gre315課件及講義填空session

1、 GRE文章填空GRE Text Completion 315Session 1 Tautology Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 Tautology廣義對(duì)應(yīng)同義重復(fù)Tautology解題原則Cracking Mechanism廣義對(duì)應(yīng)邏輯一：分號(hào)與冒號(hào)邏輯二：狀語(yǔ)修飾邏輯三：定語(yǔ)從句專題訓(xùn)練1廣義對(duì)應(yīng)Logic CounterpartETS在新GRE填空中所采用的出題和解題原則有且只有一個(gè):邏輯對(duì)應(yīng)。Tautology同義重復(fù)是填空中最基本的出題和解題原則。簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō), 同義重復(fù)就是把說(shuō)過(guò)的話, 用另一種方式再說(shuō)一遍(順序重復(fù)/解釋說(shuō)明/正話反說(shuō)), 但句子

2、的核心邏輯保持不變。General Counterpart在新GRE填空中, 邏輯對(duì)應(yīng)的范圍并不是絕對(duì)的, 它更多地體現(xiàn)相對(duì)的概念, 即正向評(píng)價(jià)的邏輯對(duì)應(yīng)不一定只有正向評(píng)價(jià)或者反向評(píng)價(jià), 還可能是有保留的評(píng)價(jià), 中立評(píng)價(jià)等。所以, 我們又把這種對(duì)應(yīng)稱作廣義邏輯對(duì)應(yīng)。 Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 Tautology TautologyGeneral Counterpart點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)對(duì)應(yīng)的邏輯點(diǎn)相同或相近Group 1Group 2friendlybeautifulsorrowfulloftymalicespeciouskindcomelysadsublimesp

3、iteplausible Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 TautologyGeneral Counterpart區(qū)域?qū)?yīng)對(duì)應(yīng)的邏輯在區(qū)域上保持一致Group 1Group 2decreasedeclinediminishlackdepletedebilitatestop Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 Tautology邏輯一分號(hào)與冒號(hào)Signal 1在題干中出現(xiàn)分號(hào)，并且該分號(hào)前后連接2個(gè)獨(dú)立句子，或一個(gè)句子 + 一個(gè)短語(yǔ)StructureA; B.A: B.Signal 2在題干中出現(xiàn)冒號(hào)，并且該冒號(hào)前后連接2個(gè)獨(dú)立句子

4、，或一個(gè)句子 + 一個(gè)短語(yǔ)MechanismA 與 B 構(gòu)成同義重復(fù)Signal 3冒號(hào)和分號(hào)后不存在能夠改變句子邏輯方向的轉(zhuǎn)折詞Transitionhowever/ nevertheless/on the contrary, in contrast/conversely Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 Tautology邏輯一分號(hào)與冒號(hào)Signal 1A: B.MechanismPeter is honest: he always tells the truth when someone asks him to say something about the

5、 government.Signal 2A; B.MechanismPeter is bold; he usually discloses governmental secrets that most people have to withhold. Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 分號(hào)與冒號(hào)Mechanism DemonstrationSample 1AnalysisThat the books argument was _ became clear as soon as reviews appeared: there were holes, and rev

6、iewers delighted in pointing them out. wantingconvolutedunintelligiblepenetratingpellucid Session 1GRE Text Completion 315StructureA: B.Logic Counterpartholes & wanting核心邏輯: 這本書(shū)很爛。Translation當(dāng)開(kāi)始審查評(píng)論這本書(shū)時(shí),其論證方面的不足很清晰地暴露出來(lái): 書(shū)中有漏洞,評(píng)論家很高興地將它們一一指出。Word ClarificationMerriam-Websterwantingnot having all tha

7、t is needed or expected convolutedvery complicated and difficult to understand unintelligiblenot able to be understood;especially, not clear enough to be heard, read, etc. penetratinghelping people to understand something clearly and fully pellucidadmitting maximum passage of light without diffusion

8、 or distortion; easy to understand Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 分號(hào)與冒號(hào)Mechanism DemonstrationSample 2AnalysisThe Muses are _ deities: they avenge themselves without mercy on those who weary of their charms.ruefulingenuoussolicitousvindictivedispassionate Session 1GRE Text Completion 315StructureA

9、: B.Logic Counterpartavenge & vindictive核心邏輯: 繆斯的報(bào)復(fù)。Translation繆斯是復(fù)仇之神: 他們殘忍的報(bào)復(fù)那些已經(jīng)對(duì)他們的魅力產(chǎn)生審美疲勞的人。 分號(hào)與冒號(hào)Word ClarificationMerriam-Websterruefulshowing or feeling regret for something doneingenuousshowing innocent or childlike simplicity and candidnesssolicitousshowing concern or care for someones he

10、alth, happiness, etc.vindictivehaving or showing a desire to hurt someone who has hurt or caused problems for youdispassionatenot influenced or affected by emotions Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 分號(hào)與冒號(hào)Mechanism DemonstrationSample 3AnalysisWhat ismost important tothe monkeysin the sanctuaryisthatt

11、heyare a group;thisisso because primatesare inveterately _ and build their lives around each other.independentaloofinquisitivesocialproprietarygregarious Session 1GRE Text Completion 315StructureA; B.Logic CounterpartGroup, build lives around each other & social, gregarious核心邏輯: 猴子是群居動(dòng)物。Translation對(duì)

12、保護(hù)區(qū)的猴子來(lái)說(shuō)十分重要的是它們是一個(gè)群體;它們之所以如此是因?yàn)殪`長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物是根深蒂固的群居動(dòng)物, 并和其他個(gè)體一起生活。 分號(hào)與冒號(hào)Word ClarificationMerriam-Websterindependentnot subject to control by others; not determined by or capable of being deduced or derived from or expressed in terms of membersaloofnot involved with or friendly toward other people; not in

13、volved in or influenced by somethinginquisitivetending to ask questions : having a desire to know or learn moresocialliving and breeding in more or less organized communities proprietaryused, made, or sold only by the particular person or company that has the legal right to do sogregariousenjoying t

14、he company of other people; tending to live in groups Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 分號(hào)與冒號(hào)Mechanism DemonstrationSample 4AnalysisA misconception frequently held by novice writers is that sentence structure mirrors thought: the more convoluted the structure, the more _ the ideas. complicatedinconse

15、quentialelementaryfancifulblatantinvolved Session 1GRE Text Completion 315StructureA: B.Logic Counterpartstructure mirrors thought, convoluted& complicated, involved核心邏輯: 錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn): 結(jié)構(gòu)反映思想。Translation新手作家經(jīng)常持有的錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)是句子的結(jié)構(gòu)反映了思想: 結(jié)構(gòu)越復(fù)雜, 思想就越復(fù)雜。 分號(hào)與冒號(hào)Sample 4Extension錯(cuò)誤觀念: 句子結(jié)構(gòu)反映思想深度Case 1Case 2It must be a n

16、ew place that I have never been.Jack is a man who alwayscontributes a lot but requires few gains. Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 分號(hào)與冒號(hào)Word ClarificationMerriam-Webstercomplicatedconsisting of parts intricately combined; difficult to analyze, understand, or explaininconsequentialnot important eleme

17、ntarybasic and simple: involving the simplest parts of a subject fancifulcoming from the imagination; showing imagination: unusual and appealingblatantcompletely obvious,conspicuous, orobtrusiveespecially in a crass or offensive mannerinvolvedmarked by extreme and often needless or excessive complex

18、ity; difficult to deal with because of complexity or disorder; actively participating in something Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 分號(hào)與冒號(hào)Mechanism DemonstrationSample 5AnalysisThe attempt to breed suitable varieties of jojoba by using hybridization to (i) _ favorable traits was finally abandoned in

19、favor of a simpler and much faster (ii) _: the domestication of flourishing wild strains.Blank (i) Blank (ii)reinforce D. creationeliminate E. methodrelegate F. theory Session 1GRE Text Completion 315StructureA: B.Logic Counterpartsuitable varieties, the domestication of flourishing wild strains & r

20、einforce, method核心邏輯: 用更好的方法替代老方法。Translation通過(guò)雜交來(lái)加強(qiáng)有益品質(zhì)來(lái)培育合適的加州希蒙得木物種的企圖最終被放棄了, 讓位于更簡(jiǎn)單的并且更快的方式: 馴化繁茂的野生物種。 分號(hào)與冒號(hào)Word ClarificationMerriam-Websterhybridizeto cause to interbreed or combine so as to produce hybridstraita quality that makes one person or thing different from anotherreinforceto strengt

21、hen by additional assistance, material, or support: make stronger or more pronounced straina group of presumed common ancestry with clear-cut physiological but usually not morphological distinctionsrelegateto put (someone or something) in a lower or less important position, rank, etc. Session 1GRE T

22、ext Completion 315 分號(hào)與冒號(hào)Mechanism DemonstrationSample 6AnalysisThe primary criterion for (i) _ a school is its recent performance: critics are (ii) _ to extend credit for earlier victories.Blank (i) Blank (ii)A. investigating D. proneB. judging E. persuadedC. administering F. reluctant Session 1GRE

23、Text Completion 315StructureA: B.Logic Counterpartjudge recent performance & reluctant to earlier victories核心邏輯: 關(guān)注當(dāng)前表現(xiàn)。Translation評(píng)價(jià)一個(gè)學(xué)校的主要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是它近期的表現(xiàn)：評(píng)論家不愿意為學(xué)校早期的成就而給它們加分。 分號(hào)與冒號(hào)Word ClarificationMerriam-Webstercriterionsomething that is used as a reason for making a judgment or decisionreluctantfeel

24、ing or showing doubt about doing something : not willing or eager to do somethingpronelikely to do, have, or suffer from something Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 分號(hào)與冒號(hào)Mechanism DemonstrationSample 7AnalysisWhen people are happy, they tend to give (i) _ interpretations of events they witness: the e

25、ye of the beholder is (ii) _ by the emotions of the beholder.Blank (i) Blank (ii)charitable D. disquietedvague E. coloredcoherent F. sharpened Session 1GRE Text Completion 315StructureA: B.Logic Counterparthappy & charitablehappy, charitable & colored 核心邏輯: 人對(duì)事物的判斷會(huì)收到感情影響。Translation當(dāng)人們高興的時(shí)候，他們會(huì)對(duì)他們所

26、看到的事情給予仁慈的解釋：目擊者的眼睛會(huì)被他們的情感所扭曲。 分號(hào)與冒號(hào)Word ClarificationMerriam-Websterinterpretationthe act or result of explaining or interpreting something : the way something is explained or understoodcharitabledone or designed to help people who are poor, sick, etcvaguenot clear in meaning : stated in a way that

27、 is general and not specificcolorto change (someones ideas, opinion, attitude, etc.) in some waycoherentlogical and well-organized : easy to understand Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 分號(hào)與冒號(hào) Tautology邏輯二狀語(yǔ)修飾Signal 1在題干中出現(xiàn)介詞狀語(yǔ)，并修飾獨(dú)立句子StructureA (介詞 + 名詞短語(yǔ)), B (句子).A (形容詞 + to do sth.), B (句子).Signal

28、2在題干中出現(xiàn)形容詞狀語(yǔ)，修飾獨(dú)立句子MechanismA 與 B 構(gòu)成同義重復(fù)Signal 3介詞狀語(yǔ)或形容詞狀語(yǔ)的前置/插入語(yǔ)后置MechanismWith the development of the career, YM es a rich/successful man. Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 狀語(yǔ)修飾Mechanism DemonstrationSample 1AnalysisThe (i) _ costumes of Renaissance Italy, with their gold and silver embroidery and

29、figured brocades, were the antithesis of Spanish (ii) _, with its dark muted colors, plain short capes, and high collars edged with small ruffs. Blank (i) Blank (ii)unpretentious D. sobrietysumptuous E. obliquenessaustere F. informality Session 1GRE Text Completion 315StructureA, with B, C, with D.L

30、ogic Counterpartgold and silver & sumptuousdark muted colors, plain & sobriety 核心邏輯: 意大利服飾華貴, 西班牙服飾肅穆。Translation因?yàn)樗麄兊慕疸y刺繡和華麗的錦緞, 文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期意大利豪華奢侈的衣服與西班牙節(jié)制嚴(yán)肅的衣服對(duì)立, 因?yàn)槲靼嘌赖囊路泻谏撵o穆的顏色, 素短披肩和高領(lǐng)并配戴小領(lǐng)結(jié)。Word ClarificationMerriam-Websterunpretentiousnot having or showing the unpleasant quality of people who w

31、ant to be regarded as more impressive, successful, or important than they really are sumptuousextremely costly, rich, luxurious, or magnificent austeresimple or plain; having few pleasures: simple and harshsobrietythe state of not being drunk; the quality of being seriousobliquenot direct: not state

32、d directly; of a line: having a slanting direction or position: neither perpendicular nor parallelbrocadea cloth with a raised design in gold or silver thread Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 狀語(yǔ)修飾Word ClarificationMerriam-Websterfiguredof e.g. fabric designantithesisthe state of two things that are

33、directly opposite to each otherembroiderythe process or art of sewing a design on clothcollara part of a piece of clothing that fits around a persons neck and is usually folded downcuffsomething (as a part of a sleeve or glove) encircling the wrist Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 狀語(yǔ)修飾Mechanism Demo

34、nstrationSample 2AnalysisUsually the first to spot data that were inconsistent with other findings, in this particular experiment she let a number of _ results slip by. inaccurateirregularredundantsalientanomalousverifiable Session 1GRE Text Completion 315Structurefirst to A, B.Logic Counterpartin c

35、onsistent with other findings & irregular, anomalous 核心邏輯: 排除異類數(shù)據(jù)。Translation通常她是第一個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)和其他研究結(jié)果不一致數(shù)據(jù)的人, 但是在這個(gè)特殊的實(shí)驗(yàn)中, 她讓大量反常的結(jié)果蒙混過(guò)關(guān)。 狀語(yǔ)修飾Word ClarificationMerriam-Websterslipto move with a smooth sliding motion; to escape from memory or consciousnessredundantrepeating something else and therefore unnec

36、essarysalientvery important or noticeable anomalousinconsistent with or deviating from what is usual, normal, or expectedverifiablecapable of beingverified Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 狀語(yǔ)修飾Mechanism DemonstrationSample 3AnalysisIna most impressive demonstration, Pavarotti sailedthrough Verdis“Ce

37、leste Aida,” normally a tenors(i) _, with the casual enthusiasm of a folk singer performing one of his favorite (ii) _.Blank (i) Blank (ii)A. nightmare D. balladsB. delight E. choralesC. routine F. recitals Session 1GRE Text Completion 315StructureIn A, B, C, with D.Logic Counterpartimpressive, Pava

38、rotti & normally nightmare singer & ballads核心邏輯: 帕瓦羅蒂很牛逼。Translation在一場(chǎng)極度精彩的演出中, 帕瓦羅蒂輕松地演唱威爾第的歌劇圣潔的阿依達(dá), 就像一個(gè)民謠歌手表演他最喜愛(ài)的民歌一樣迸發(fā)出很隨意的激情, 然而, 這部歌劇通常是男高音的噩夢(mèng)。 狀語(yǔ)修飾Word ClarificationMerriam-Websternightmarea dream that frightens a sleeping person: a very bad dream; a very bad or frightening experience or s

39、ituationdelighta strong feeling of happiness : great pleasure or satisfactionballada slow popular song that is typically about lovechoralea hymn or psalm sung to a traditional or composed melody in churchrecitala dance or musical performance; the act of reading something out loud or saying something

40、 from memory usually for an audience Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 狀語(yǔ)修飾Mechanism DemonstrationSample 4In her startlingly original writing, she went further than any other twentieth-century author in English (perhaps in any language) in (i) _ literary language and form, (ii) _ stylistic convention

41、s, and (iii) _ a rich and diverse structure of meaning.Blank (i) Blank (ii) Blank (iii) A. reinventing D. undoing G. replicatingB. canonizing E. over-praising H. borrowingC. stabilizing F. misunderstanding I. introducing Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 狀語(yǔ)修飾Mechanism DemonstrationAnalysis Session 1G

42、RE Text Completion 315StructureIn A, B, C, and D.Logic Counterpartstartling original writing & reinventing, undoing conventions, and introducing rich and diverse核心邏輯: 該作家的原創(chuàng)性寫作。Translation在該作家令人驚嘆的原創(chuàng)性寫作中，她比任何一位20世紀(jì)的英語(yǔ)作家(也許是任何語(yǔ)言的作家)要更進(jìn)一步，她重新創(chuàng)造了文學(xué)語(yǔ)言和形式，廢除了文體上的傳統(tǒng)方面，并引進(jìn)了豐富多樣的結(jié)構(gòu)。 狀語(yǔ)修飾Word ClarificationMe

43、rriam-Websterstartlingvery surprising, shocking, or frighteningstylisticof or relating especially to literary or artisticstylecanonizein the Roman Catholic Church: to officially give a dead person a special status as someone very holy : to declare (someone) to be a saintundoto change or stop the eff

44、ect of (something)replicateto repeat or copy (something) exactly Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 狀語(yǔ)修飾Mechanism DemonstrationSample 5AnalysisInsearching for norms in the sense of authoritative standards of what ought to be, rather than in the sense of what is average and thus can be considered norma

45、l, normative ethics aims to _.A. predictB. mitigateC. questionD. dictateE. personalize Session 1GRE Text Completion 315StructureIn A, B, C.Logic Counterpartauthoritative, what ought to be & dictate核心邏輯: 規(guī)范倫理學(xué)的主導(dǎo)特性。Translation并非是通過(guò)平均化的常規(guī)意義而是通過(guò)權(quán)威標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定應(yīng)該是怎樣的來(lái)尋求一定的準(zhǔn)則，規(guī)范倫理學(xué)目標(biāo)是支配控制。 狀語(yǔ)修飾Word ClarificationM

46、erriam-Websternormstandards of proper or acceptable behaviorethicsrules of behavior based on ideas about what is morally good and badmitigateto make (something) less severe, harmful, or painfuldictateto say or state (something) with authority or powerpersonalizeto mark (something) in a way that show

47、s it belongs to a particular person Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 狀語(yǔ)修飾Mechanism DemonstrationSample 6AnalysisIna strong indication of the way the entire party is _ the candidate with moderate credentials, the outspokenly conservative former mayor of a major city has promised to raise a substantia

48、l amount of money for the candidates campaign.A. rallying behindB. incensed overC. undecided aboutD. mortified overE. embarrassed aboutF. coalescing around Session 1GRE Text Completion 315StructureIn A, B.Logic CounterpartRallying behind, coalescing around & entire party, raise a substantial amount

49、of money核心邏輯: 全力支持候選人。Translation明確表示全黨都支持該候選人參與選舉, 這個(gè)直率但又保守的前任市長(zhǎng)承諾籌集一大筆競(jìng)選經(jīng)費(fèi)。 狀語(yǔ)修飾Word ClarificationMerriam-Webstercandidatea person who is trying to be electedsubstantiallarge in amount, size, or numberrallyto muster for a common purposeincenseto arouse the extreme anger or indignation ofmortifyto

50、cause (someone) to feel very embarrassed and foolishcoalesceto come together to form one group or mass Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 狀語(yǔ)修飾 Tautology邏輯三定語(yǔ)從句Signal 1在題干中出現(xiàn)完整定語(yǔ)從句/非限制性定語(yǔ)從句, 空格在主句StructureA that B.A, which B.Signal 2在題干中出現(xiàn)完整主句, 空格在非完整定語(yǔ)從句/非限制性定語(yǔ)從句MechanismA 與 B 構(gòu)成同義重復(fù)Signal 3題干中出現(xiàn)不完整主句

51、和定語(yǔ)從句/非限制性定語(yǔ)從句, 空格分別位于主句和從句中Markthat, which, whose, who, whom, when, where, why, 介詞 + which, 介詞 + whom Session 1GRE Text Completion 315Mechanism DemonstrationSample 1AnalysisMelodramas, which presented stark oppositions between innocence and criminality, virtue and (i) _ , good and evil, were popula

52、r precisely because they offered the audience a world (ii) _.Blank (i) Blank (ii)A. serenity D. bereft of theatricalityB. corruption E. deprived of polarityC. fertility F. devoid of neutrality Session 1GRE Text Completion 315StructureA, which B, C.Logic Counterpartopposition & virtue and corruption,

53、 devoid of neutrality核心邏輯: 情節(jié)劇中的對(duì)立世界。Translation情節(jié)劇表現(xiàn)清白和犯罪，道德和墮落，善良和罪惡之間完全的對(duì)立, 它們之所以流行是因?yàn)樗麄兘o觀眾提供了一個(gè)缺乏中立的世界。 定語(yǔ)從句Word ClarificationMerriam-Websterstarkhaving a very plain and often cold or empty appearance; unpleasant and difficult to accept or experience; very obvious, very plain and easily seensere

54、nitya disposition free from stress or emotioncorruptiondishonest or illegal behavior especially by powerful people (such as government officials or police officers) deprivednot having the things that are needed for a good or healthy life devoidbeing without a usual, typical, or expected attribute or

55、 panimenttheatricalityan artificial and mannered quality Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 定語(yǔ)從句Mechanism DemonstrationSample 2AnalysisExposure to sustained noise has been claimed to (i) _ blood pressure regulation in human beings and, particularly, toincreasehypertension, eventhoughsome researchers h

56、ave obtained inconclusiveresults that (ii) _ the relationship.Blank (i) Blank (ii)A. sharpen D. buttressB. increase E. obscureC. impair F. partiality Session 1GRE Text Completion 315StructureA, even though B that C.Logic CounterpartExposure to sustained noise & impair; inconclusive & obscure 核心邏輯: 噪

57、音有害身體健康。Translation人類長(zhǎng)期暴露在噪音環(huán)境中會(huì)削弱血壓的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制并明顯地增加高血壓的出現(xiàn), 盡管有一些研究者獲得了一些不確定的結(jié)果, 這些結(jié)果掩蓋了噪音和血壓的關(guān)系。 定語(yǔ)從句Word ClarificationMerriam-Websterimpairto make (something) weaker or worsebuttressto support, strengthen, or defend (something) obscureto make (something) difficult to understand or know; to hide or cove

58、r (something); to be in front of (something) so that it cannot be seenpartialityan unfair tendency to treat one person, group, or thing better than another Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 定語(yǔ)從句Mechanism DemonstrationSample 3AnalysisIn many science fiction films, theopposition of good and evil is por

59、trayed as a _ between technology, which is (ii) _, and the errant will of a depraved intellectual.Blank (i) Blank (ii)A. fusion D. dehumanizingB. struggle E. unfetteredC. parallel F. beneficent Session 1GRE Text Completion 315StructureA, B, which C, and D.Logic Counterpartopposition & struggle; good

60、 technology & beneficent; evil & errant will核心邏輯: 科幻電影的一大主題就是正義與邪惡的對(duì)抗。(參考蝙蝠俠, 金剛狼等作品)Translation在很多科幻電影中, 善與惡的對(duì)立體現(xiàn)為好的技術(shù)和頹廢的知識(shí)分子變態(tài)的想法之間的沖突。 定語(yǔ)從句Word ClarificationMerriam-Webstererrantbehaving wrongly; straying outside the proper path or boundsdepravedvery evil: having or showing an evil and immoral c