腦卒中的預(yù)防與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理(英文版)教學(xué)課件

1、The prevention of stroke and risk managementConsequences of Stroke Worldwide, stroke is the second leading cause of death, responsible for 4.4 million (9 percent) of the total 50.5 million deaths each year. Stroke is the No. 3 cause of death in the U.S. and China, behind heart disease (with which it

2、 is closely linked) and cancer. Stroke affects more than 700,000 individuals annually in the United States (approximately one person every 45 seconds) and 2,000,000 in CHINA. About 500,000 of these are first attacks, 200,000 are recurrent attacks. Died 116/100,000 in CHINA annually.stroke survival r

3、ates10 percent of stroke victims recover almost completely.25 percent of stroke victims recoverwith minor impairments.40 percent of stroke victims experiencemoderate to severe impairments requiring special care.75 percent of stroke victims need short- term rehab. 22 percent of men and 25 percentof w

4、omen die within a year of theirfirst stroke. 14 percent of people who have astroke or TIA will have another withina year. About 25 percent of stroke victimswill have another within five years.The consequences of stroke Leading cause of death and adult disability Significant cognitive consequences Ap

5、hasic: 12-18% Unable to walk: 22% Clinically depressed: 32% Dependent on careers: 24-53%EDUCATION More than 75 percent of Americans cannot name the most common warning sign of stroke sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm or leg, especially on one side of the body according to the American Str

6、oke Association. Approximately 0.2 to 3 percent of people with a brain aneurysm may suffer from bleeding per year According to the American Stroke Association, more than 80 percent of strokes could be prevented if people recognized and eliminated or reduced their risks.Common risk factors for stroke

7、Manageable or Preventable Risk Factors Diet & Nutrition Physical Inactivity Smoking Substance/Alcohol AbuseCertain medical conditions (Preventable)Abnormal blood vessel connections (arteriovenous malformations and arteriovenous fistulas)Cerebral aneurysms (unruptured)Cholesterol level (high levels o

8、f “bad” cholesterol and/or lowlevels of “good” cholesterol)DiabetesHardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis)Heart (cardiovascular) diseaseHigh blood pressure (hypertension)ObesityTransient ischemic attacks (TIAs)Unalterable Risk Factors Age Ethnicity/race Heredity/family history o

9、f stroke GenderDiet & Nutrition: A high level of “bad” cholesterol in the bloodstream is a major risk factor for stroke.sodium (salt) in the diet already known to increase blood pressure with increased risk of stroke.Physical Activity exercise enhances the bodys ability to use oxygenSmoking the Amer

10、ican Heart Association issue shows Nicotine raises blood pressureSubstance Abuse Cocaine INCREASE blood pressureAlcohol Consumption Heavy and regular use of alcohol increase blood pressure. Moderate consumption of alcohol may reduce incidence of cardiovascular disease, including stroke.Obesity incre

11、ase hypertension increase high blood cholesterolMedical Conditions & General HealthAbnormal Blood Vessel Connections Abnormalities within cerebral arteries and veins include arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs).Cholesterol Levels HDL (high-density lipoprotein) “good”

12、LDL (low-density lipoprotein) bad.Diabetes Diabetes can seriously harm blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the brain, which increases the risk of stroke. If blood sugar (glucose) levels are high at the time of a stroke, then brain damage can be more severe and extensive.Heart Disea

13、se (Cardiovascular Disease) People with coronary heart disease or heart failure have a higher risk of stroke than those with hearts that work normally. Certain types of congenital heart defects also raise the risk of stroke.Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) warning strokes produce stroke-like symptoms

14、 but no lasting damage Recognizing and treating TIAs can reduce the risk of a major strokeHigh blood pressure 120/80 mm Hg hemorrhagic strokeAge all ages can suffer stroke the older the higher doubles for each decade of life after age 55.Gender Men have a higher risk for stroke (1.25 times that of w

15、omen) but more women die from stroke.Ethnicity & Heredity Stroke is more common in people whose close relatives have suffered stroke. This appears to indicate certain genetic“predispositions” within families that put them at greater risk for stroke.Rehabilitation Stroke is a condition with high inci

16、dence and moderate mortality rates.The rehabilitation process focus:(1) preventing, recognizing, and managing comorbid illness and medical complications;(2) training for maximum independence;(3) facilitating maximum psychosocial coping and adaptation by patient and family; Stroke rehabilitation is a

17、n active process beginning during acute hospitalization, progressing for those with residual impairments to a systematic program of rehabilitation services, and continuing after the individual returns to the community. A well-conceived rehabilitation management plan is the basis for all rehabilitati

18、on. The first step is to match the patient with the appropriate rehabilitation services and setting.RecommendationsImplement interventions during theacute phase of stroke to promoterecovery and prevent complications.Emphasize the importance of thoroughand consistent assessment at eachstage of the recovery process to guidetreatment decisions and monitorprogress.Suppo