歐洲文化入門課件王

1、An Introduction to European Culture王昺 教授Email: wang.1Purposes of the courseImprove English learningUpgrade personal qualityPrepare for graduate programPromote intercultural competenceBroaden your vision for future2Characteristics of the CourseWide Coverage of many fields:astronomy, geography, litera

2、ture, history, religion, philosophy, political thoughts, art (paining, music, architecture, sculpture), science, etc. Knowing something of everything, not everything of something Only a taste3Focus of StudyHistorical background of every periodMajor events (wars, invasions, reforms, revolutions, soci

3、al changes,etc.)Ideologies (main assumptions) Prominent historical figures (political, literary, religious, scientific, artistic)Literary and artistic styles (main characteristics)Not original writings 4Miscellany Scope: chapter 1-chapter 8AttendanceEvaluation (paper or exam)Focus for prominent figu

4、res (names, time, contributions, masterpieces, heroes in their writings)Language of deliveryRequirements for proper names (English, simple foreign, complex foreign) My personal qualifications for the course5Abilities needed and to be developedMemorization (names, times, etc.)Comprehension (ideas and

5、 ideologies)Compare and contrast (east and west)Critical thinking (why Europe leads the world in many ways)Personal analysis and synthesis 6How can you learn the course well?Establish a chronological framework of world history:1200 146 B.C.: Ancient Greece700 B.C. 27 B.C. 395 A.D.- 476 1054- 1453: A

6、ncient Roman Empire476 A.D. 14th century : Medieval Age14th C (Dante) mid-17th C (Shakespeare, English Revolution)17th C: prodigious development of sci & Tech 18th C: enlightenment 19th C: Marxism, Darwinism, realism20th C: modernism, postmodernismSince 1970s: information age, globalization, economi

7、c integration, multiculturalism 7Ancient Greek CultureHistorical context:1200 BC. Trojan War (700BC: Homer) 800-500 BC: formative period (city states)500-336 BC: classical period: heydaywinning Greco-Persian Way; democracy in Athens; flourish of sci and art;civil war: Athens vs. Sparta 伯羅奔尼撒戰(zhàn)爭 (432-

8、404 BC), declined. 336-146 BC: Hellenization period 希臘化時期Alexander III (356-336-323 BC); center: Alexandria in Egypt; Roman conquest in 146 BC8Contending Schools詭辯學(xué)派 Sophists 500 B.C.代表人物：ProtagorasMan is measure of all things.Forerunner of Socratic dialecticEmphasis on ability to argue for any case

9、 regardless of its truth9Cynics：犬儒學(xué)派 300 B.C.Diogenes主張：simplicitybrotherhoodrejecting conventions10Sceptics 不可知派PyrrhonNot all knowledge is attainable.Wise men should not judge, but should aim at balanced imperburbability.11Epicureans 伊壁鳩魯學(xué)派EpicurusPleasure is the highest good of life,achieved thro

10、ugh practiced virtue. Different from hedonism(享樂主義）through sensual indulgence.12Stoics 斯多葛派，禁欲主義學(xué)派Zenoantithesis of Epicureansvirtue, not pleasure, is the highest good.DutyHardship13Ancient Rome Period of Kings: 753-510 B.C. City of Rome set upPeriod of Republic: 510-27 B.C. 1) Occupation of whole I

11、taly2) expansion: Punic Wars （264133 B.C.）, defeating Carthage (迦太基)3) Slave uprisings (133-27 BC.):斯巴達克斯 14Period of Empire: 27 B.C. 476 A.D. 1453 27 BC. 193 AD. Pax Romana前三頭：克拉蘇，龐培，凱撒（Julius Caeser）后三頭：雷必達，安東尼，屋大維 （Augustus Octavius）after 193: weakened, barbarian invasions (Huns, Goths, Visigoths

12、, Vandals)475: split WRE and Byzantium1453: conquered by Ottoman Empire (Modern Italy: 1871)15Romans & GreeksSimilarities:Democracy: citizen assembly, hostile to monarchyReligion and mythology:Languages (Greek and Latin): Indo-European family 16Differences:Romans built an empire, Greeks not.Greeks:

13、art and intellectRomans: Military: Roman legionsLaw: Roman LawConstructions: aqueducts, roadsGovernment system: effective bureaucracy17The BibleIt is not a single book, but a collection of 66 books, different in style, content, subject of matter, and point of view.Not written by one person, but by m

14、any anonymously, some sections had existed orally before.Not written within a single period of time:Old Testament: 1,000 - 15 B.C.N. T.: 50 150 A.D.Not written in one language:O.T: in Hebrew; N.T: in Greek (partly in Aramaic 阿拉米語)18* Books in it are not systematically classified or chronologically a

15、rranged. * It contains words of God,an inspired and inspiring bookan encyclopedia (poem, history, tale, moral teachings, etc.),* It is a book that was ordered to be burned, but survived every time.* It is a book translated into over 1,000 Ls and dialects.* Number One in terms of publication volume;

16、greatly influencing Eu culture. 19Classification of 66 booksOld Testament: (Hebrew History)1. Law and history2. Prophecies3. Poetry, drama, tales, moral teachingsNew Testament: (Life of Jesus Christ)1. Gospels2. Letters3. Revelations The central theme binding all books:Hebrew tradition written by, m

17、eant for and about Hebrews. 20GenealogyAdam & Eve Noah 諾亞(Ark) Abraham (to Canaan迦南) Moses 摩西(Exodus) Joshua （約書亞）(back to Canaan) split （猶太國&以色列國） Saul 掃羅(unification) David 大衛(wèi)(built Jerusalem) Solomon所羅門 21Life of GesusBorn on Dec. 25th, 4 B.C. In Bethlehem 伯利恒From a carpenters familyJoseph & Virg

18、in MaryDisappeared as a childLife before 30: unknownAt 30: baptized by JohnFrom 30-33: preachingAt 33: cruxifixation on Good Friday2 days later (Sunday): resurrection to heaven (Easter) 22Spread of ChristianityIn early time: suppressed by Roman gov.Later: developed quickly305 A.D.: stopped persecuti

19、on313: Emperor Constantine granted religious freedom (Edict of Milan米蘭敕令), became legal.Constantine baptized at deathbed392: Emperor Theodosius 塞奧多西烏斯made Christianity the official religion of the Empire and outlaw all other religions.6th century: Nestorianism 景教 reached China.23Translation of Bible

20、Original: Hebrew (舊)& Greek（新）Septuagint: 七十子希臘文舊約全書（3rd. century B.C. in Alexandria）(lost)Vulgate edition: Latin whole Bible by Jerome 日羅姆 （405 A.D.）; model for versions in other Ls. After 16th Century: into many national languages.24English Versions1382: John Wycliff 威克里夫16th Century: William Tynd

21、ale, literary quality1611: King James Bible（詹姆斯一世欽定本）, plain language and most influential1885: revised edition1901: American edition 25Chinese Versions* 7th C: 景教本 （敦煌）* 17th C: 明清本，by missionaries* 1919: 和合本, financed by churches* 1979： 聯(lián)合本 （in H.K.）26Famous saying from the Biblethe last straw tha

22、t falls gently on the camels back 引起巨大后果的最后因素Can the leopard change its spots? 本性難移. To sow the wind and reap the whirlwind自食其果.A living dog is better than a dead lion.It is more difficult for the rich to give than for the camel to go through the eye of a needle. 27The Middle Ages （the Medieval Time

23、s）Time: 476 A.D. 14th C.(人文主義出現(xiàn))Feudalization in EU. No political unity, no central gov.Wars and invasions(1066, Crusades)Only organization: Catholic churchChurch gained power and influenceSuppress scientists (“heretic”): Inquization (the Dark Age)Everyone was a believer: Age of FaithBirth of many n

24、ations: England, France, Spain28CrusadersCause: Jerusalem fell to pagans killing Christian pilgrimsTimes: 12 crusades, 200 yearsEffect: East-West contactrise of monarchymaterialisminternational trade developmentlearning revived 29RenaissanceTime: 14th C mid-17th C. (Eng. Revo.)Origin: Italy, spread

25、to all Eu. Means: revival of interest in R. & G. cultureIdeology: humanismBourgeois in natureProdigious development in sci. and tech.National languagesAbsolute authority of Catholic: shakenGiants appeared30Different emphasisItaly: artFrance: literatureEngland: philosophy, dramaGermany: religion31Cha

26、racteristicsSpread of HumanismReturn to classical valuesBeginning of objective sci. inquiryFlourish of literature and artGeographic discoveries32HumanismA philosophy to assert greatness of man: physical beauty + power of reasonA movement to restore human value of ancient classics as opposed to schol

27、asticism 經(jīng)院哲學(xué)of the M. Ages.Bourgeois in nature, against feudalism, paving the way for the rising capitalism33Religious RevolutionA 16th C. religious, social, political movementAim: to oppose absolute authority of Roman Catholic church and replace it with the authority of the BibleDisputes: (1) who

28、is the supreme authority, the Church or Bible? (2) Can individuals communicate directly with God? (indulgences)Beginning: M. Luthers 95 theses (Wittengerg威登堡church)Result: split of church34Reformers practiceTranslate Bible into vernacularsSimplify church ritualsAbolishing indulgences 贖罪券Reform churc

29、hOppose church interference with naitonal eco. And politicsPeasant war35Martin LutherFounder of Protestant Church95 thesesAgainst indulgencesStarted religious reform which extended to eco and poli. liberation from church controlTranslate Bible into German vernacularFighter for democracy and national

30、ismIdeal of equality36Split of Christianity395 A.D.: Roman Empire- West and East476: W.RE ended1054: Catholic R. Catholic & Orthodox1453: end of E.RE (Byzantium) 1520s: R. Catholic Catholic & Protestant(Calvinism瑞, Huguenot法, Presbyterianism蘇, Anglican英, etc.)After 1620: Quacker, Methodism美, etc.)37

31、Reformation in EnglandFocus: Pope vs. King (Germany: church vs. Bible)J. Knox established Presbyterian churchWycliffe translated English BibleHerry VIII broke with Pope (on marriage)Act of supremacy of 1534Closing monasteries and seizing land38Counter ReformationSpain became the base of church refor

32、m, establishment of InquizationCouncil of Trent: stressing Catholic orthodoxyJesuits: conservative Catholic advocates who helped to win much of Germany, Poland, Hungary, etc. (still alive today) 39Protestantism and CapitalismRoman Catholic church weakenedDenominations flourished ProtestantismLiberat

33、ion of ideas: imagination, creationFormation of many nation-statesNational languages: popularSci, trade, commerceInventions and discoveriesObedience gave way to quest, challenge and freedom40Geographic DiscoveriesBy 1600, surface of the known earth doubledColumbus(熱那亞人，西班牙): N. World (Oct. 12, 1492)

34、 (比較：鄭和，14051433年7次下西洋)Diaz （葡萄牙）：Cape of Good Hope (1487)Da Gama (葡萄牙)： Route to India via Good Hope (1497)Amerigo (意大利，亞美利哥維斯普契)：亞美利加洲Magellan, Firdinand（麥哲倫，葡萄牙）：sailing around the globe (1522) 41Science in 17th C.Ptolemy 托勒密（2nd C. AD.）：地心說Copernicus: heliocentric hypothesis 日心說Kepler: 3 Keplers

35、 laws- lend support to Copernicus HypothesisGalileo: invented astronomical telescope, proved heliocentric theory by observation, the law of inertia, the principle of lever, the law of falling bodies.Sir Isaac Newton: the law of universal gravitation (Nature is governed by laws)42Alexander Pope (蒲伯)

36、wrote:“Nature and Natures laws hid in night,God said, Let Newton be, and all was light.”宇宙法則，冥冥之中，主曰：“頓來”，萬物皆明。43社會契約論（民約論）Hobbes：Natural state of war: 狼多肉少Laws of Nature: the rule of reasonpassion war and anarchyreason cooperation and peace3. Social contract: Every person gives up his or her rights

37、 to one man (sovereign) by “an agreement”;Powers of sovereign is absolute;Rebellion is wrong;Peace is achieved.實質(zhì)：support of monarchy意義：against “divine right of kings.” 君權(quán)神授44J. LockeAgainst divine right of kingsAll men are naturally free and equal in the state of nature (natural rights: survival, s

38、elf-defense, private properties).Natural law means universally obligatory moral law, governed by reason.Social contract:Will of the mojority;The ruler of government is one partner of the agreement;Rebellion is justified;Support of democracy;意義：theory for Am. Revolution45English Revolutioncauses: gro

39、wth of capitalism; Breakdown of serfdom;Puritan movementTime: 1642-1649 (Charles I beheaded; Stuart ended)Leader: Oliver Cromwell 克倫威爾Charles II. Restoration: 16581688: Glorious Revolution (William & Mary)46Glorious Revolution of 16881689：Bill of Rights: established supremacy of Parliament (constitu

40、tional monarchy)legislature: parliamentTaxation: parliamentMilitary: no standing army for kingReligion: no Roman Catholic can be a king. 47EnlightenmentAn intellectual movement originating in France in the 2nd half of the 18th C.特點：using critical reason to free mind from prejudice, unexamined author

41、ity, and oppression of church or state Age of Reason先驅(qū)：1. J. Locke: materialist theory （知識來源于經(jīng)驗，人腦可以認識世界）2. I. Newton: law of universal gravitation (自然是由法則支配的，法則可以被人認識)Belief in: natural law, universal order, human reasonProminent figures: 伏爾泰，孟德斯鳩，狄德羅，盧梭 French Encyclopedia: popularized new kn. and

42、 ideas 48Influences in Various AspectsPolitics: rationalization of gov. and law (separation of powers)Social contact vs. divine right of kingsIdeology: freedom, equality and fraternity vs. feudal privileges; kn. & sci. vs prejudice & ignorance Philosophy: materialism vs. scholasticism Religion: Deis

43、m vs. ChristianityArt & L.: decorum (規(guī)范)Economy: laissezfaire vs. state interference (feudal bondage)49Historical Context1700-1750: peacefulAfter 1750: full of ideological, political, social and economic revolutions1776: American Rev. Declaration of Independence1789: French Rev. Declaration of Right

44、s of Man1760-1840: English Industrial Rev. Result: growth of modern capitalism50Romanticism (18-19th C)Individual freedom and aspirations;Shift from conformist to creative and adventurous;Giving impetus to national movement;Direct contact with Nature for inspiration;Pure sentiment, ideal beautyIn se

45、arch for subjective, spontaneous, supernatural;Eulogizing idyllic life;Escape from corrupt, polluted urban civilization;Return to nature and childlike innocence;Youth and love.51Beginning: Rousseau; Storm and Stress (德國狂飚突進運動)Corruption of capitalist societyPollution of nature after Industrial RevolutionCriticism of classi