中學英語-非謂語動詞基本內(nèi)容-講解

1、非謂語動詞非謂語動詞是指在句子中不是謂語的動詞，主要包括不定式、動名詞和分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞），即動詞的 非謂語形式。非謂語動詞除了不能獨立作謂語外，可以承當句子的其他成分。非謂語動詞也是動詞的一種，他們有 著動詞的其他特點，可以充當主語、賓語、狀語等。非謂語動詞與謂語動詞是相對的概念。動詞不定式動詞不定式：（t。）4-do,具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特征。否認式：not + （to） do不定式的句法功能：.作主語：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.十分鐘之內(nèi)完成這項工作是很難的。To lose your heart means

2、failure.灰心意味著失敗。.作表語：Her job is to clean the hall.她的工作是清掃大廳。He appears to have caught a cold.他似乎感冒了。.作賓語：常與不定式做賓語連用的動詞有：want,hope,wish,offer,fail,planJearn,pretendjefuse,manage,help,agree,promise,prefer,如果不定式（賓語）后面有 賓語補足語，那么用it作形式賓語，真正的賓語（不定式）后置，放在賓語補足語后面，例如：Marx found it important to study the situ

3、ation in Russia.馬克思發(fā)現(xiàn)研究俄國的情況是很重要的。.作賓語補足語：With a lot of work to do, he didnt go to the cinema.作定語:動詞不定式作定語，放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后。I have a meeting to attend. He is the first to get here.作狀語：表目的：He worked day and night to get the money.表結(jié)果（往往是與預期愿望相反的結(jié)果意料之外）：常放在never only后He arrived late only to find the train

4、 had gone.他來晚了，只見火車已經(jīng)走了。I visited him only to find him out.我去拜訪他，只見他出去了。表原因：常放在形容詞后面They were very sad to hear the news.不定式的省略：保存to省略do動詞。If you dont want to do it, you dont need to.以do為例，動詞不定式的構(gòu)成如下：. 一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生或發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之后.例如：Its nice to meet you,很高興見到你。He seems to know a lot.他看起來

5、懂得很多。He wants to be an artist他想成為一個藝術(shù)家。.進行式：不定式的進行式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生，例如：The boy pretended to be working hard.男孩假裝工作得很努力。He seems to be reading in his room.看起來他正在他的房間里面讀書。.完成式：不定式的完成式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之前，例如：I happened to have seen the film.我偶然看過這部電影。He is pleased to have met his friend.他很高興能遇上他的朋友。動名詞： 動

6、名詞既具有動詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的句法功能。一般式一、一、. doingbeing done（謂語動詞同時發(fā)生）完成式, 、/having done having been done（謂語動詞發(fā)生之前）”動名詞的形式：Ving否認式：not +動名詞. 一般式：Seeing is believing.眼見為實。.被動式：He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀請就來到了晚會。.完成式:We remembered having seen the film.我們記得看過這部電影。.完成被動式：He forgot having been ta

7、ken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.他忘記五歲時曾被帶到廣州去過。.否認式：not +動名詞I regret not following his advice.我后悔沒聽他的勸告。.復合結(jié)構(gòu)：動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)有四種形式：；名詞+動名詞名詞&+動名詞；形容詞性物主代詞+動名詞；.代詞賓格+動名詞I hate Tom being late. I hate Toms being late. I hate his being late. I hate him being late.Tom5s being late made me angry. His

8、 being late made me angry.動名詞的句法功能：（1）作主語：Reading aloud is very helpful.朗讀是很有好處的。.作表語：In the ant city,the queens job is laying eggs.作賓語：They havent finished building the dam.他們還沒有建好大壩。We have to prevent the air from being polluted.作定語：He cant walk without a waking-stick.他沒有拐杖不能走路。Is there a swimming

9、 pool in your school?你們學校有游泳池嗎？現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞：現(xiàn)在分詞既具有動詞的一些特征，又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能。現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能：1 .作定語：現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，當分詞單獨做定語時，放在所修飾的名詞前；如果是分詞短語做定語 放在名詞后。In the following years he worked even harder.在后來的幾年中，他學習更努力了。The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father.(2)現(xiàn)在分詞作表語：The film being shown in the cinema is exc

10、iting.正在這家上演的電影很棒。The present situation is inspiring.當前的形勢鼓舞人心。be + doing既可能表示現(xiàn)在進行時，也可能是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語，它們的區(qū)別在于be + doing表示進行的 動作是進行時，而表示特征時是系動詞be與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。.作賓語補足語：如下動詞后可跟現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語：see,watch,hear,feel,find,get,keep,notice,observe,listen to,look at,leave,catch 等。 例如：Can you hear her singing the song in th

11、e next room?你能聽見她在隔壁唱歌嗎?He kept the car waiting at the gate,他讓小汽車在門口 等著。.現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語：作時間狀語：(While) Working in the factory,he was an advanced worker.在工廠工作時，他是一名先進工人。作原因狀語：Being a League member,he is always helping others.由于是共青團員，他經(jīng)常幫助他人。作方式狀語，表示伴隨：He stayed at home,cleaning and washing.他呆在家里，又擦又洗。作條件狀語：(

12、If) Playing all day,you will waste your valuable time.作結(jié)果狀語：He dropped the glass,breaking it into pieces.他把杯子掉了，結(jié)果摔得粉碎。作目的狀語：He went swimming the other day.幾天前他去游泳了。作讓步狀語：Though raining heavily,it cleared up very soon.過去分詞過去分詞只有一種形式：規(guī)那么動詞由動詞原形加詞尾-ed構(gòu)成。.過去分詞作定語：Our class went on an organized trip las

13、t Monday.上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。Those selected as committee members will attend the meeting.中選為委員的人將出席這次會。.過去分詞作表語：The window is broken.窗戶破了。They were frightened at the sad sight.他們對眼前悲慘的景象感至ij很害怕。注意：be+過去分詞，如果表示狀態(tài)是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，如果表示被動的動作是被動語態(tài)。區(qū)別：The window is broken.(系表)The window was broken by the boy.(被動).過去分詞

14、作賓語補足語：I heard the song sung several times last week.有時過去分詞做with短語中的賓語補足語：With the work done, they went out to play.過去分詞作狀語：Praised by the neighbours,he became the pride of his parents.受到鄰居們的表揚，他成為父母的驕傲。（表示原因）Once seen,it can never be forgotten.一旦它被看見，人們就忘不了。（表示時間）Given more time,Ill be able to do i

15、t better.如果給予更多的時間，我能做得更好。（表示條件）Though told of the danger,he still risked his life to save the boy.與謂語動詞比擬1.相同點.如果是及物動詞都可與賓語連用，例如：They built a garden.They suggested building a garden.都可以被狀語修飾：The suit fits him very well.The suit used to fit him very well.都有主動與被動，“體”式（一般式；進行式；完成式）的變化。例如：He was punish

16、ed by his parents.（謂語動詞被動語態(tài)）He avoided being punished by his parents.（動名詞的被動式）We have written the composition.（謂語動詞的完成時）Having written the composition,we handed it in.（現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式）.都可以有邏輯主語They started the work at once.（謂語動詞的邏輯主語）The boss ordered them to start the work.（動詞不定式的邏輯主語）We are League members.（謂語動詞的主語）We being League member,the work was well done.（現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語）（5）否認式一般用not,并且放在非謂語動詞之前2 .不同點.非謂語動詞可以有名詞作用（如動詞不定式和動名詞），在句中做主語、賓語、表語。.非謂語動詞可以有形容詞作用（如動詞不定式和分詞），在句中做定語、表語或賓語補足語。.非謂語動詞可以有副詞作用（如動詞不定式和分詞），在句中作狀語。.謂語動詞在句中作謂語，受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制；非謂語動詞在句中不能單獨作謂語，它不受主語的人稱 和數(shù)的限制。（5）英語中不能單獨做句子的