研究生英語10單元翻譯

1、Lesson 1I.For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric,Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, con

2、stituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh. that their long-term future must be considered. very greatly at risk.因為英語是個殺手。正是英語造成了坎伯蘭語、康沃爾語、諾恩語和馬恩語等語言的消 亡。在這些島上還有相當多的人使用在英語到來之前就已存在的語言。然而，英語在日常生活中無處不在。所有的人或幾乎所有的人都懂英語。英語對現(xiàn)存的凱爾特語：愛爾蘭語、蘇 格蘭蓋爾語及威爾士語的

3、威脅是如此之大，它們的未來岌岌可危。2.He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he callsnguicism （a condition parallelto racism and sexism）. As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly white English-speaking world, have （by design or default） encouraged or at lea

4、st tolerated and certainly have not opposed-the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.他認為這些政策和他稱之為語言歧視（和種族歧視、性別歧視的情況類似）的偏見密切相關(guān)。 在菲利普森看來，在以白人英語為主導的世界，最重要的機構(gòu)和個人（有意或無意地）鼓勵或者至少是容忍了（肯定沒有反對）英語霸權(quán)主義式的傳播。這種傳播始于三個世紀之前的經(jīng)濟及殖民擴張。3.By and lar

5、ge, we now view them as more or less benign, and often talk with admiration and appreciation about the cultures associated with them and what they have given to the world. And it is fairly safe to do this, because none of them now poses much of a threat.總的來說，我們現(xiàn)在或多或少地把這些語言看作有利的語言。在談到與之相關(guān)的文化及其為世界所做的貢

6、獻時，我們常懷有崇敬與贊賞，而且這樣做也沒有太大的風險，因為這些語言現(xiàn)在已不會構(gòu)成什么威脅。4.Yet many people see English as a blessing. Let me leave aside here the obvious advantages possessed by any world language, such as a large communicative network, a strong literary and media complex, and a powerful cultural and educational apparatus.然而，

7、許多人把英語看成是一件幸事。在此，我暫且不談任何世界語言所具有的明顯優(yōu)勢， 例如廣泛的通信網(wǎng)，強大的文化傳媒體系，及強有力的文化教育機構(gòu)。5.English-speaking South Africans of British descent were not particularly strong in opposing the apartheid regime, and the black opposition, whose members had many languages, was at first weak and disorganized.講英語的南非英國后裔并不強烈反對種族隔離

8、政權(quán)，而黑人反對力量，其成員講多種語言， 在初期軟弱無力且缺乏組織。6.Such symbolism suggests that the users of the world lingua franca should seek to benefit as fully as possible from the blessing and as far as possible avoid invoking the curse.這一象征表明這種世界通用語的使用者應(yīng)充分發(fā)掘這一幸事為我們帶來的好處同時盡 可能避免招來災(zāi)難。Lesson 2.The turn of events at Apple had

9、not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but I was still in love.蘋果公司發(fā)生的這些事情絲毫沒有改變這一點，一點兒也沒有。我被炒了就 魚，但是我仍然鐘愛我所做的事情。.The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my

10、life.因為，作為一個成功者的負重感被作為一個創(chuàng)業(yè)者的輕松感所重新代替，一切都還不確定。這讓我覺得如此自由，進入了我生命中最有創(chuàng)造力的一個階段。3.It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Dont lose faith.良藥苦口，但是我想病人需要它。有時，生活會像一塊磚頭砸向你的腦袋， 但不要失去你的信念。.Remembering that you are going to die is the bes

11、t way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart.“記住你即將死去”是我知道的避免這些想法的最好辦法。如果你已經(jīng)什么 都沒有了，就沒有理由不去跟隨自己內(nèi)心的聲音。.Your time is limited, so dont waste it living someone elses life. Dont be trapped by dogma-which is livin

12、g with the results of other people s thinking. Dont led the noise of others opinions drown out your own inner voice.你們的時間很有限，所以不要將它浪費在重復其他人的生活上。不要掉進教條的陷阱，也就是說不要按照別人的想法來生活。不要讓其他人喧囂的觀點掩蓋你真正的內(nèi)心之聲。Lesson 3.Right then I learned another lesson. To avoid that kind of depression meant, inevitably, having to

13、 endure a certain amount of worry and concern.就在當時我又得出了一條經(jīng)驗，這就是要想避免這種郁悶，就不可避免地經(jīng) 受某種害怕和擔心。.Any time, it seems, that we set out aggressively to get something we want, we want, we meet up with anxiety. And it s going to be our traveling companion, at least part of the way, into any new venture.看來任何時候只要

14、我們開始積極地想要得到我們想要的東西，我們都會擔心。甚至擔心將伴隨我們?nèi)松贸痰囊徊糠謥磉M行新的冒險。3.I had benefited, I discovered, from a process psychologists call extinction . If you put an individual in an anxiety-provoking situation often enough, he will eventually learn that there isri t anything to be worried about.我發(fā)現(xiàn)我得益于心理學家稱之為“消失”的過程。如果

15、你把一個人放在一種 使人擔憂的環(huán)境中，長此以往，他就會形成一種習慣，最終覺得沒有什么值得擔 憂的了。4.And ever since, I have never hesitated to head for even the most exotic of places, without guides or even advanced bookings, confident that somehow I will nange.自那以后到最不熟悉的地方去，我也不會猶豫。沒有導游，甚至沒有預定旅 館我也不怕，因為我很自信，我能安排好這一切。5.But I dont let the butterflie

16、s stop me from doing what I want. Accept anxiety as another name for challenge and you can accomplish wonders.但是我不想讓擔憂來阻止我去做我想做的事情，接受害怕就意味著接受挑戰(zhàn)，這樣你才能創(chuàng)造奇跡。Lesson 4I.However, just as exceeding the speed limit will, when traffic police are performing properly, lead to a speeding ticket, so being interv

17、iewed for an attractive career-entry position will, when the interviewer knows what to look for, lead directly or indirectly to the question Why should we lire you?”然而，正如如建一個警察正確執(zhí)法，超速就要吃罰單一樣，面試一份吸引人 的、進入某一行業(yè)的職位的時候，如果面試官清楚地知道他們要找什么， 就會直 接或間接地問這樣一個問題：“我們?yōu)槭裁匆陀媚?？?.For someone wishing to begin a new ca

18、reer, the prospects are starting to look nasty and brutish, and the immediate picture is distinctly short of jobs, hours, and rewards for new employees.對于那些想要開始新的職業(yè)生涯的人來說，前途開始變的險惡和殘酷，而直 接的前景就是工作少，時間短，給新員工作的工資也減少。3.Other students may find their academic work difficult and demanding enough without add

19、ing the headache of anticipating yet more demands.其他學生可能認為學業(yè)課程很難，要求很高，因此不想再費腦筋去預見那些 更多的要求了。4.If you are in a program with a variety of optional courses, your knowledge of the job market s demands will help you to make more informed decisions.如果你的學習計劃包括許多不同的學科的課程，那么你要是了解了就業(yè)市場 的需求，就能幫助你在獲得更多的信息的基礎(chǔ)上做出抉

20、擇。5.You may discover that it is quite easy to gain insight into your field of interest just by sounding out your teachers.只要你讓老師知道你的想法，你可能會非常容易地深入了解你感興趣的領(lǐng)域。Lesson 5.The technological advances of the 1990s ushered in what appeared to be a social and economic revolution that would rival the Industrial

21、 Revolution two centuries earlier, creating a new society of technologically connected citizens with a world of digitized information, commerce, and communication at its fingertips.二十世紀九十年代的技術(shù)進步似乎帶來了一場其意義堪與兩百年以前的工 業(yè)革命相媲美的社會與經(jīng)濟方面的革命，它創(chuàng)造了一個嶄新的社會，在這個社會 里人們由技術(shù)相互連接，到處都是數(shù)字化的信息、商業(yè)以及通訊都在彈指一揮問。.New advances

22、in science and technology seeded to promise eventual solutions to problems ranging from eliminating toxic waste to grocery shopping-genetic engineers developed microbes that would eat industrial sludge and researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technolog ys (MIT)Media Lab work to devise a ref

23、rigerator that could sense when it was out of milk and use the Internet to order more.科技的新發(fā)展似乎向人們承諾提供從消除有毒廢料到食品采買一系列問題 的最終解決方案一一遺傳科技人員培養(yǎng)出了能夠吞食工業(yè)殘渣的微生物，麻省理工學院媒體實驗室的研究人員設(shè)計出了能夠覺察箱內(nèi)牛奶告罄并可上網(wǎng)定購的 電冰箱。.The cloning of an animal in 1997 suggested that human cloning had become viable as well, raising concerns-

24、no longer quite theoretical-that humanity might be moving toward a brave new world of genetically engineered people.1997年克隆動物的成功表明了克隆人也已不成問題，人們擔心人類可能會 朝著一個由基因制造的人組成的“大膽的新世界”方向發(fā)展，(這已不再是單純的理論問題了)。.While most Americans agreed that children should not be exposed to such materials attempts to regulate th

25、e most content of individual Web page and newsgroups conflicted with the idea of the Internet as an open, decentralized mass medium, where even the most absurd or pepellant ideas could receive a hearing.盡管大多數(shù)美國人贊成小孩不應(yīng)接觸這些內(nèi)容，但試圖規(guī)范個人網(wǎng)頁和新聞 組內(nèi)容的努力還是同互聯(lián)網(wǎng)應(yīng)是公開、非集權(quán)的大眾媒體的理念發(fā)生了沖突，在這種媒體中，即 使最荒唐、最令人討厭的東西也可以發(fā)表。.

26、Still, some critics wondered if all of the money spent on space research might not be better used to fund new discoveries here on Earth, almost as if the diversion of space was no longer as necessary when there so many new and interesting projects going on right here.但是一些批評人士提出質(zhì)疑說，把花在太空上的錢用來資助地球上的新發(fā)

27、現(xiàn) 是不是更好呢？似乎地球上正進行著這么多有趣的新項目，太空研究不再那么必要了。Lesson 61.Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, who coined the term flow, which adherents of positive psychology would use to describe the job-induced highs, says that distinction is a false one. Anything can be enjoyable if the elements of flow are presenf, he writes in h

28、is book Good Business Within that framework, doing a seemingly boring job can be a source of greater fulf川ment than one ever thought possible.米哈里奇凱因特米哈里認為這種區(qū)分是錯誤的。他發(fā)明了 “強感受”（flow）這個說法，信奉正面心理學的人常用此詞來描述由工作而引發(fā)的興奮狀態(tài)。在稱心如意的工作一書中他寫道：”只要存在強感受因素，任何事情都能給 我們帶來愉悅。根據(jù)這一觀點，從事一份表面看上去枯燥的工作卻會給人們帶來 想象不到的更大的成就感?！?.But

29、 neither the late 1990s boom nor the subsequent bust had much impact in either direction, indicating that the state of worker happiness goes much deeper than the swings of the economy.但是20世紀90年代后期的經(jīng)濟繁榮和隨之而來的經(jīng)濟蕭條都沒有對員工的 兩種工作態(tài)度產(chǎn)生多大影啊，這表明工人在工作中是否能獲得快樂感有比經(jīng)濟 形勢更深層的原因。3.Martina Radix, 41, traded a high-pr

30、essure job as an executive assistant at a company where she liked her colleagues for a less taxing position as a clerical worker in a law firm six years ago. She has more time and flexibility but feels stifled by her co-workers and unappreciated by her boss fam a misfit in that department : she says

31、. No matter how good your personal life is, if you go in to a bad atmosphere at work, it takes away from it. ”41歲的馬丁娜蕾迪克斯原是一家公司的經(jīng)理助理，雖然工作壓力大，但 她和同事相處都很好，6年前她換了工作，到一家律師事務(wù)所成了一名職位相對 清閑的辦事員。如今她時間多了，自由度也大了，但她感覺和這里的同事共事太壓抑，也得不到老板的賞識。她說：“我不適應(yīng)這個部門。不管你個人生活多愜 意，如果工作單位氛圍不好，個人生活就會大受影響?！?.In fact, engagement at

32、work is less a function of your personality than is happiness in general. Hater estimates that individual disposition accounts for only about 30% of the difference between employees who are highly engaged and those who are not. The rest of it is shaped by the hundreds of interactions that employees

33、have every day with co-workers, supervisors and customers.事實上，對工作的投入與其說是人的個性使然，不如說是源于人們在工作中總體上感到的快樂。哈特認為，對工作高度投入與并不投入的員工之間之所以存 在差異，員工的個性只起30%的作用，其他的取決于員工每天與同事、主管 以及客戶的頻繁交往。5.Until recently, businesspeople would dismiss employee well-being as outside their domain and kind of fringe-in，says Thomas Wri

34、ght, a professor of organizational behavior at the University of Nevada, Reno. Early hints of the importance of the worker happiness were slow to be accepted.內(nèi)華達大學里諾分校的組織行為學教授托馬斯賴特說，直到不久前，企業(yè) 家們還不愿考慮員工是否工作心情舒暢的問題，認為這“不屬于他們關(guān)心的范圍，和他們的職責范圍相去甚遠”。6.But later studies that looked at job-satisfaction ratings

35、 were inconsistent. Broader measures of happiness, it turns out, are better predictors of productivity.但后來對工作滿意度的許多研究結(jié)果卻前后矛盾?，F(xiàn)在看來，用更廣泛的衡量標準來評估快樂感受，能更有效地預測生產(chǎn)率。7.But at the very least, businesses could do better just by paying attention on what their employees want and need. Then more of us could find

36、 a measure of fulfillment in what we do. And once in a while, we might hope to transcend it all. It can happen on the basketball court, in front of a roaring crowd, or in a classroom, in front of just one grateful student.但通過關(guān)心員工的需求，至少企業(yè)可能發(fā)展得更好。那樣 ，我們更多的人 就會在工作中找到一定程度的滿足感。而且偶爾我們可能還希望獲得最大程度 的滿足。這種情況可

37、能發(fā) 生在籃球場上喧鬧歡呼的人群前，也可能發(fā)生在教室里，在僅僅一個充滿感激的學生面前。Lesson 71.Big surprise, I thought, tossing the balled-up clipping over my shoulder. Thais up there with money eases stress liars make good writers and philanderers make even better liars.我想這個結(jié)論太讓人吃驚了，然后就把報告團成一團扔在腦后了。以前還有 人說“金錢可以緩解緊張情緒”，“說謊的人能成為好作家”以及“愛情不專一

38、的男人更會說謊?！?.Last year, she sadly got her wish, far too soon, living just over half as long as the woman who bore her.可是這一天來得太快了，去年她就不幸的實現(xiàn)了自己的愿望。她去世時的歲數(shù)只有外婆的一半多一點兒。3.His main character, Enid Lambert, suffers from a depression that acts as a kind of invisible force field, unconsciously repelling everyo

39、ne away from her fragile core. Enid complains and sulks, manipulates and cajoles, in order to assuage her fundamental dissatisfaction.他小說中的女主人公艾尼德蘭勃特所患的抑郁癥形成了一個看不見的氣場，在潛意識中，其他人都不能觸動她那脆弱的核心。艾米德抱怨、生氣、利用 別人，并以甜言蜜語來哄騙別人，為的就是緩解自己的不滿。4.She remain intact because her depression protects her from ever truly

40、suffering, the way those around her must. What does n kill you, it seems, moves on to more stubborn quarry.她能完好無損地活下來，就是因為她的抑郁癥保護了她不至經(jīng)受真正的痛苦， 而這種痛苦則是她周圍的人所必須承受的。 看來，經(jīng)常的頑固的打擊是不會打垮 你的。5.So, hit the snooze, the bottle or the skids, Resume bitching, chin down,carry the hatchet, under rug nothing. Life i

41、s hard and then you.sign. Heavily.所以你可以放心大睡，或借酒消愁，也可以放慢生活的腳步。你可以恢復抱怨，可以心情不快，也可以拿起你的武器來反擊，不用躲躲藏藏。生活是艱難 的，那么你就可以嘆息，重重地嘆息。Lesson 8.Every war has had its songs that whipped up patriotic fervor or, in the case of the Vietnam War that encouraged protest against it.每場戰(zhàn)爭都有自己的歌曲來喚起人們的愛國熱情或者如在越南戰(zhàn)爭中鼓勵 人們反戰(zhàn)。.Th

42、e ideal is to take a song that people like or that has particular meaning or emotional association for them and use it with new words, hoping that some of the liking, meaning, or emotional associations will transfer to the new ideas being communicated. And it often works.改詞是把一首人們喜愛或者對他們具有特殊意義或感情色彩的歌

43、曲填上新 詞，希望把這種喜愛、意義或感情色彩帶到正在傳播的新觀念中。通常這種方法很奏效。.As a result, a number of community and national groups have applied pressure on stations to keep these songs and performers off the air. These charges also stimulated investigations by the Federal Communications Commission, the regulatory agency charged w

44、ith overseeing broadcast practices.結(jié)果一些社團和全國性團體向電臺或電視臺施加壓力讓他們禁播這些演員 的節(jié)目。這些指控也促使負責廣播業(yè)的監(jiān)管機構(gòu)聯(lián)邦通訊委員會開始進行調(diào)查。.Does it mean a station should permit no language or ideas in a song that it would not permit on the news or in a sports program? Or does it mean the station should recognize that different forms o

45、f communication or entertainment, or programs designed for different kinds of audiences, should have different standards concerning language and ideas?這是否意味著在廣播電臺或電視臺播放的歌曲中不允許出現(xiàn)那些在新聞或 體育節(jié)目中禁止出現(xiàn)的語言和觀念？或者這是否意味著電臺或電視臺應(yīng)該承認 不同的交流或娛樂形式，或是為不同聽眾設(shè)計的節(jié)目，在語言和觀念上應(yīng)該具有 不同的標準？.One author has suggested that popular

46、music also serves rate of passage function for young girls. The teenage singing idols may serve as non-threatening substitutes for actual boys until boys maturation catches up with that of girls and some semblance of easy boy-girls relationships can be established.一位作者指出流行音樂也成了女孩子們成熟的標志。 在同齡男孩子成長為象

47、女孩子那樣成熟并能較容易地與女孩子建立朋友關(guān)系之前，少年歌星可能會成為 不會對女孩子形成威脅的男友的替身。Lesson 9.Welcome to the topsy-turvy world of tobacco, where nothing much makes sense except the vast profits, where tobacco-company executives slip-slide along the continuum from aggrieved innocence to heartfelt regret without breaking a sweat, an

48、d where the only people who seem to be able to shoot straight are the jurors who decide the ubiquitous lawsuits.歡迎來到烏七八糟的煙草世界。在這里，除了巨大的利益，沒有什么具有重 要意義；在這里，煙草公司的負責人不費吹灰之力就能穿梭于不同角色之間，從表現(xiàn)憤憤不平的無辜轉(zhuǎn)而變?yōu)檎\心誠意的悔過；在這里，似乎唯一能夠言行正直 （shoot straight:言行正直）的人就是那些判定隨處可見的煙草訴訟案的陪審員 們。.The jurors who gave up two years of

49、their lives, listened to endless witness and yet deliberated only a few hours- could be forgiven if they felt theyd fallen down Alice s rabbit hole into Wonderland, where the Queen of Hearts criesOff with their heads but no one is ever executed.這些陪審員放棄了生命中的兩年時光，聆聽了無數(shù)證人證言，卻僅用了幾個小時就商議定案。如果他們感覺象是愛麗絲跌下了

50、兔子洞進入仙境，聽著紅心 王后高喊“砍掉他 們的腦袋”，卻從未有一個人被砍頭，這種感覺是可以諒解的。.Since then tobacco companies have spread political contributions around like weedkiller on the lawn in summer, supporting largely complicit Republicans, who like free enterprise (and soft money) more than they hate emphysema.從此以后，煙草公司就象夏天在草坪上播灑除草劑一般

51、四處提供政治捐款， 主要支持和自己立場相似的共和黨人，因為共和黨人雖然痛恨肺氣月中，但卻更喜愛自由企業(yè)(以及軟資金)。.Responsibility-minded Americans accept the argument that individuals have the right to poison themselves, although studies showing that the vast majority of smokers began as minors raise questions about informed consent.責任意識強的美國人接受任何人都有權(quán)毒害自己的觀點，但是研究顯示絕大多數(shù)吸 煙者開始吸煙時仍未成年，這就對知情吸煙提出了疑問。.Public-service announcements, catchy c