山大醫(yī)學(xué)心理學(xué)雙語(yǔ)課件第1章 緒論

1、第1章 緒論IntroductionMedical Psychology醫(yī)學(xué)心理學(xué)概述 About Medical Psychology醫(yī)學(xué)心理學(xué)的研究方法 Research MethodsAbout Medical PchologyMedical Psychology 的概念和研究范圍 Medical Psychology 是醫(yī)學(xué)和心理學(xué)相結(jié)合的交叉學(xué)科，它研究心理學(xué)變量與健康或疾病變量之間的關(guān)系，研究解決醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域中有關(guān)健康和疾病的心理行為問(wèn)題。Key WordsMedical psychology Medical psychology is a branch of applied psyc

2、hology devoted to psychological problems arising in the practice of medicine, including psychological aspects of pain, terminal illness, bereavement, disability, and reactions to medical advice.研究心理行為的生物學(xué)和社會(huì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)及在健康和疾病中的意義 心理的實(shí)質(zhì)研究心身相互作用的規(guī)律和機(jī)制研究心理行為因素在疾病發(fā)生、發(fā)展、診斷、治療和康復(fù)及健康維護(hù)過(guò)程中的作用和規(guī)律性格與疾病研究各種疾病過(guò)程中的心理行為變

3、化及干預(yù)方法研究如何將心理行為的科學(xué)知識(shí)和技術(shù)應(yīng)用于醫(yī)學(xué)其他領(lǐng)域心理的實(shí)質(zhì)心理是腦的機(jī)能，即任何心理活動(dòng)都產(chǎn)生于腦，所有心理活動(dòng)都是腦的高級(jí)機(jī)能的表現(xiàn) （如前額葉損傷與異常社會(huì)行為有關(guān)等）心理是客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)的主觀能動(dòng)的反映，即所有心理活動(dòng)的內(nèi)容都來(lái)源于外界，是客觀事物在腦中的主觀反映。（狼孩、代溝、性格與成長(zhǎng)環(huán)境等）A型性格與冠心病 A型行為模式表現(xiàn)為:個(gè)性強(qiáng),過(guò)分的抱負(fù),強(qiáng)烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)意識(shí),固執(zhí),好爭(zhēng)辯,說(shuō)話帶有挑釁性,急噪,緊張,好沖動(dòng),大聲說(shuō)話,做事快,走路快,說(shuō)話快,總是匆匆忙忙,富含敵意,具有攻擊性等. 抑郁型性格與健康 抑郁是常見(jiàn)的心理感冒,許多人都不同程度的感受過(guò)情緒低落給人帶來(lái)的精神上

4、的痛苦.表現(xiàn)出:對(duì)自己不滿,對(duì)生活不滿,悲觀絕望,失眠或嗜睡,食欲下降,不愿活動(dòng)和參加社交活動(dòng),思維遲鈍,反應(yīng)緩慢,注意力不能集中,厭世并有自殺念頭. 癌癥敏感型性格 調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn):克己、壓抑、焦慮、易怒、抑郁、無(wú)助、敵視、完美主義、過(guò)分為別人著想等性格與癌癥有關(guān).外界社會(huì)生活壓力作用于有上述性格的人,產(chǎn)生抑郁、憤怒和悲觀的情緒,影響內(nèi)分泌的正常功能,造成腎上腺激素和腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素分泌增加,使免疫功能下降,產(chǎn)生腫瘤. About Medical PchologyMedical Psychology 的分支和相關(guān)學(xué)科Clinical Psychology （臨床心理學(xué)）Neuropsychology

5、 （神經(jīng)心理學(xué)）Physiological Psychology & Psychological Physiology （生理心理學(xué)與心理生理學(xué) ）Abnormal Psychology （變態(tài)心理學(xué)）Health Psychology （健康心理學(xué)）Psychosomatic Medicine （心身醫(yī)學(xué)）Behavioral Medicine （行為醫(yī)學(xué)） About Medical PchologyMedical Model（醫(yī)學(xué)模式）與 Medical Model的轉(zhuǎn)變 Medical Model是從總體上認(rèn)識(shí)健康和疾病及其相互轉(zhuǎn)化的哲學(xué)觀點(diǎn)Biological Medical Mod

6、el（生物醫(yī)學(xué)模式）Bio-psycho-social Medical Model（生物-心理-社會(huì)醫(yī)學(xué)模式）Holistic Medical Model（整體醫(yī)學(xué)模式）神靈主義的醫(yī)學(xué)模式自然哲學(xué)的醫(yī)學(xué)模式Biological Medical Model 身心二元論Bio-psycho-social Medical Model 身心統(tǒng)一論Holistic Medical Model 健康是整體素質(zhì)健康，即身體素質(zhì)、心理素質(zhì)和素質(zhì)三者完整結(jié)合：疾病是整體素質(zhì)不好，主要是不良的行為習(xí)慣和行為方式導(dǎo)致。Key WordsMedical model Medical model means the co

7、ncepts, assumptions and rules that doctors and researchers in their pursuit of knowledge and the solution of problems, the brief definition is the opinion of health and disease. Bio- Psych-Social medical model Biological factors, psychological factors and social factors can all effect health and dis

8、ease, and also effect the treatment.Key WordsThe holistic medical model Health consists of physical health, psychological health and having a good social function. Holistic medical model thinks that the behavior is more important factor effecting health and disease.Research Methods描述心理行為狀況檢驗(yàn)變量間的關(guān)系預(yù)測(cè)

9、對(duì)象將來(lái)的發(fā)展Research MethodsCross-section studie&Longitudinal study （橫斷研究與縱向研究）Prospective study & Retrospective study （前瞻性研究與回顧性研究）Research MethodsObservation method（觀察法）Case study（個(gè)案法）Correlational research（相關(guān)研究）Test method（測(cè)驗(yàn)法）Survey method（調(diào)查法）Experimental method（實(shí)驗(yàn)法）Key WordsObservational method A r

10、esearch methodology most often used in certain areas of social psychology, developmental psychology, and ethology in which the investigator records behavior as far as possible without influencing it. An observational field study is conducted in a naturally occurring situation, and an observational l

11、aboratory study is carried out in an artificial laboratory environment.Key WordsSurvey research Research methods for investigating the distribution of attitudes, opinions, mental disorders, and other characteristics of individuals in specific sections of a population, or in a whole population, often

12、 broken down into demographic groups defined by geographical location, ethnic identity, age, sex, social class, marital status, education, and similar criteria. Surveys designed to compare different cultures or subcultures are called cross-cultural survey.Key WordsCase study A research method involv

13、ing a detailed investigation of a single individual or a single organized group, used extensively in clinical psychology and also, though less often, in other branches of the discipline. In case studies of organized groups, participant observation is often used.Key Words Correlation study A non- exp

14、erimental type of research design, without manipulation of an independent variables, in which patterns of correlations between two or more variables are analyzed.Experimental design The general plan of an experiment, including the method of assigning research participants or subjects to treatment co

15、nditions, controlling extraneous variables, manipulating the independent variable, and measuring the dependent variable.SummaryMedical psychology revolves around the idea that both the body and mind are one, indivisible structure. Continuing with this line of thought, all diseases whether of the min

16、d or of the physical body must be treated as if they have both been affected. The intent of Medical Psychology is to apply knowledge from all branches of psychology and medicine in the prevention, assessment, and treatment of all forms of physical diseases. Medical psychology asserts its main functi

17、on in the determination of personality styles of coping and the examination of attitudes of an individual in response to subjective and objective stressors. Medical psychologists also help in the determination of genetic, biochemical, and physiologic factors in illnesses and reaction to illnesses. T

18、hese are joined with psychosocial factors deemed contributory to diseases processes. Specific behavioral methods are then used to help the person match coping and management skills to the persons ability, character, and personality style.SummaryThe biopsychosocial model was developed by Dr. George E

19、ngel who was a Professor of Psychiatry and Medicine. The biopsychosocial model takes into account the psychological, interpersonal and societal influences in the diagnosis and treatment of patients. The components of the biopsychosocial model add to the purely biomedical model of clinical care which focuses on pathology and the mechanisms of disease and therapeut