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1、名詞用法總結(jié)1一、名詞的可數(shù)與不可數(shù)1英漢兩種語(yǔ)言關(guān)于數(shù)的概念的不同(1)漢語(yǔ)中認(rèn)為可數(shù)而英語(yǔ)中不可數(shù)的名詞有:advice, bread, clothing, furniture, information, homework, luggage/baggage(行李), money, news, paper(紙)等。(2)英語(yǔ)中有時(shí)可用做可數(shù)名詞而漢語(yǔ)中認(rèn)為不可數(shù)的詞有:coffee, noise 等。(3)漢語(yǔ)意思相當(dāng)而英語(yǔ)用法有別的名詞有:laughter 笑聲(不可數(shù))/a laugh 一陣笑聲,money 錢(不可數(shù))/ a note 一張紙幣/two dollars 兩美元,work

2、 工作(不可數(shù))/a job 一份工作等。22同一名詞的可數(shù)與不可數(shù)有些名詞在詞義發(fā)生變化時(shí),可數(shù)與不可數(shù)也會(huì)隨之發(fā)生變化。這種變化通常有以下幾種情形:(1)物質(zhì)名詞在轉(zhuǎn)化為表示具體的人或物的名詞時(shí),后者就是可數(shù)的。從原料到制成品。例如:glass 玻璃two glasses 兩只玻璃杯/a pair of glasses 一副眼鏡paper 紙two papers 兩份報(bào)紙(試卷、文件、論文)cloth 布two cloths 兩塊臺(tái)布(抹布)iron 鐵two irons 兩個(gè)熨斗3轉(zhuǎn)化為與物質(zhì)名詞相關(guān)的其他物品或動(dòng)物。例如:light 光two lights 兩盞燈chicken 雞肉(

3、不可數(shù))two chickens 兩只小雞lamb 羊肉(不可數(shù))two lambs 兩只羊羔some fish 一些魚肉some fish 幾條魚(單復(fù)數(shù)同形)4表示物質(zhì)名詞的種類。例如:cloth 布various cloths 各種布tea 茶various teas 各種茶silk 絲various silks 各種絲綢some fruit 一些水果some fruits 幾種水果some fish 一些魚肉some fishes 幾種魚(在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中,some fish 也可表示幾種魚的概念)5表示事件或在特定場(chǎng)合(如酒吧,餐廳等)表示具體的量。例如:coffee 咖啡a coffe

4、e 一杯咖啡ice 冰an ice 一份冰淇淋drink 飲料a drink 一杯飲料fire 火two fires 兩堆篝火(兩盆爐火,兩場(chǎng)火災(zāi))some hair 一些頭發(fā)(泛指)some hairs 幾根頭發(fā)(指一根一根的頭發(fā))6(2)有些抽象名詞在詞義轉(zhuǎn)化后,也可以有復(fù)數(shù)形式,或者可與不定冠詞連用。從抽象概念轉(zhuǎn)化為具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、特點(diǎn)、情感的人、物或事,這時(shí)的抽象名詞已經(jīng)完全變成了可數(shù)名詞。例如:difficulty 困難a difficulty 一件難事surprise 驚訝a surprise 一件令人驚訝的事pleasure 愉快a pleasure 一件樂事failure

5、失敗a failure 一位失敗者,一件失敗的事7success 成功a success 一位成功者,一件成功的事wonder 驚奇a wonder 一個(gè)奇跡beauty 美麗a beauty 一位美人law 法律two laws 兩部法規(guī)word 消息two words 兩個(gè)單詞some room 一些空間some rooms 幾間屋子8抽象名詞意義具體化后,具有“一種”、“一陣”、“一例”、“一項(xiàng)”、“一下”、“一頓”等含義,這時(shí),常使用“不定冠詞抽象名詞”或“不定冠詞形容詞抽象名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:experience 經(jīng)驗(yàn)an experience 一種經(jīng)歷smoke 抽煙a smoke

6、 抽一支煙walk 散步a walk 散一會(huì)兒步trade 買賣a trade 一樁買賣cold 冷a cold 感冒rain 雨a heavy (spring) rain 一場(chǎng)大雨(一場(chǎng)春雨)life 生活a hard life 一種艱苦的生活9sleep 睡覺a short sleep 睡了一小覺interest 興趣a great interest 極大的興趣有時(shí),名詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:exercise 鍛煉exercises 多項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)抽象名詞有時(shí)以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),是一種語(yǔ)意強(qiáng)調(diào)的說法。例如:thank 感謝 many thanks 多謝pity 遺憾a thousand pities

7、(a great pity) 非常遺憾一般來說,不可數(shù)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為可數(shù)名詞時(shí)最主要的是下面三種情況:一、物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)指具有一定形狀的物品時(shí)(即物質(zhì)名詞個(gè)體化);二、抽象名詞具體化時(shí);三、不表示物的具體數(shù)量,而只是表示其種類的多寡時(shí)。10二、名詞的單數(shù)與復(fù)數(shù)1有些名詞總是以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)。通常有以下幾種情況:(1)由兩個(gè)部分構(gòu)成的物品:compasses (兩腳規(guī)),glasses (眼鏡),scissors(剪刀),trousers(褲子),crossroads(十字路口)等。特別提醒:由兩個(gè)部分構(gòu)成的事物的名詞通常被視為復(fù)數(shù),但若前面帶有物量詞時(shí),其意義是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)取決于物量詞本身。例如:11D

8、o you know where my glasses are?你知道我的眼鏡在哪嗎?Whom does this pair of glasses belong to?這副眼鏡是誰(shuí)的?(2)以ing 結(jié)尾的詞:belongings(所有物), doings(行為), sufferings(痛苦), surroundings(環(huán)境)等。12(3)表示數(shù)量眾多:arms(武器), ashes(骨灰), clothes(衣服), conditions(環(huán)境、形勢(shì)), goods(貨物), manners(禮貌), regards(問候), sands(沙灘), spirits(情緒、心情), sta

9、irs(樓梯), steps(臺(tái)階), things(情況、形勢(shì)), wages(工資), wishes(祝愿), woods(森林)等。(4)表示雙邊關(guān)系:make friends with(和交朋友),change seats with(與交換座位), shake hands with(和握手)等。(5)在一些習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)中:make preparations(做準(zhǔn)備),make arrangements(做安排),take pains(下工夫)等。132以 s 結(jié)尾的表示學(xué)科的名詞,仍然是單數(shù):maths,physics,politics,economics(經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué))等。3有些以 s 結(jié)尾的

10、名詞單、復(fù)數(shù)都有可能:means(方法),works(工廠、工程、著作、工事)等。4dozen,score,hundred,thousand,million 等詞表示約數(shù)時(shí),其后常加s,并后接 of,而表示某一確定的數(shù)字時(shí),則不能加s,如:hundreds of people,three hundred people 或 three hundred of the people等(不可說 three hundred of people)。145集合名詞的數(shù)(1)有些集合名詞是不可數(shù)名詞,它們表示同類事物的總稱。這類名詞不能用 many,few,而只能用 much,little等來修飾。做主語(yǔ)時(shí),

11、謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。這類集合名詞有:clothing,fruit,furniture,machinery 等。表示“一個(gè)(一件)”時(shí),可說a piece of.,如:a piece of clothing(一件衣服)。15(2)有些集合名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù),與其連用的限定詞和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞亦應(yīng)用相應(yīng)的復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:These police are on duty,arent they?這類名詞有:people,police,cattle,clothes,staff,youth 等。16特別提醒:要表示其單數(shù)時(shí),須用其他詞匯,如:a person,a policeman,a cow 等。(3)有些集合名詞,如

12、audience,class,club,committee,crew,enemy,family,government,group,team,the majority,the public,union 等集體名詞,當(dāng)它們指組成該集體的成員時(shí),應(yīng)視作復(fù)數(shù)(但無詞形變化),指代它們的代詞用 they 或 who;當(dāng)它們被看做是一個(gè)不可分割的整體時(shí),即指“非人格性”單位時(shí),應(yīng)視做單數(shù),指代它們的代詞用it或which。試比較:17The family are all interested in music.They have all decided to go to the concert this

13、evening.The family,which is a fivegood family,consists of two boys and one girl.18三、名詞的所有格1所有格的句法作用名詞所有格一般表示所有關(guān)系,但有時(shí)也可以表示主謂、動(dòng)賓、同位或修飾等關(guān)系,如 the city of Beijing 表示的就是同位關(guān)系。2所有格的基本形式(1)所有格的基本形式有兩種,一是由“名詞s”構(gòu)成,二是由“of名詞”構(gòu)成。前者多用來表示有生命的東西,后者多用來表示無生命的東西。19如果無生命的事物表示的是時(shí)間、距離、自然現(xiàn)象、國(guó)家、城市、機(jī)構(gòu)、度量衡等概念時(shí),其所有格也可用“名詞s”構(gòu)成,

14、如:todays newspaper,five minutes walk,the earths atmosphere;Chinas petrol,twenty miles journey。(2)由“名詞s”構(gòu)成的所有格有下面幾種情形:一般情況下直接在名詞后加“s”,如:Mr.Lis car。以 s 或 es 結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞只在詞尾加“”,如:Teachers Day,the workersclub。20特別提醒:不是以 s 或 es 結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,仍在詞尾加“s”,如:Childrens Day。以 s 結(jié)尾的專有名詞,且詞尾讀z的,可以只在詞尾加“”,也可以在名詞后加s,如:Dickens

15、 novels/Dickenss novels, Engels works/Engelss works。如果詞尾不讀z,則仍在詞尾加“s”,如Rosss seat。如果一樣?xùn)|西為兩人或多人共有,只在最后一個(gè)名詞后加“s”,如:the husband and wifes problems。如果不是共有,則需在各個(gè)名詞后分別加上“s”,如:Jacks and Jims rooms。21在表示“店鋪”、“某人家”的名詞所有格后通常要省掉后面的名詞,如:at the doctors,in the barbers,drop in at his uncles,go to Mr.Blacks。3雙重所有格“

16、ofs”式所有格修飾前面的名詞,這種結(jié)構(gòu)叫做名詞雙重所有格,用來表示部分概念或感情色彩。使用雙重所有格應(yīng)注意以下兩點(diǎn):22(1)of 前面名詞的前面通常要有a,two,any,some,no,few,another 等表示數(shù)量的詞或this,that,these,those 等限定詞修飾,但修飾詞不能是the。(2)of后面的名詞必須是指人的名詞。不能是指物的,如不可說 a leaf of the books。23一、名詞的同義詞辨析1.常作為考點(diǎn)的名詞同義詞 approach;method;way;means area;region;field;district argument;quarr

17、el;debate award;reward;prize background;environment;surroundings behaviour;action;act benefit;profit case;example;instance;sample cause;reason;excuse climate;weather condition;situation24contest;competition;match;raceconsequence;result custom;habit;practicediet;food direction;instructionenergy;stren

18、gth;force;power;abilityevent;affair;business fault;mistake;errorglimpse;glance;look;sightlabour;work;job;taskmessage;news;information;wordopinion;idea;thought;mindpattern;design;style;modelpercent;percentage 25practice;training;exercisepurpose;aim;goal;target scene;scenery;sight;viewshade;shadow ski

19、ll;abilityspirit;courage symbol;sign;markterm;condition;case touch;contact;connectionvalue;price;cost variety;speciesview;sight;vision voyage;trip;journeywage;salary;pay;income262.名詞同義詞辨析題解題技巧 從三個(gè)方面考慮:詞義;搭配(與介詞或動(dòng)詞搭配);慣用 法 【例1】 Finding out about these universities has become easy for anyone with Inte

20、rnet _. A.entrance B.admission C.access D.entry 27【例2】 Except on formal _ such as official reception, American society has a certain amount of informality. A.conditions B.cases C.occasions D.situations28【例3】 “I dont think its my _ that the TV blew up. I just turned it on, thats all,” said the boy. A

21、.error B.mistake C.fault D.duty二、名詞與動(dòng)詞的搭配 play jokes/tricks on開的玩笑;捉弄 take advantage of利用 o practice;o reality實(shí)行;實(shí)施29take trouble to do sth.不辭勞苦地做某事have difficulty in doing sth.做某事有困難make an effort to do sth.努力去做某事take pains to do sth.盡力去做某事spare no effort to do sth.不遺余力做某事take no notice of;pay no a

22、ttention to不注意;忽視keep/get in touch/contact with;have connection with與保持/取得/有聯(lián)系keep/bear.in mind;learn.by heart記??;熟記put ones heart into.;put ones mind to.全身心地去做o account/consideration將考慮在內(nèi)30take action;take measures采取措施take/follow ones advice接受某人的建議make an attempt to do sth.試圖做某事puzzle ones brain ove

23、r sth.絞盡腦汁做某事take charge of對(duì)負(fù)責(zé);掌管keep sb. company陪伴某人make a difference起作用;與眾不同make no difference沒有關(guān)系或影響;無關(guān)緊要have a narrow escape九死一生come into existence存在;成立find fault with sb.對(duì)某人吹毛求疵;找某人的岔子do sb. a favour幫助某人;幫某人的忙31lend/give sb. a hand幫助某人have/form/develop the habit of doing sth.有/養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣make/leave an

24、 impression on sb.給某人留下印象have an influence/impact/effect on/upon.對(duì)有影響give/offer sb. a lift讓某人搭便車;載某人一程take a message for sb.給某人捎個(gè)口信leave sb. a message給某人留個(gè)口信bring/call.to mind使某人想起satisfy/meet/cover ones needs/demands/requirements滿足某人的需求/要求/條件come to power執(zhí)政;當(dāng)權(quán)take pride in以為豪;為感到驕傲32 take possessio

25、n of擁有 keep a record of記錄;記載 take responsibility for對(duì)負(fù)責(zé) take a risk冒險(xiǎn) make room for為騰出地方 make sense有道理;是明智的;有意義三、名詞作定語(yǔ)1.名詞作定語(yǔ),通常表示中心詞的用途、材料或特性。如:a coffee cup;telephone number;paper flowers;weather forecast;seat belt;income tax;identity card;stone bridge; heart trouble2.名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),通常用單數(shù)形式,但個(gè)別詞除外。如:a clot

26、hes shop服裝店;a sports meet運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì);a sports car跑車;a woman doctor一個(gè)女醫(yī)生;three women doctors三位女醫(yī)生33四、名詞的數(shù)1.下列名詞是不可數(shù)名詞:information;luggage;furniture; equipment;baggage;jewellery;machinery;clothing;fruit; luck;fun;health;wealth;weather;confidence;access; respect等。 What fun we had on the seashore! Everybody has

27、 access to the public library.2.下列名詞通常作不可數(shù)名詞用,但當(dāng)指“具體的人、事”時(shí)是可 數(shù)名詞:surprise;pleasure;satisfaction;honour;failure; success;help;delight;shock;fright;comfort;concern; pride等。 He is still in a state of shock.他還是很吃驚。 The news of his death came as a shock to us all. 他去世的消息令我們很震驚。343.下列不可數(shù)名詞可與不定冠詞連用,特別是其前有形

28、容詞修飾 時(shí):interest;knowledge等。 He has a wide knowledge of painting and music.4.下列名詞有時(shí)可用作可數(shù)名詞:tea;coffee。 Two teas and three coffees, please.5.下列名詞常用復(fù)數(shù)形式:congratulations;greetings;regards; wishes;tears;belongings;surroundings等。 Congratulations on your exam results!6.下列名詞是復(fù)數(shù)名詞:police;people;folk(s);cattl

29、e等。 The police are in search of the attempted murderer.7.下列名詞作可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),意義不同: word (可數(shù))“字;詞;話語(yǔ)”: Have a word with Pat and see what she thinks. (不可數(shù))“消息;信息”:35She sent word that she would be late.exercise (可數(shù))“練習(xí);習(xí)題”:Our teacher gave us many exercises for us to do after school.(不可數(shù))“鍛煉;運(yùn)動(dòng)”:Swimming

30、 is good exercise.room (可數(shù))“房間”:He lives in a large room, which is well furnished.(不可數(shù))“空間”:This table takes up too much room.experience (可數(shù))“經(jīng)歷”:Living in Africa was quite an experience for her.(不可數(shù))“經(jīng)驗(yàn)”:She has much teaching experience.work (可數(shù))“作品;藝術(shù)品”:36 Many works of art were stolen from the mu

31、seum last night. (不可數(shù))“工作”: Its difficult to find work in the present economic climate.過關(guān)落實(shí)1.He and his wife are of the same _;they both want their son to go to college. A.soul B.spirit C.heart D.mind2.One thousand dollars a month is not a fortune but would help cover my living _. A.bills B.expenses

32、 C.prices D.charges 373.The practice of hanging clothes across the street is a common _ in many parts of the city. A.look B.sign C.sight D.appearance4.You are always full of _.Can you tell me the secret? Taking plenty of exercise every day. A.power B.strength C.force D.energy 385.Of the seven days in a week,Saturday is said to be the most popular _ for a wedding in some countries. A.way B.situation C.event D.choice6.My morning _ includes jogging in the park and reading newspapers over breakfast. A.drill B.action C.regulation D.routine397.AIDS control and prevention is a _ to China as

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