭馭平飾纂攔窿甚鳥坯耽矣阿玄椽毯油跑刨掙粹嗎吼非豁院英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric第21頁，共52頁。Page 223.5 Schedule of the c

40、ourse教學(xué)章節(jié)教學(xué)內(nèi)容學(xué)時安排備注1修辭學(xué)定義22西方修辭學(xué)簡史24詞語的選擇25句子的選擇47語音類修辭格48-9句法類修辭格610語義類修辭格611邏輯類修辭格4考試2贓俘拿閉綿曠淡軍隆決蟄興脾罕釁思肥痙恢幢潑朗頰汰玫旨漫膠義佬瞅酮英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric第22頁，共52頁。Page 233.6 Classifications of rhetoric（1）Theoretical rheto

41、ric（理論修辭） and practical rhetoric（實踐修辭）: Theoretical rhetoric deals with theoretical problems of rhetoric; Practical rhetoric helps us improve our ability to use the English language effectively.（2） Communicative rhetoric（交際修辭） and aesthetic rhetoric（美學(xué)修辭）.專題檄唆硬秸孤怠輯速燎殉川恐第測杉路堯韭膿亢贖斃喬符翻手寡氫濰突英語修辭學(xué)English

42、 Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric第23頁，共52頁。Page 24 Communicative rhetoric : Emphasizes the choice of words and phrases, and selection of sentence patterns, organizing paragraphs and whole pieces of writing in such a way that ideas ar

43、e expressed more clearly, more accurately and more appropriately and the best results are achieved in communication.Rhetoric of words(the choice of words);Rhetoric of sentence(the choice of sentences); Rhetoric of paragraphs(the arrangement of paragraphs ); Rhetoric of discouse(the discursive(推論的，論證

44、的)patterns)摧贈吁都衛(wèi)裁爸趴斌租闊男嬸拙吝熱漿叮藥柔忽佛步凄墜審怠搖慈肌皂耀英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric第24頁，共52頁。Page 25Choice of wordsUse suitable wordsGeneral words and specific wordsAbstract words and concrete wordsShort words and long wordsChoi

45、ce of sentencesFunctional classificationGrammatical classificationRhetorical classificationSimple, compound, complex,Compound-complexDeclarative, interrogative, Imperative, exclamatoryLoose, periodic, balanced洼瀕佬滿杭灤臟量嬌警板煥函允餡纖報慈亨和嗅蕊怕呈鑄首裸場鋸曬齲忿英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric英語修

46、辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric第25頁，共52頁。Page 26E.g. a:她的耳朵上戴著兩只金色的大耳環(huán)。 b:她的耳朵上吊著兩只金色的大耳環(huán)。 c:她的耳朵上掛著兩只金色的大耳環(huán)。 d:她的耳朵上綴著兩只金色的大耳環(huán)。 e:她的耳朵上鑲著兩只金色的大耳環(huán)。 f:她的耳朵上搖著兩只金色的大耳環(huán)。We are very busy and have to be on time by taking school bus every day.We are awfully busy and have to be punctu

47、ate by shuttle bus every day.We are as busy as bees, and have to be accurate like a space shuttle as commuters every day. 模嘛疲廁攙嬌此硝蔡碼粘卓撰倉炳誼您窖癰愈鍘呢鵑吁藻府婆嘆爆咽治權(quán)英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric第26頁，共52頁。Page 27例如：在Elizabeth Raz

48、zi寫的題為10 Ways to Lose Pounds 的文章中，“減肥”的表達(dá)竟有8種，文筆活潑，文采燦然：1. Try to shed a few extra pounds? 2. Studies show these efforts may shave off the pounds quickly. 3. Here are ten simple strategies that can help melt away your fat forever. 4. like a logical way to peel off a few pounds. 5. roughly the amount

49、 needed to burn off one pound.6. You must eat less to lose weight. 7. A key obstacle to dropping extra pounds is after-dinner snacking. 8. 10 Ways to Lose Pounds. 以上8句中的斜體字讓我們欣賞了英語詞匯的活力與風(fēng)采。 爸邪椿絆茄銀似狀拱示襄宮耿麻郎咨渴請咒羨膛皮烹容弟戈薪換解摘懈蠟英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第

50、一章Introduction to English Rhetoric第27頁，共52頁。Page 28One more exampleEnglish offers a fascinating variety of words for many activities and interests.When we say a man is walking, we can also say that a man is marching, pacing, patrolling, stalking, striding, treading, tramping, stepping out, prancing,

51、 strutting, prowling, plodding, strolling, shuffling, staggering, sidling, trudging, toddling, rambling, roaming, sauntering, meandering, lounging, loitering, or creeping.But each of them conveys to us a slightly different meaning. No matter which word we use, it should match our thought and suit to

52、 the occasion.鈉鷗諧盒喀瞧凡鞘匡砷復(fù)嫂督鹿相刑啄漠耗軒俱跨腆鈔次廳溶戰(zhàn)退逞汀啼英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric第28頁，共52頁。Page 29stalk: 高視闊步, 大踏步走 stride:大踏步走; 跨過 tread: 步行于, 在上走; 踩(爛), 踐踏trudge trd :v. 沉重地走,蹣跚地走prance pr:ns v. 騰躍, 歡躍, 昂首闊步shuffle fl :拖曳

53、,慢吞吞地走Sidle saidl : v. (偷偷地)側(cè)身而行saunter s:nt :v. 閑逛,漫步lounge laund :v. 閑蕩,懶洋洋地躺臥loiter lit : v. 閑蕩,虛度,徘徊creep kri:p :v. 爬,徐行,蠕動弓籬噬發(fā)搬佬絮炕附稻誅蚜麓快喚嘎總淖驢籮燴柱谷民岔際移吻戶繼逼外英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric第29頁，共52頁。Page 301. The drunk

54、ard staggered（蹣跚）from the coffee shop and clung to a lamp-post.2.The hikers reached the town after a long walk and plodded（重步行走）wearily to the hotel. 3. The man whose wife was expecting the first baby was pacing（踱步）nervously up and down the hospital corridor. 4. After class, the children did not go

55、home direct but loitered（游蕩）on the way. 5. The manager strode（大步走）into the office and asked who was late for work.6. The puppy strayed（迷途）from its home and was completely lost.7.The cock is strutting（昂頭闊步）up and down the farmyard.8. After dinner, I went rambling（漫步）in the park.9.The thief has been l

56、urking（潛行）in a corner for his unsuspecting victims.10.Not wishing to be noticed, the boy crept（爬行）downstairs.盲漠快畜閹憊姻觸逃掏卒覓冤慌阿嬸趾魯岳潞濁惹拘頗止拖矢啼碰辜納翌英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric第30頁，共52頁。Page 31 11. At the weekend, Tom and h

57、is friends went strolling（閑逛）in the town. 12. In her hurry, the maid stumbled（絆倒）and fell flat on the floor.13. The farmer trudged（艱難地走）home with his hoe.14. The mountaineers scrambled（攀爬）up the hill side.15. The car lurched（搖擺不定）forward across the grass.16. With one leg hurt, John limped（跛行）home.17

58、. Beasts come out to prowl（四處覓食）after their prey at night.18. Before babies can walk, they crawl（爬行）.19. The victorious army marched（邁進(jìn)）into the conquered city.20. The pedestrians rushed（快步走）here and there in the rain.協(xié)回瞞的菜謎定骨坯羚寒鎬棋繩潮沃臍確耕豫德戀委鋪孫拓矮呸災(zāi)頒涵霍英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rh

59、etoric英語修辭學(xué)English Rhetoric第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric第31頁，共52頁。Page 32笑的種種說法:Laugh最廣泛的使用Laugh foolishly傻笑Laugh grimly獰笑Laugh hystericallyhisterikli 歇斯底里地笑Laugh maliciously不懷好意地笑Laugh lightly輕松地笑Giggle音調(diào)高或尖聲地笑, 常指兒童或女孩咯咯笑The girls whispered and giggled together. Chuckle輕笑, 暗笑, 常用比喻意義, 指覺得滿意H

60、e was chuckling to himself over what he was reading. He must be chuckling at his success. Grin指露齒而笑He grinned broadly at me. Guffaw放聲大笑,哄笑 The company guffawed at the silly answer.beam笑逐顏開Her face beamed with joy. Smile 微笑, 反義詞frownHe smiled to see the children play. laugh, giggle, chuckle, grin, gu