中考英語(yǔ)資料(Jeff作文整理)

1、學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載一、書面表達(dá)1、(節(jié)水抗旱)Atthebeginningof2010,thesouthwestofChinasufferedfromlackingofwater,especiallyforYunnanProvince,millionsofpeoplehasnotgotenoughwaterforcommonlife.Iamsorrytoseeallofthephotoswhichcomefromthesouthwest.Sinceautumnlastyear,Southwestwashurtbydrought(干旱).Though，weshoulddosomethingtoth

2、epeopleinYunnan.Firstofall,caringaboutyourhabitofusingwatertosavethewater.Secondly,wecantakepartinsomeactivitiestoencouragetheotherpeopletohelptheproject,suchassomebenefitparty.Thirdly,wecancontributemoneytosomerelevantdivisionifpossible.Allinall,youcanhelpthepeopleifyoutriedyourbest.Savingwaterisve

3、ryimportantforus.Therewillbefewerfreshwaterinthefuture.Wemustavoidanychanceofwastingwater.Weneedtobecarefulandsavealittlebitofwaterforyears.Aswesee,wateristhesourceoflife.Butthereisverylimitedavailablewaterresourcesinourworld.Soweshouldntwasteit.Ofcourse,wehavetouseittodrink,cook,wash,cleanandsoon.I

4、fwedontstopwastingwater,thelastwaterinourworldwillbeatear.2、(我的幸福家庭介紹家人家庭)iIhaveahappyfamily.Althoughitssmall,itsfulloflove.Therearefourpeoplenmyfamily,myfather,mymother,myeldersisterandmyself.Weallloveeachother.Myfatherisadoctor.Heloveshiswork.Everydayheworksfromdawntodark.Inhissparetime,helikesrea

5、dingandwritingbooks.Mymotherisateacher.Sheisverystrictwithherstudentsbutkindtothem.Everydayshegoestoworkearly.Sheisnotonlyateacherbutalsoafiendtothestudents.Mysisterisashopkeeperandshelikeherwork.Imamiddleschoolstudent.Mywishistobeauniversitystudent.Andmyparentsoftenencouragemetoworkhard.Iwilltrymyb

6、esttorealizemydream.3、(Welcometo2010ShanghaiExpo世博會(huì)我的世博會(huì))Shanghaiisaverybeautifulcity.DoyouknowtheExpoinShanghai?ItisverygreatforeveryChinesepeople.InShanghai,wecanseemanyforeigners.Manypeoplevolunteertohelpthem.ExpobecamethemostimportantthingsinChina.Wewilltryourbesttowelcometheforeignersandhelpthe

7、people.Asamiddleschoolstudent,wecannotbecomevolunteersinShanghai,butwewillalwayscareaboutthenewsaboutShanghaiExpo.IfIwereavolunteer,IwouldtrymybesttomakecontributionforShanghai,theShanghaiExpoletusknowourcountryarebecomingstrongerandstronger.NowwewillstudybetterdaybydaytomakecontributionforChina.Ifo

8、urdreamswillcometrue,WethinkwecanletChinamoreandmorebeautifulinthefuture.4.MyDream你將來(lái)的打算、計(jì)劃、夢(mèng)想(工作)Yesterday,wehadadiscussion.thetopicis:Whatismydream?Everyonehashisdream.Somewanttobeteachers,otherswanttobescientists.Mydreamistobecomeadoctor.Myfriendsaskedmewhy.Itoldthemmystory.WhenIwasasmallboy,Iwas

9、veryweak.OnceIwasterriblyill,Ihadahighfever.Myparentssentmetothehospital,butthedoctorscoulddonothingforme,thenmyparentsheardtherewasaverygooddoctorinanothertown,theytookmethere.Iwassaved.Agooddoctorcansavepeopleslives.FromthenonIdecidedtobecomeadoctor.Iknowitisnoteasytobeadoctor.ButIamdeterminedtost

10、udyhard.Iamsuremydreamwillcometrue.5.保護(hù)環(huán)境Goodenvironmentcanmakepeoplefeelhappyandfit.Toimprovetheenvironmentmeanstoimproveourlife.Weshouldplantmoretreesandflowersaroundus.Weshouldntcutthemdown.Weshouldstopfactoriesfrompouringwastewaterintotheriverandwastegasintotheair.Wheneverweseelitterontheground,

11、weshouldpickitupandthrowitintodustbins.Neverspitinpublic.學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載Dontdrawonpublicwalls.Itsourdutytoprotecttheenvironment.6.我（最）喜歡的故事Ihavejustreadaninterestingstoryaboutcolors.Allcolorsthoughttheywerethebestandmostbeautiful,sotheyargued.Greensaidhewasthesignoflife.Redsaidhewasthecolorofblood.Theirvoi

12、cesbecamelouderandlouder.Rainstoppedthemandaskedthemtojoinhands.Theyfollowedrainandmadethemostbeautifulrainbow.Ilikethisstory,becausewesometimesthinktoomuchofourselves.Butifwecanjoinhandsanddosomethingtogether,wecandobetter.Weshouldbelievethatunityispower.7.我（最）難忘的一件事OnedayMomsaidtome“Iloveyou,son”,

13、Iwasveryhappythatdayandwenttoschool.At6oclockintheafternoon,Iwentbackhome.Dadwasalsobackandtherewasabigcakeonthetable.Iaskedhim“whythereisacake?CanIeatit?”DadansweredNo.Momshouldeatfirst.“Why?”Iaskedagain.“becauseitsyourmomsbirthday”,thenIrememberedmomsaid“Iloveyou”tomeinthemorning.,itwasmomsbirthda

14、y,butIdidntknowthat,andshesaid“Iloveyou”tome.8.HowtolearnEnglishwell?你怎樣學(xué)英語(yǔ)的？怎樣學(xué)好英語(yǔ)？IhavesomedifficultiesinlearningEnglish.IcantmemorizenewwordsandIcannotalwaysunderstandwhenpeopletalktome.Ifindthemostdifficultthingislearninggrammarrules.IthinkIshouldtrymybesttolearnEnglish.First,Idecidetolistentoth

15、eEnglishprogramsontheradioorTVasoftenaspossible.Then,IwillreadEnglishloudlyfortenminutesaday.Also,IamgoingtoreadEnglishnewspaperandmagazines.Besides,ifIhaveanyproblemingrammar,Iwillaskmyteacherandclassmatesforhelpatonce.9.關(guān)愛(ài)他人關(guān)心他人奉獻(xiàn)愛(ài)心Ifwegivelovetoothers.Inourlife,loveiseverywhere.NowIamamiddleschoo

16、lstudent,Iamasunshineboy.OncewhenIwas12yearsold,Iwaswalkingtoschool,“Iloveyou,myson”.mymothersaidtomewithasmile.Iwasveryhappytoschool.Andafterschool,Igothome,Iamverysurprisedtoseeabirthdaycake.“Itsforme?”Iasked.“Yes”,myfatheransweredhappily,andIreceivedmanygiftsfrommyfriends,Iwasveryhappythatday.Ire

17、ceivednotonlygifts,butlove.Lifeisbeautifulforeveryone,andeveryoneneedscareandhelp,weshouldcareeachotherandhelpeachother.Ifwegivealittlelovetoothers,theworldwillbecomebetterandbetter,andourlifewillbefullofsunshine.二、時(shí)態(tài)對(duì)比1.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成：amisare+v+ing.助動(dòng)詞be的形式要根據(jù)主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)來(lái)決定?，F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志：Look!Listen!Now等詞現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本

18、用法：a.表示現(xiàn)在(指說(shuō)話人說(shuō)話時(shí))正在發(fā)生的事情或當(dāng)前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的活動(dòng)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如：Imdoingmyhomeworknow.TheyarewatchingTV.b.表示長(zhǎng)期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作，說(shuō)話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。如：Mr.Greeniswritinganothernovel(小說(shuō)).(說(shuō)話時(shí)并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。)動(dòng)詞-ing的變化規(guī)則：1）一般情況直接加-ing。playplayinglooklookinggogoing2）以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾，去e加ing。writewritingtaketakingcloseclosing3）重讀閉音節(jié)，雙寫末尾的字母，再加ing。

19、swimswimmingputputtingrunrunningshopshoppinggetgettingstepsteppingtraveltravellingstopstopping練習(xí):用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1）.Look!Thegrandma_(run)afterthegrandson.2）.Listen!Thestudents_(sing)anEnglishsong.3）.Dontgoout.It_(rain)hardnow.學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載4）.Thechildren_(notlisten)tothemusicnow.2.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的構(gòu)成：be(is,are,am,are)、h

20、ave(has)，第三人稱單數(shù)在動(dòng)詞原形后加-s或-es構(gòu)成外，其他一律用動(dòng)詞原形一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的標(biāo)志：everyday,usually,often,always,sometimes.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法:1)經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。2)客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。3)表示格言或警句中。4)現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。動(dòng)詞變第三人稱單數(shù)變化：1）一般情況在詞尾加-s2）以字母s,x,ch,sh,o結(jié)尾加-es3）以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，先變y為i再加es4）不規(guī)則變化：have(has)練習(xí)（用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空）：1）.There_(be)arulerandf

21、ourpencilsinthebox.2）.There_(be)fourpencilsandarulerinthebox.3）.She_(have)blackhair.4）.DoesPeter_(love)thenewschool?5）.Dotheirparentsusually_(visit)China?6）.Myaunt_(notlike)musicinhersparetime.3一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法：1）.表示在確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。2）.表示在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。一般過(guò)去時(shí)的標(biāo)志：yesterday,yestedayevening,twoweeksag

22、o,lastweek,in1995等。動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式的規(guī)則變化：1）一般情況直接+ed如：work-workedplay-played2）以e結(jié)尾的詞只加-d如：live-liveddance-danced3）以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的詞，變y為i再加-ed如：study-studied4)以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，且末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的詞，先將這個(gè)字母雙寫，再加-ed.如：stop-stoppedplan-planned5）不規(guī)則變化（與過(guò)去分詞附后）1）.When_you_(have)breakfastyesterday?2）.There_(be)threebottlesoforangeonthede

23、skamomentago.3）.Where(do)yougojustnow?4）.WhenIwasachild,Ioften(play)footballinthestreet.4現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法：表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去某個(gè)不確定的時(shí)間，但對(duì)現(xiàn)在留下了某種影響和結(jié)果。常被just、already、yet等副詞修飾。如：-Haveyouhadlunchyet?-Yes,Ihave.Ivejusthadit.你（已經(jīng)）吃午飯了嗎？我剛剛吃過(guò)。（現(xiàn)在我不餓了）表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能剛停止，可能仍然在進(jìn)行。常帶有for和since等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)。如：Hehast

24、aughtheresince1981他自1981年就在這兒教書。（可能還要繼續(xù)教）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成：have/has+過(guò)去分詞注意：1）.英語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞按照動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短可以分為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞.前者包括keep,lie,live,read,sleep,stand,stand,stay,wait,walk,work等。后者包括arrive,begin,borrow,buy,close,come,getto,go,put,open,reach等。2）.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子中,當(dāng)出現(xiàn)表示“一段時(shí)間”的狀語(yǔ)時(shí),如forthreeyears,inthepastthreeyears,since20

25、05,謂語(yǔ)只能是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞.如：Shehasworkedinthatfactoryforfiveyears.HehaslivedinShenzhensince2002.3）.非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成.它不能跟段時(shí)間.但它的否定式可以跟段時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載間狀語(yǔ)連用.如：Hehasborrowedapenfromme.4）.havehasbeen(to)與havehasgone(to)的區(qū)別：havehasbeen(to)表示“去過(guò)某地（現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來(lái)了）”，可用于各人稱；havehasgone(to)表示“去某地了（說(shuō)話時(shí)某人不在當(dāng)?shù)兀?，常用于第三人稱，前者可與once,n

26、ever,severaltimes等連用，后者則不能。如：TheyhavebeentoBeijingtwice.他們?nèi)ミ^(guò)北京兩次。HehasgonetoBeijing.他去北京了。5）.如單純表示一段時(shí)間，或強(qiáng)調(diào)一段時(shí)間，雖有since一詞，也不必用完成時(shí)。如：Itistwoyearssincehisfatherdied.：=Hisfatherhasbeendeadfortwoyears.他父親去世已有三年了。動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞的規(guī)則變化與過(guò)去式同，不規(guī)則變化（與過(guò)去式見后）原型過(guò)去式過(guò)去分詞A-A-A型：costcostcost花費(fèi)cutcutcut割，切hithithit打letletlet讓p

27、utputput放下readreadread讀hurthurthurt傷A-A-B型：beatbeatbeaten打A-B-A型：comecamecome來(lái)becomebecamebecome變r(jià)unranrun跑A-B-B型：burnburntburnt燃燒learnlearned/learntlearned/learnt學(xué)習(xí)meanmeantmeant意思hearheardheard聽見buildbuiltbuilt建筑lendlentlent借給loselostlost失去sendsentsent送spendspentspent花費(fèi)paypaidpaid付saysaidsaid說(shuō)brin

28、gbroughtbrought帶來(lái)buyboughtbought買thinkthoughtthought想sleepsleptslept睡keepkeptkept保持sweepsweptswept掃standstoodstood站understandunderstoodunderstood明白winwonwon獲勝shineshone/shinedshone/shined發(fā)光catchcaughtcaught抓住teachtaughttaught教feelfeltfelt覺(jué)得fightfoughtfought戰(zhàn)斗findfoundfound發(fā)現(xiàn)getgotgot得到havehadhad有hol

29、dheldheld盛，握l(shuí)eaveleftleft離開makemademade制造meetmetmet遇見sellsoldsold賣shootshotshot射擊telltoldtold告訴smellsmelt/smelledsmelt/smelled嗅，聞sitsatsat坐digdugdug挖A-B-C型：eatateeaten吃fallfellfallen落下stealstolestolen偷givegavegiven給freezefrozefrozen凍結(jié)taketooktaken拿seesawseen看見writewrotewritten寫rideroderidden騎drivedr

30、ovedriven駕駛throwthrewthrown拋，扔blowblewblown吹growgrewgrown生長(zhǎng)knowknewknown知道flyflewflown飛drawdrewdrawn拉，繪畫showshowedshown展示speakspokespoken說(shuō)話breakbrokebroken破碎，折斷wakewaked/wokewaked/waken醒choosechosechosen選擇forgetforgotforgotten忘記beginbeganbegun開始ringrangrung按鈴singsangsung唱sinksanksunk沉swimswamswum游泳d

31、rinkdrankdrunk飲wearworeworn穿dodiddone做gowentgone去其他：be(am,is)wasbeen是be(are)werebeen是注意：lielaylain躺laylaidlaid下蛋hanghunghung懸掛hanghangedhanged絞死，三、形容詞、副詞的比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)規(guī)則變化：1）.在詞尾直接加er或est，例如，tall-taller-tallest，long-longer-longest2）.以不發(fā)音的字母e結(jié)尾的單詞在詞尾直接加r或st，例如，nice-nicer-nicest3）.以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的詞，把y變?yōu)閕，再加er或est

32、，例如，heavy-heavier-heaviest學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載4）.重讀閉音節(jié)，末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母，雙寫這個(gè)輔音字母，再加er或est，例如，big-bigger-biggestfat-fatter-fattestthin-thinner-thinnest.5）部分雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞分別在原級(jí)前加more構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和most構(gòu)成最高級(jí)，例如，slowly-moreslowly-mostslowly；beautifulmorebeautifulmostbeautiful不規(guī)則變化:原級(jí)比較級(jí)最高級(jí)good(好的)well(健康的)bad(壞的)badly(壞地)ill(有病的)old(老

33、的)much/many(多的)little(少的)far(遠(yuǎn)的)betterworseolder/eldermorelessfarther/furtherbestworstoldest/eldestmostleastfarthest/furthest四、可數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)的幾種形式：1)一般可數(shù)名詞加s:students,apples,bags,trees,books,brothers.2)以s、x、sh、ch結(jié)尾的名詞加es:glasses,boxes,brushes,matches.3)以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加es:cities,babies,enemies.4)以f或fe結(jié)尾的名

34、詞，多數(shù)變f為v加es:wives,knives.但有些詞只加s:roofs,proofs,chiefs.5)以o結(jié)尾的名詞，有些加es:Negroes,heroes,tomatoes,potatoes.其他加s:radios,zoos,pianos,photos.6)某些外來(lái)詞變復(fù)數(shù)：analysisanalyses,basisbases,crisiscrises7復(fù)合名詞變復(fù)數(shù)：以不可數(shù)名詞結(jié)尾的復(fù)合名詞無(wú)復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：homework.以man或woman等為前綴的復(fù)合名詞變復(fù)數(shù)，前后兩個(gè)名詞都變復(fù)數(shù)，如：manservantmenervants,girlstudentgirlstude

35、nts.其它復(fù)合名詞變復(fù)數(shù)：grownupgrownups,brotherinlawbrothersinlaw,standbystandsby.不規(guī)則變化：footfeet,goosegeese,toothteeth,childchildren,manmen,womanwomen,EnglishmanEnglishmen,sheepsheep,deerdeer,mousemice,ChineseChinese,sheepsheep,deerdeer,crisiscrises危機(jī),basisbases基礎(chǔ)不同國(guó)籍人的單復(fù)數(shù)國(guó)家語(yǔ)言國(guó)籍人（單數(shù)）國(guó)籍人（復(fù)數(shù)）China中國(guó)Japan日本Chine

36、se漢語(yǔ)Japanese日語(yǔ)aChineseaJapanesetwoChinesetwoJapaneseAustralia澳大利亞AustraliananAustraliantwoAustraliansRussia俄國(guó)Italy意大利America美國(guó)India印度Canada加拿大Germany德國(guó)England英國(guó)France法國(guó)Russian俄語(yǔ)Italian意大利語(yǔ)American美語(yǔ)IndianCanadianGerman德語(yǔ)English英語(yǔ)French法語(yǔ)aRussiananItaliananAmericananIndianaCanadianaGermansanEnglishma

37、naFrenchmantwoRussianstwoItalianstwoAmericanstwoIndianstwoCanadianstwoGermanstwoEnglishmentwoFrenchmen人稱代詞學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載五、代詞物主代詞人稱數(shù)主格賓格形容性名詞性反身代詞物主代詞物主代詞第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)Iweyouyouhesheittheymeusyouyouhimheritthemmyouryouryourhisheritstheirmineoursyoursyourshishersitstheirsmyselfourselvesyourselfyou

38、rselveshimselfherselfitselfthemselves六、英語(yǔ)中的兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)幾種常用時(shí)態(tài)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)構(gòu)成：1）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)構(gòu)成：am/is/are或?qū)嵙x動(dòng)詞2)一般過(guò)去時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)構(gòu)成：was/were或過(guò)去式3)一般將來(lái)時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)構(gòu)成：will/shall+動(dòng)原4)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)構(gòu)成：is/am/are+v+ing5)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)構(gòu)成：were/was+v+ing5)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)構(gòu)成：have/has+P.P（過(guò)分）6)過(guò)去完成時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)構(gòu)成：had+P.P（過(guò)分）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)構(gòu)成：be+P.P（過(guò)分）1）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：am/is/ar

39、e+P.P（過(guò)分）2)一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：was/were+P.P（過(guò)分）3)一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：will+be+p.p（過(guò)分）4)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：is/am/are+being+P.P（過(guò)分）5)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：were/was+being+P.P（過(guò)分）5)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：have/has+been+P.P（過(guò)分）6)過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：had+been+P.P（過(guò)分）7)含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+P.P（過(guò)分）七、定語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句，定語(yǔ)從句在句中做定語(yǔ)，修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句通常出

40、現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞）引出。1.在定語(yǔ)從句中，當(dāng)先行詞是物，關(guān)系詞用whichthat;當(dāng)先行詞是人，關(guān)系詞用whothat。如：ThebookwhichIamreadingiswrittenbyTomasHardy.Thisisthesoldierwhosavedtheboyslife.2.關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。1）關(guān)系詞who,whom,that在從句中起主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)的作用，代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞。如：Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawy

41、esterday.2)Whose用來(lái)指人或物，(只用作定語(yǔ),若指物，它還可以同ofwhich互換）。如：Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.Pleasepassmethebookwhose(ofwhich)coverisgreen.請(qǐng)遞給我那本綠皮的書3）which,that它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等。如：Thepackage(which/that)youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.你拿的包快散了。2.關(guān)系副詞when,where,why等引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,關(guān)系

42、副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載名詞，在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。關(guān)系副詞的含義相當(dāng)于介詞+which結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和介詞+which結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用，如：Thereareoccasionswhen(onwhich)onemustyield.任何人都有不得不屈服的時(shí)候。Beijingistheplacewhere(inwhich)Iwasborn.北京是我的出生地。3.只能用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的幾種情況1)先行詞是不定代詞all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything等.2)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾時(shí)。3）先行詞被all,any,

43、every,each,few,little,no,some等修飾。5）先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。6）當(dāng)句中已有who時(shí)，為避免重復(fù)。7）用作關(guān)系代詞，修飾表示時(shí)間的名詞，如day,time,moment等，代替when.8)如有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系詞已用過(guò)，則另一個(gè)用that.練習(xí)：選擇填空1.Healthisthething_makesyoufullofenergy.A.whoB.thatC.howD.why分析：先行詞thething(物)，關(guān)系詞用thatwhich，答案為A.2.Thebook,thecover_isbroken,isnotmine.A.ofitBforCwhoseD

44、ofwhich分析：答案是D。先行詞thebook代入從句應(yīng)該是thecoverofthebookisbroken.相當(dāng)于whosecover。3.ThisisMr.Smith,_Ithinkhassomethinginterestingtotellyou.A.whoBwhomC.thatD.x分析：先行詞Mr.Smith(人)，關(guān)系詞用whowhom，而Ithink為插入語(yǔ)，先去掉，ThisisMr.Smith,_hassomethinginterestingtotellyou。所以答案為A.4.Who_hasseentheTVfilmdoesntadmireit?A.thatBwhoCwh

45、ichDas分析：先行詞是who，指人，可為了避免重復(fù)，不用who，而用能指代人的that。答案是A。5.Thisisthelasttime_Ishallgiveyoualesson.A.whenBthatCwhichDinwhich分析：答案是B。這里的time不指時(shí)間，而是次數(shù)。所以用that引導(dǎo)。八、賓語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞的使用:1.當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句由陳述句變化而來(lái)時(shí)，用that來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句，that常無(wú)具體意義，一般可省略。LinTaothought（that）theTVplaywasveryboring.2.當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句是由一般疑問(wèn)句變化而來(lái)時(shí)，要用if或whether來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句。一般情況下i

46、f或whether可互換。LetmeknowwhetherifhewillcomeornotDavidaskedhismotherif/whethershelikedthedinnerlastnight.但以下三種情況只能用whether。在不定式前whethergothereornothasntbeendecided.在介詞后Itdependsonwhetheritisgoingtorain.與ornot連用Theyaretalkingwhethergogothereornot.3.當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句是由特殊疑問(wèn)句變化而來(lái)時(shí)，原句中的疑問(wèn)詞充當(dāng)連接代詞（如who，whose，what，which）或

47、連接副詞（如when，where，why，how），引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。如：Doyouknowwhatwecandoontheisland？IdontknowwhyJanewaslateforschoolthismorning.學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載賓語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)序:賓語(yǔ)從句一般要用陳述句語(yǔ)序。如：Whendidheleave？Iwanttoknow.Iwanttoknowwhenheleft.Doestheshopcloseatsixeveryday？Doyouknow？Doyouknowif/whethertheshopclosesatsixeveryday？賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng):1.如果主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、

48、一般將來(lái)時(shí)或祈使句時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句可根據(jù)情況使用各種時(shí)態(tài)。Ihearsheisheretoday（shewashereyesterday/shewillbeheretomorrow.）2.如果主句是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)使用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的某種形式，變化如下：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)（變?yōu)椋┮话氵^(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)（變?yōu)椋┻^(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)（變?yōu)椋┻^(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)一般將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)（變?yōu)椋┻^(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)如：HesaidhewaswatchingTV（hehadsweptthefloor/hewouldplayfootballafterschool）。3.如賓語(yǔ)從句所敘述的是客觀事實(shí)、自然現(xiàn)象或科學(xué)真理等，從句不受主句時(shí)態(tài)

49、限制，仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如：Ourteachertoldusthatlighttravelsfasterthansound.練習(xí)：選擇填空1.Idontknow_hewillcometomorrow._hecomes,IlltellyouA.if;WhetherB.whether;WhetherC.if;ThatD.if;If2.Iwanttoknow_.A.whomisshelookingafterB.whomsheislookingC.whomisshelookingD.whomsheislookingafter3.Didyouknow_?A.whohewaslookingafterB.w

50、howashelookingforC.whoheislookingforD.whoheislookingafter4.Idontknow_.Canyoutellme,please?A.howthetwoplayersareoldB.howoldarethetwoplayersC.thetwoplayersarehowoldD.howoldthetwoplayersare5.Icantunderstand_.A.whatdoesChristmasmeanB.whatChristmasdoesmeanC.whatmeanChristmasdoesD.whatChristmasmeans九、反意疑問(wèn)

51、句反意疑問(wèn)句定義:反意疑問(wèn)句即附加疑問(wèn)句。表示提問(wèn)人沒(méi)有把握,需要對(duì)方證實(shí)。反意疑問(wèn)句構(gòu)成:由“陳述句+附加疑問(wèn)句”兩部分構(gòu)成。一般有兩種形式：前肯后否或前否后肯。1前肯后否，后部分由“助動(dòng)詞be動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞not前部分主語(yǔ)代詞”譯為“不是嗎？”回答方法與一般疑問(wèn)句一樣，譯文相同。如：Shewasillyesterday,wasntshe?Hecanrideabike,canthe?注意：（1）兩部分的人稱時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)保持一致。（2）前部分肯定句中有助動(dòng)詞be動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，后部分也要使用助動(dòng)詞be動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)，找出助動(dòng)詞dodoes或did.（3）前部分主語(yǔ)代詞是thereb

52、e句型，主語(yǔ)為there.前部分主語(yǔ)代詞是指人的不定代詞everybody,anyone,somebody,nobody,noone等，疑問(wèn)部分常用復(fù)數(shù)they，有時(shí)也用單數(shù)he。前部分主語(yǔ)代詞是指物的不定代詞everything,nothing,this,疑問(wèn)部分主語(yǔ)用it。學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載Thereissomethingwrongwithyourwatch,isntthere?Therewillsometrouble,wontthere?Everyoneknowstheanswer,dontthey?Everythingisready,isntit?2前否后肯,后部分由“助動(dòng)詞be動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞前部分主語(yǔ)代詞”譯為“是嗎？”回答方法與一般疑問(wèn)句，譯文相反。Youdidntgo,didyou?Yes,Idid.（不，我去了。）No,Ididnt.（是的，我沒(méi)去。）注意：確定前部分為否定的方法。（1）謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)中有否定副詞no，not,never，seldom,hardly等。（2）名詞前有表示否定的adj,few，little修飾。（3）主語(yǔ)