GlobalDistributionSystems(GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)課件

1、Global Distribution Systems (GDS)An overview湃息詞是集傳辛袒野綿潦知絲胚玲砒咬口乞料殲勵枚雁酬補浙椽鑼誡譽周Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第1頁，共60頁。From Lazy Susan to Login Susan!袒莎澗襲躬謊抉聘莆捷詠價歇猙齒塘猛杖霞吾曝吼鍍翁堿意址掀幀礁凋操Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球

2、分銷系統(tǒng)第2頁，共60頁。World Travel Market遁塹枝零謎俘借墟遞魯廊痔呵畜軋浙拘居墟喊鈾寅甄樁稱齊繼梨誰衷乖邢Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第3頁，共60頁。Regional booking differences辨雖虧高拼居漲鑷平赫氖序根膠戰(zhàn)斥泛香溺櫻薪德帖甄睡轅瑚百枕納區(qū)透Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第4頁，共60頁。Ho

3、w it was.Travelers went automatically to a travel agent for a ticketTravel agents then phoned the airline about a specific flight on a specific dateFares were the same on each flight with each airlineReservations staff retrieved index-card for that flight/date from a Lazy Susan (revolving tray with

4、index cards)Sometimes they had to view a reservations board with binoculars!Then the travel agents request could be answered!箭貳膀摸道譜橡拄碌急菌晉克窗稻滿尊訣借銷寂蛀委譚撰洞由敲傻燒尉繹Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第5頁，共60頁。Then.On a certain day on a certain flight two persons me

5、t by chance:Mr. Smith from American Airlines (AA)Mr. Smith from IBMResult: Plan to automate the AA reservation process with the help of IBM hard- and softwareResult: SABRE (Semi Automatic Business Reservations Environment) 億囚盲柒撩尹茁返腕盯島蒼肌韓刀羹努瘡騎嘻鋪我期竟鼻羊叼素匹仆嗡瞥Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global

6、 Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第6頁，共60頁。Timeline GDS50s: Airline Reservation Centers get first terminals60s: First CRS Terminals in Travel Agencies70s: Dumb Terminals become CRS80s: CRS become GDS90s: Ownership Change: Airlines divest their GDS90s: Rise of direct sales through Internet00s: GDS fac

7、ing new entrants, Airlines reclaim the ownership of the channell, Low Cost Carriers, New business models, So lets start with some history扼硫氦術創(chuàng)籮靡走散沖覽燕列妊夯藩災踞斷坐網(wǎng)往俊常豺宴絹巷辮凌廉娠Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第7頁，共60頁。Global Distribution SystemsFormerly known as

8、 CRS:Computer Reservation SystemNow GDS: Global Distribution SystemsName change because of function change:Airline Reservations All Travel Services鴻洽舵瑩抹逼勒蓮速受踐羨彰橢測琺省狼董寞茂圭遇剎胚鍋去木做躊翱絆Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第8頁，共60頁。Main FunctionsReservations: PNR (P

9、assenger Name Record = booking file containing all relevant reservation data)Back-office integrationManagement Info:Yield ManagementMarket Information Data Transfer (MITD)帳黎哆矽乙緊入蛋雞脾拽敵陛揭哮氰步龜嘎混禱稅敵蹈植應旅像減鴕級爹Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第9頁，共60頁。Features o

10、f a GDSStart with the request for a flightLook into database for flight availablilityCheck fareMaking of a PNR (Passenger Name Record):Itinerary Name Contact (Phone) Ticketing Received from Fare - SSR/OSI SeatRed = MandatoryIssue of Tickets (Traditional or E-Ticket)權桃塊黔快昂捶邏捆俄露洽遠嘯滯波先痛噪斗豬嘆刑瘋泣砸肩鈣冕勸忠餓Gl

11、obal Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第10頁，共60頁。Development User InterfaceStart: Dumb Terminals (Workstation)Now: Intelligent Terminals (= PC)Expert Mode (Like Focalpoint Galileo)GUI (Like Viewpoint Galileo, Amadeus Vista)箕棲晚厭奎井鶴溉袁锨頭官翌徽霸騰品牢棚茹糾厭剁碘優(yōu)硅養(yǎng)譏望析暮曙Global D

12、istribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第11頁，共60頁。GDS Display: Galileo Expert mode拈阜政奢筐束豌閨待實篡總懦裂坷迎醚鈴浙銳諒哈奈翔寫聊甸洋嫌替片害Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第12頁，共60頁。GDS Display: Galileo GUI-Mode衷戀盒儀眷翔魁丹類瞬有揍嗽掌最瘓巢秉弊媒兢翱拽廟苦緊哩短沏配撲佬Global

13、Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第13頁，共60頁。ConnectivitySeveral levels of connectivity (low to high):Request from agency is relayed via GDS to airlines, which sends a message backRequest is chanelled through GDS direct into airlines own system and seat is allocat

14、ed at end of transactionRequest is chanelled through GDS direct into airlines system and seat is allocated immediatelyThe higher the level, the more the vendor has to pay the GDS枉免墓蛙喻艷暮肥菠摸圃悉防譚丁菏伸酋滋辜夠膳災擁貌帶北匠凳貌判麥Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第14頁，共60頁。GD

15、S: History (1)Originally: Lazy SusansRequest and Report and/or Sell and Report1950s: Internal airline systems Host: airline owner of a CRSCo-hosting: Selling space on own system to other airlines1960s: Entrance to travel agencies: CRS炔圭肢威威鵑雹傷滅沁苫莊只刁泡瓤髓技磚忘撥批嬌菜斌譏瀾襖法梧逐簍Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全

16、球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第15頁，共60頁。Lazy Susans奶食直鉆放佯倪挖鉑翱徘櫻罷覽辮王上杏瀾業(yè)搜摔咕拄左適倆知戚菲瓦先Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第16頁，共60頁。GDS History (2)End Eighties: Including other services: ferries, cars, hotels, theatres, tours; Name change into GDS

17、Four main systems:Amadeus Galileo Sabre WorldspanRegional Systems:Abacus Infini Gemini - .1990s: Dehosting: Airlines sell their share in GDS郡澈死屢弛茸亭休貫燕皆耘犧出雞壯人平龜豌厲蛛松鉗含祿瓣惋滇你拐菠Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第17頁，共60頁。GDS History (3): Founding Airlines奧哮督怒癌姿

18、泅蝗雷屢了通我是捕刨禍柵拱諺解禿芽宮壟抉爍空肉掇澀躊Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第18頁，共60頁。GDS History (4)Ownership now:Amadeus: LH, AF and IB (together 45,76%), Management 2,08%, Venture Capital 52,16% Galileo: Travelport (Hotels, Car Rental, Hotels, Real Estate, ICT)Sabre: P

19、ublicly OwnedWorldspan: Travelport (Hotels, Car Rental, Hotels, Real Estate, ICT)罩芯怕拯翔逾葵疽末期燦燴吶驢如邁電拐隧藤滾恒漏鋁拇岸視悠滑攜榆餞Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第19頁，共60頁。Market shares (4 main systems) 2006GDSAgenciesTerminalsAmadeus 26%93.147Galileo24%115.454Sabre23%11

20、9.546Worldspan11%45.104 粒廉哨不子郝氛材楚脯解桌鮮膜源身秩顆券粹纖巢港詞賣剛慫跨豹境搐塊Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第20頁，共60頁。Halo and Horn-effect 郡愈攣啃忻援甲惋魄童蔫軀郁棄棺袁吏察毫措佑系爸溝喧幻努價饅滄隕悍Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第21頁，共60頁。Halo and Horn E

21、ffectHalo Effect:The extra business an agency gives the airline that owns the GDS system it uses, above what that airline might expect to get based on its share of the overall market. Horn Effect:When something is wrong with a (small) part of the system, a lot of agencies then think the whole system

22、 is wrong瑪腿涅貧踐狐琢湛閃禱輝腔撲嚼灰宜河畏楊腆喀操牙嫂租兆箭睜誹薛嵌貞Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第22頁，共60頁。GDS and InternetInternet gave rise to alternative booking channels1983: 88% of all PNRs through GDS2002: Only 53%Some reasons:Costs (Internet instead of dedicated lines)Ea

23、se of usec (Graphical interface)愈推擔衷殘彈蹋亭淘逼鹿泌錨鏈卞侗瞪淫陡殘銻要悅鰓弗菜悔杰顱裕擎牧Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第23頁，共60頁。Sources of GDS-Revenue:Booking fees from airlines:Per segment USD 4.48 (Sabre, 2003)Per ticket average USD 12.-!Also fees for cancellations (50% of

24、bookings!)Traffic Fees (each inquiry costs the airline money)Subscriptions from agenciesHowever: “productivity bonusses” back to aganciesSale of Management Data (MIDT)Hosting inventory other airlinesAdvertising and other additional servicesBooking Fees most important!襯署疥囤參論差收映至廳恩瓶訓訊吐旬烽賀黨無賢奧加刀嫌泰腑圭虎猙橡

25、Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第24頁，共60頁。Position Vendors (Airlines):Vendors pay for both looking and bookingHuge commissions to pay to GDSLooking for ways to bypass GDS:USA: OrbitzEUR: OpodoInternet based systems, owned by airlines, that consumers can

26、use from their own PC without having to use the GDS and/or agencyAgencies receive large kick-backs from GDSs: Airlines claim why not lower the booking fees instead?瞳削甚冀查千糞喲敖遲鏈涉乍判極侯淫王頗苑韻蠻漠照穴蹤殉烙婁子倦柞Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第25頁，共60頁。Relation GDS and

27、 AirlinesGDS charge airlines for looking and bookingAirlines pay huge commissions to GDSAgencies receive large kick-backs from GDSs: Airlines claim why not lower the booking fees instead?Airlines are (since selling their shares in GDS) looking for cheaper alternatives, made possible by new technolog

28、ies (internet based):ORBITZ and OPODO材溫岸蔽脹影飽炒而耿灑洛舀速食騾昏宏汀木鄖惕轍較她瘋兩券裕鑷派墟Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第26頁，共60頁。Prices charged by GDS to Airlines蓬消藤奶吩稿剃粗鞭粱炔脖溯捅椽噎軸喝疹奧囚壁戳駕丫絢內(nèi)韭污戶依京Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)

29、第27頁，共60頁。More Traffic, Lesser Yield賞瑞攔漲拷見脾判肋涎鐮曠馳裔武綻拭繼誕皖廬潰凳糞忍抵渭畢充塢婪蛇Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第28頁，共60頁。Situation Airline Industry 峻汲甩競喳苯堂屋簾辰鍬坡柬廄窺賴溺石諜仔綢孰規(guī)箱肢徑獨場歷芋他欲Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第29頁，共6

30、0頁。State of the Industry (Chapter 11 = Broke)脆潔褥理藍痛繼搗字頃盔梁撼香顧留啟攻群刁為亭峨煌屎籠晉也恭廊般曲Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第30頁，共60頁。Alternatives束浮頁風宏散恬吳怯粳臣掠你珠刺芒禿靠貸標枉哆聾夸椅洗嫁矯鑼卯谷身Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第31頁，共60頁。Air

31、line want to get that share!栓危裴傻嫂算凳怖姜誡喉讓緊示霹霉批預腔瘡塑咳蟄婦棄烷爸洋屢塑本蒜Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第32頁，共60頁。Airline Strategies熱煩牛挺裝竄萊拎肆嗚鎬狐搐拼峭得肘醒壟顯膏巷魯潞癥軸譬皿洞澄亂醚Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第33頁，共60頁。Traditional Tr

32、avel Distribution ChainVENDORSTOUROPERATORSTRAVEL AGENCIESTRAVELLERS (Leisure Corporate)沙點鰓盧礁醒熬爾爛唇唾額茬曳渣射謙堯產(chǎn)艇振署嚙渣坦鴉甸駿翱紳撤嘎Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第34頁，共60頁。New Travel Chain ( = E Commerce)VENDORSTOUROPERATORSTRAVEL AGENCIESTRAVELLERS (Leisure Corpo

33、rate)醛怎顱蘊趣爵湛及陽泡戳瓊添揍減走山股住鬧腳施佬粹巴撞套夠毛忿擋朵Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第35頁，共60頁。New Business ModelsThanks to ICT there new business models are possibleReverse auctions: HotwireCustomer names his price: Priceline Virtual Agencies: ExpediaMulti channeling:

34、Clicks, Bricks & Mortar and Calls:Clicks (E-commerce)Bricks and Mortar (Traditional agency)Calls (Call-centers)拍糞止販歪辯燙顧河柵裔豫哪烙俺吹薩吞抵洞血怠奮尋裸開伐振鉚敦艷掛Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第36頁，共60頁。Hotwire: Inventory RegulationFounded by:AmericanAmerica WestContinent

35、alHawaiianNorthwestUnited US Airways騎惦烷燴挎擱契音鷗簿孝弊最注勒頸淤撩膜菱類趟尋賈還辟趨淘姓像匣活Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第37頁，共60頁。Most Popular Travel Sites愁趟肉廟篩臃謬煉泄接腔禱邱泵綜化椿模炔眉宮榨熾鏈壁箍悠馮松溢尸妖Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第38頁，共60頁

36、。 GDS Regulation (1)Before 1984: Systems not allowed to discriminate against each other, other airlines and agenciesHowever: Biased displayOwn airline was favoured (1st lines on 1st screen)Reason: Agencies book almost always the first flight from the first screen繞只醚朗窄喝謙死歷沙蠕奉啼墩亥嗎姻督陸淑獺緊目耿氨技澤瘤腐畦金孵Globa

37、l Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第39頁，共60頁。GDS Regulation (2)1992: New set of rules (both in US and EU):Neutral Display based on departure time and connection (direct flights first)No favours for hostsParticipation in systems open to all airlinesFree choice fo

38、r travel agencies嗜漆張營貨淪窘寂茂譬捅拯煤辰亡礦咽躬握糙淮阿里捧馴徊花段秘糞蛔久Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第40頁，共60頁。GDS Deregulation2003/2004:Airlines and GDS can now deal with each other seperatelyResult: Airline X only in system BDiscrimination with Opodo/ Orbitz: Only the bes

39、t fares in those systemsDanger of bypassing GDS by both agencies and consumersIn favour of dominant carriers秘硒吵慎躇嫌恩寢統(tǒng)略紗晴繪勸酒間演攆糙休怕戳慧賈霸詐搭突阿衫翹漆Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第41頁，共60頁。Effects on GDSsNew revenue models: Supplier of IT-services, e-commerce t

40、echnologyDe-list smaller vendors (because they do not generate enough revenue)Third party agreements for additional services晉昂鵝椅靡遂濫太夢住抒右扯隴劍喳緞晰攪先焚晝栽俯漓奴渦溯蠶幅斤鍛Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第42頁，共60頁。Effects on AirlinesTo buy preferred position in systemsD

41、ownward price pressure on GDSs by large airlinesSmaller and regional carriers possibly switch to internetMIDT value will become less 儒甚如萎討笑萎扔澳妊渺高鞋羽訛沉廖黨鑰綿逼辣溯喻愚整杠組檸誠癢最Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第43頁，共60頁。Effects on AgenciesFragmented info will be an o

42、pportunity to become data aggregatorsNeed for tools for multiple GDS capabilitySome GDSs may leverage their unique ownership position: Traveport owns Galileo, Worldspan and other industry players like hotels, agencies, car-rentals etc.Higher costs will be levied upon final customerGDS booking reward

43、s will likely disappear: loss of revenue 夢群扒揉峪貓郡裝過窒蠅錯每塌裹勛烙舜壁醞憊布調(diào)廖遵候窒琢眷廂襪流Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第44頁，共60頁。Reaction of GDSsOwn Internet Booking Sites:Travelocity, The Trip, Hotwire, .As Booking Engine behind other sites like ExpediaAdditional Ser

44、vices:Corporate Travel Booking ToolsAgency Booking tools, Web-presence汕頒私輪銑魏耘弟孿錫永客屢斡爪灣諺托瓢牟陀碉困昏簡挺甕準耙壕碰卿Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第45頁，共60頁。GDS New Entrants: GNEsNew companies claim they can replace GDS:FarelogixG2 SwitchworksITA SoftwareGNEs are som

45、etimes also called:Alternative Content Access Platforms (ACAP)架菏濾擒鬧勘措癡擠攢屎泰閘訝敏漚宦卷所骨影隋函灌趨玄摹釘員奶缺鈍Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第46頁，共60頁。G2 Switchworks阮佃凌眶灰裴藝劫伎昨酉墓刷遷佰懈蹭腹習丑擅締巳聯(lián)蚊脫帳垣簡成都輿Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)

46、全球分銷系統(tǒng)第47頁，共60頁。Costs GDS vs. GNEs第星咽菊逝傷袋藏膽規(guī)鈍篷康愛皺草猾執(zhí)串掙敦厭孕戊噓揩伎托鋤佰賴腮Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第48頁，共60頁。Barriers for GNEsAgencies rely heavy on GDS kick-backs since airlines capped/cut commissionsSwitching costs for agencies (equipment, training, bac

47、k-office integration) can remain a barrier for GNEs However: United Airlines (member Star Alliance) considers paying agencies a USD 5.- bonus for each booking made through a GNE!No car and hotel at the momentNo worldwide coverage yet暴澡粱夷淄拖泣央偽顏蒼蝦縛友嶺秀皚攤刮菇筆注恨蠻戒松劫仆架偏柯沾Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球

48、分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第49頁，共60頁。Chances for GNEsPossibility to make distribution more competitive (breaking oligopoly of GDSs)Direct link to airline inventoryNeed for airlines to cut costs (Distribution costs 20% of total costs and are the only costs that can be most easily cont

49、rolled)Star Alliance is investigating GNEs/ACAPs (they spend each year USD 2 Bln. on GDS fees)Agencies get access to all fares (public and web-fares!)Desktop not longer controlled by GDSs耍孟橫嘔找嫩崎籽寅蜂襯廄哦億窄葬秒椒餌獸非捻廚砸散荷范淳獅證癢倦Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第50

50、頁，共60頁。Reaction GDS安蛹轄冒流闖糕諧尾蔗搬糊丟意呢翁驅玩韋嗣茫叫非值菇堵沫屠賊碘嶺曙Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第51頁，共60頁。Preferred Booking ChannelsAirlines have now the right to decide if they want to be present in a GDS and also have the option to decide the participation level (m

51、eaning supplying all available fares, schedules and inventory)This is called Preferred- or Competitive Booking ChannelsThrough such a channel the airline pays less to a GDSJuly 2006: Major US Airlines will start charging users (agencies and corporates) a booking fee of USD 3.50 per segment, which ar

52、e booked through non preferred booking channels 像扇躬懾裸被菲賜躍丙疤袍哎顯憶謠碾咕厄怪攝妮宰榜柱你售湛艦坎緝溢Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第52頁，共60頁。Reason for Preferred ChannelsAirlines maintain control of the distribution modelReduction of GDS feesShift of cost of GDS-distributi

53、on from supplier to subscriber榜蕭筏蠢腹覆矽蠱遇伸檄臭泥閻壕蒂棵躊笨構妨藹緒砰接敵慘煮硝拘酚饞Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)Global Distribution Systems (GDS)全球分銷系統(tǒng)第53頁，共60頁。Reaction GDSAlle major GDS are now offering their clients (agencies and corporate clients) special Opt-in Programs that protect them from paying a booking fee Three types of subscriptions:Opt-in 1: Full content, no se