英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)

1、英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)Word-formation 構(gòu)詞法構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)Derivation派生法Compound 合成法 Conversion 轉(zhuǎn)化法 掌握基本的構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)，對(duì)于正確地識(shí)記單詞，擴(kuò)大詞匯量，提高記憶速度和記憶效果，培養(yǎng)自學(xué)能力，具有非常重要的意義。簡(jiǎn)略詞 合成詞 縮略詞 Compound 合成法把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的詞合成一個(gè)新詞, 這種構(gòu)詞的方法叫做合成法 合成法1. 直接寫在一起。2. 用連字符(-)連接。3. 由兩個(gè)分開的詞構(gòu)成。方法概念方式1. 復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成 2. 復(fù)合名詞的構(gòu)成。3. 其他復(fù)合詞的構(gòu)成。復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成方式 例 詞 形容詞形容詞 red-hot，bitter-s

2、weet, dark-blue 形容詞名詞 first-class, full-time, part-time, second-hand, bare-foot 形容詞現(xiàn)在分詞 good-looking, free-thinking, hard-working 形容詞過(guò)去分詞 ready-made 形容詞名詞-ed good-tempered, middle-aged, cold-blooded 名詞名詞-ed iron-willed 名詞形容詞 world-famous，snow-white, seasick， lifelong 名詞現(xiàn)在分詞 beauty-loving, freedom-lo

3、ving, job-hunting, time-saving 名詞過(guò)去分詞 man-made, water-covered, snow-covered, hand-made 副詞形容詞 ever-green, over-sensitive 副詞現(xiàn)在分詞 hard-working, far-seeing， far-reaching, well-meaning 副詞過(guò)去分詞 well-prepared, quickly-cured, well-known 數(shù)詞名詞 five-year, 數(shù)詞名詞+形容詞 five-year-old, six-inch-tall 數(shù)詞名詞-ed four-legge

4、d, six-storied , two-faced, four-cornered red-hot，bitter-sweet, dark-blue first-class, full-time, part-time, second-hand, bare-foot good-looking, free-thinking, hard-working ready-made good-tempered, middle-aged, cold-blooded iron-willed world-famous，snow-white, seasick， lifelong beauty-loving, free

5、dom-loving, job-hunting, time-saving man-made, water-covered, snow-covered, hand-made ever-green, over-sensitive hard-working, far-seeing， far-reaching, well-meaning well-prepared, quickly-cured, well-known five-year, five-year-old, six-inch-tall four-legged, six-storied , two-faced, four-cornered現(xiàn)成

6、的 熾熱 自由思維 鐵的意志暈船 終身 美容愛好 求職 省時(shí)省力 水覆蓋常綠，過(guò)度敏感 遠(yuǎn)看到 意義深遠(yuǎn) 善意的充分準(zhǔn)備 快速固化，兩面， 復(fù)合名詞的構(gòu)成方式例詞名詞名詞 horseback , newspaper, cell-phone 形容詞名詞 back-yard, forehead， greenhouse, blackboard動(dòng)名詞名詞 hiding-place, reading-room 動(dòng)詞副詞get-off, break-in, breakdown, breakup 副詞動(dòng)詞 output, overflow 動(dòng)詞名詞pickpocket , 副詞名詞overcoat, inl

7、and代詞名詞he-goat, she-wolf名詞介詞名詞 editor-in-chief, father-in-lawhorseback , newspaper, cell-phone back-yard, forehead， greenhouse, blackboardhiding-place, reading-room get-off, break-in, breakdown, breakup output, overflow pickpocket , overcoat, inlandhe-goat, she-wolfeditor-in-chief, father-in-law手機(jī) 溫

8、室， break-in中斷 breakdown故障breakup解體 output,輸出 overflow泛濫pickpocket扒手editor-in-chief,總編輯 father-in-law岳父 其他復(fù)合詞的構(gòu)成方式例 詞復(fù)合動(dòng)詞名詞動(dòng)詞 day-dream，sun-bathe 副詞動(dòng)詞 overcome, outgrow 形容詞動(dòng)詞 white-wash 復(fù)合副詞名詞+名詞 sideways名詞+副詞 headfirst 形容詞+名詞 meanwhile介詞+名詞 beforehand復(fù)合代詞代詞賓格或物主代詞 + self (selves)himself, ourselves 某

9、些不定代詞 + body (one, thing)everyone (everybody, everything), nobody (no one, nothing)day-dream，sun-bathe overcome, outgrow white-wash sidewaysheadfirst meanwhile beforehandhimself, ourselves everyone (everybody, everything), nobody (no one, nothing)outgrow長(zhǎng)得比 . 快 sideways側(cè)身 headfirst冒失地beforehand預(yù)先 轉(zhuǎn)化

10、法 Conversion 轉(zhuǎn)化法概念方式英語(yǔ)中有些單詞,詞形不變, 詞性卻可以由一種轉(zhuǎn)化成另一種。一個(gè)單詞由某一種詞類轉(zhuǎn)用為另一種詞類, 這就是轉(zhuǎn)化。單詞轉(zhuǎn)換后的意義往往與未轉(zhuǎn)換前的意義有密切的聯(lián)系。1. 名詞和動(dòng)詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)化2. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞3. 名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞(副詞)4. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞轉(zhuǎn)化法（Conversion）tasten. 味道v.嘗起來(lái)It has a good taste.It taste very good.record n.記錄v. 記錄He broke the record.He lies to record something while reading a b

11、ook. 名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞副詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞 telephone電話打電話slow 慢的放慢front前面前面的down 向下?lián)舻筯and手 交給warm 暖的使溫暖black 黑色黑色的back向后后退record 錄音記錄 empty 空的倒空noble 貴族高貴的up 向上提高date 日期 定日期better 較好 改善key 鑰匙 關(guān)鍵的name 名字 命名cool 涼爽 使冷face 臉 面對(duì) 動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞一些形容詞前加the后轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞 drink 喝飲料perfect 使完善完美的 chief 主要的首領(lǐng)the wou

12、nded受傷的人們 study 學(xué)習(xí)書房fit 適合 適合的first 第一的 第一個(gè)the blind盲人們look at have a look at wrong 錯(cuò)誤的 錯(cuò) 誤the beautiful美麗的東西 轉(zhuǎn)化法例釋簡(jiǎn)略詞合成詞縮略詞examexaminationplane aeroplanead.advertisement maths mathematicssmoke + fog = smogmotor +hotel=motelTV televisionTOEFL Test of EnglishAs A Foreign LanguagePLA the peoples liber

13、ation Army of China加前綴： happy - _happy 加后綴： develop - develop_既加前綴又加后綴： employ -_employ_unmentunment派生詞（derivation） 常見的否定前綴中學(xué)英語(yǔ)課本中有許多單詞帶有否定前綴，如果能理解這些否定前綴的含義，使用和記憶單詞是很有幫助的。否定前綴加在一個(gè)詞的前面就完全改變或否定了這個(gè)詞的原來(lái)意義。前 綴意 義用 法例 詞un-不，未（= not) 加在形容詞或副詞前unhappy, unnecessary, unexpected, unusual, , 相反動(dòng)作加在動(dòng)詞前uncover, u

14、ntie, unlock, undressin- ，il-im-，ir-不， 非， 無(wú)加在形容詞或其派生的名詞或副詞前 incomplete, impossible. impolite, irregular, inability, dis-表示否定加在名詞或形容詞前dishonour,羞辱 表示相反加在動(dòng)詞前dislike, disbelieve表示分離剝奪除去加在名詞或動(dòng)詞前discharge,排出 dismiss解雇 mis-表示錯(cuò)、誤加在名詞、動(dòng)詞或及其派生詞前mistake, misfortune,不幸 misunderstanding誤解unhappy, unnecessary, u

15、nexpected, unusual, , uncover, untie, unlock, undress incomplete, impossible. impolite, irregular, inability, dishonour,羞辱 dislike, disbelievedischarge,排出 dismiss解雇 mistake, misfortune,不幸 misunderstanding誤解表示時(shí)間和其他關(guān)系的前綴前 綴意 義用 法例 詞re-表示：再一次，重新用于動(dòng)詞及派生名詞名詞、形容詞及其它名詞前(= again)renew,續(xù)借 reborn, rebuild, re

16、appear, retellfore-表示：時(shí)間或位置的“在前面”加在動(dòng)詞或名詞前(= before)foresee, foreleg, foretell預(yù)言, foreknow預(yù)卜pre-表示：在前、事先、預(yù)先加在名詞或形容詞前(=before, in front, in advance)prepay, prewar, preschool, prehistorypost-表示：時(shí)間和順序的“在后邊”加在名詞或形容詞前(= after, behind)post-war, post-graduatea-表示：在 之上， 向， 在里加在動(dòng)詞或名詞前，構(gòu)成派生形容詞、副詞或介詞asleep, alo

17、ng, aloud, , alive, acrossco-表示：聯(lián)合、共同加在名詞或動(dòng)詞前co-worker, coexistco-own, co-ownerinter-表示:“互相”、“在一起”加在名詞、形容詞前構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞(= between, among)interchange, internationalmid-表示：中間加在名詞前(= middle)midday, midnightsuper-表示：高級(jí)、在之上加在名詞前(= above, over, upon)superpower,超級(jí)大國(guó)，superstructure上層建筑表示人和物的名詞后綴后綴意 義 用 法例詞 表示人 -er從

18、事職業(yè)的人，做的人，地方的人加在動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞上teacher, workerlearner, -or 與-er同義外來(lái)后綴，加在外來(lái)詞上visitor, conductoreducator, translator-eer從事于.的人用于外來(lái)詞engineer, volunteermountaineer-ess女.的加于名詞后，表示陰性actress, waitress-ician.(專)家，.工作者加在以-ic結(jié)尾的名詞或形容詞上physician, politicianmusician-ist從事.職業(yè)的人，從事某種.文藝、學(xué)術(shù)的人，.主義者加在名詞上，或 ize 結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞上，或以-

19、al結(jié)尾的其它詞上artist, socialistcommunistphysicist表示物-er表示從事某工作的物加在動(dòng)詞和名詞或復(fù)合詞上washer,洗衣機(jī) -or表示從事某工作的物加在動(dòng)詞上conductor,導(dǎo)體，用 法例 詞表示“人”，加在動(dòng)詞上listener, adviser, speaker, writer, driver, teacher, worker, singer, leader, waiter, runner, discoverer, explorer, maker表示“人”，加在名詞上banker, , officer, lawyer, prisoner, geo

20、grapher, joker, 表示“人”，加在某些地點(diǎn)名詞或某些形容詞Londoner, New Yorker, villager, Britisher, southerner, foreigner, outsider, stranger表示“人”，加在復(fù)合詞上housekeeper,管家, looker-on,旁觀者 表示“物”，加在動(dòng)詞上washer, boiler, container, lighter,打火機(jī)drawer, 表示“物”，加在名詞上steamer,蒸籠washer, 表示“物”，加在復(fù)合詞上loudspeaker,既表示 “人”也表示“物”，加在動(dòng)詞上fighter,戰(zhàn)

21、斗機(jī)printer,打印機(jī)印刷者 recorder, ruler后綴-er 構(gòu)詞能力抽象名詞和集合名詞的后綴-agemarriage, luggage, postage郵費(fèi) -urefailure, temperature, pressure, pleasure, -itymajority, opportunity, -mentargument, statement, achievement, amusement, equipment -ismcommunism, criticism, internationalism, socialism -anceappearance, entrance,

22、 -domkingdom, wisdom, freedom-ydifficulty, discovery, bravery, machinery-alarrival, refusal, disapproval, -nesskindness, illness, brightness, selflessness, correctness-shipcitizenship, friendship, professorship, hardship, comradeship-hoodchildhood, brotherhood,兄弟情誼，-thstrength, growth, length, wealt

23、h, truth-erybravery, slavery, chemistry, surgery, machinery后綴為-ion的名詞規(guī) 則例 詞幾乎所有以-ate結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞在變?yōu)槊~時(shí)首先去掉e再加-cate/education, liberate/liberation, translate/translation,graduate/graduation, separate/separation, operate/operation多數(shù)以-t結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞直接在詞尾加-ion,少數(shù)以-te結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞首先去掉e再加-ion.act/action, invent/invention

24、, inspect/inspection, elect/election, select/selection, connect/connection, collect/collection, instruct/instruction, devote/devotion, pollute/pollution多數(shù)以-ss結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞直接加-ion.discuss/discussion, oppress/oppression, express/expression, possess/possession多數(shù)以-de結(jié)尾與少數(shù)以-d結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞先把-de或-d變成-s再加-ion.decide/decisi

25、on, divide/division, provide/provision, invade/ invasion, expand/expansion, extend/extension以-mit結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，先把t變成-ss,再加-ion.admit/admission, commit/commission,承諾permit/permission, transmit/transmission轉(zhuǎn)交多數(shù)以-fy結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞先把y改成i再加-cation,少數(shù)以-efy或-fy結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞先去掉y再加-action.satisfy/satisfaction, modify/ modification,修改

26、 有些動(dòng)詞不是加-ion,而是加-ition, -tion, -ation或-sion而變成名詞，其中有些詞根因讀音關(guān)系而發(fā)生了變化。add/addition, attend/attention, absorb/absorption, describe/ description, produce/production, reduce/reduction, solve/ solution, determine/determination, explain/explanation, found/ foundation, observe/observation, transport/transpor

27、tation形容詞后綴后綴意 義用 法例 詞-able可/能的加在名詞或及物動(dòng)詞后valuable, horrible, -al有. 性質(zhì)的加在名詞后natural, technical, actual-ant, -ent.的加在外來(lái)動(dòng)詞詞干上important, pleasant, excellent -ic, -ical.性質(zhì)的，與.有關(guān)的加在外來(lái)詞干的名詞上atomic原子, electric,電動(dòng) basic基本的 -ish稍帶.的，. 氣的，.民族的，. 語(yǔ)的加在名詞或形容詞上用于民族國(guó)家地名之上feverish, childish, bookish書呆子English, Spanish-ive有.傾向的/性質(zhì)的加在動(dòng)詞上instructive,教育性 expensive-ful充滿.的， 引起. 的加在名詞或少數(shù)名詞上thankful, powerful, tearful-less無(wú)/不.的，不能.的加在名詞或動(dòng)詞上homeless, harmless, wireless-ous充滿.的，有.特性的加在名詞上dangerous, famous, nervous-y有/多. 的，想.的加在名詞上cloudy, s