2022年全部高中生物知識點歸納總結

1、學習好資料 歡迎下載 全部高中生物學問點總結（ Summary of all high school biology knowledge points ） All high school biology summaryof knowledge points,.Txt always believe that there are manyreasons for love in this world, but there is only one reason for separation - love is not enough. There are four books in life: heal

2、th, affection, career and money. If the health disappears, other passbook will expire. List of biological knowledge in high school Introduction The basic characteristics of a living organism; having a common physical and structural basis Metabolism Irritability Growth, development, reproduction Here

3、dity and variation Organisms can adapt to a certain environment and affect the environment. The basic components of living organisms areproteins and nucleic acids. Proteins are the primary bearers of life. Nucleic acids are carriers of genetic information. 第 1 頁,共 23 頁學習好資料 歡迎下載 Cells are the basic

4、units of the structure and function of organisms. Metabolism is the general term for in living matter. all ordered chemical changes Metabolism is the basis of the organism for all life activities. Three stages of biological development: Descriptive biology, experimental biology, and molecular biolog

5、y, the cellular theory, lay the foundation for the study of the structure, physiology, reproduction, and development of organisms; The origin of species plays an important role in promoting the development of modern biology; Mendel; DNA double helix structure; Bioscience development, biotechnology,

6、medicine, agriculture, energy development and environmental vaccine manufacturing - Core: genetic engineering Insect resistant cotton; oil grass; super bacteria Material base of life Biological activities of life have a common material base Chemical elements vary greatly in different organisms and i

7、n 第 2 頁,共 23 頁學習好資料 歡迎下載 various chemical elements. Classification: a large number of elements, trace elements Compounds are the material basis for biological activities. Chemical elements can affect the biological activities of life. The biological and non biological communities are unity and diver

8、sity Compounds, water, inorganic salts, sugars, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids. Water - free water and combined water Ions of inorganic salts play an important role in the maintenance of biological activities. Sugars - monosaccharides, two sugars, polysaccharides. Lipids - fats, lipids, sterols Fre

9、e water is a good solvent in the cell that delivers nutrients to each cell. Maintain cell osmotic pressure and acid-base balance, cell morphology and function. Carbohydrate is an important component of the organism, and is also the main energy source of the cell. 第 3 頁,共 23 頁學習好資料 歡迎下載 Fats are subs

10、tances that store energy in the body, reduce body heat loss, maintain body temperature, reduce visceral friction, and buffer outside pressure. Phospholipids constitute an important component of the cell membrane. Sterols - cholesterol, vitamin D, and sex hormones; maintain normal metabolism and repr

11、oductive processes. Proteins and nucleic acids, proteins and nucleic acids are high molecular substances. Protein is an important organic compound in cells, and all activities of life are inseparable from protein. Nucleic acid is the carrier of genetic information. Protein structure: the type, numbe

12、r, arrangement, and spatial structure of amino acids. Protein function: catalysis, transportation, regulation, immunity, identification Chromosomes are the chief carriers of genetic material. The basic unit of life - cells Cells are the basic units of the structure and function of organisms. 第 4 頁,共

13、 23 頁學習好資料 歡迎下載 Cellular structure and function classification of cells: eukaryotes, prokaryotes Cells have very fine structures and complex automatic control functions. Only when the cell is intact can the normal life activities be completed. Cell membrane structure: flow mosaic model phospholipids

14、 and proteins. Basic skeleton: phospholipid bilayer The structure is: protein + polysaccharide. Cell wall: cellulose, pectin function: liquidity, selective permeability Choice of permeability: free diffusion benzene and active transport Active transportation: it can guarantee the living cells to abs

15、orb the nutrients they need according to the needs of life activities, and eliminate the wastes and harmful substances produced by metabolism. Is function: protection and lubrication, identification Cytoplasmic matrix - nutrients The cytoplasmic matrix is the primary site for the metabolism 第 5 頁,共

16、23 頁學習好資料 歡迎下載 of living cells. A variety of organelles are the structural basis and unit for completing their functions. Mitochondria are the primary site of aerobic respiration by living cells. Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis. Endoplasmic reticulum - smooth surface: synthesis and trans

17、port of lipids and sugars Rough surface: processing and synthesis of glycoproteins ribosome Golgi apparatus The vacuole plays a regulatory role in the internal environment of the cell, allowing the cell to maintain a certain osmotic pressure and expansion state. Nuclear structure: nuclear membrane,

18、nucleolus, chromatin The nuclear membraneis selectively permeable membrane, but not membrane Chromatin - DNA+ protein Chromatin and chromosomes are two morphological functions of 第 6 頁,共 23 頁學習好資料 歡迎下載 the same substance in cells and in different periods: Nuclear pore - the channel between which mat

19、erial exchanges between the nuclei of the cytoplasm. The nucleus is the locus where genetic material is stored and replicated, and is the locus of control of cellular genetic characteristics and cellular metabolism. The nucleus plays a decisive role in life. Prokaryotic cells are characterized by th

20、e absence of typical nuclei surrounded by nuclear membranes. The cell wall contains no cellulose, but mainly sugars and proteins. There are no complex organelles, but there are scattered ribosomes. Pseudo naked DNA The cells are relatively small Cell proliferation: mitosis, mitosis, meiosis. Cell pr

21、oliferation is the basis for growth, development, reproduction, and inheritance of organisms. Mitosis Cell cycle mitosis is the major mode of cell division in 第 7 頁,共 23 頁學習好資料 歡迎下載 eukaryotes. Somatic mitosis involves periodicity and cell cycle There are differences between animals and plants in mi

22、tosis: different types of cells in the early and late stages of a cell cycle. The biggest feature of interphase: complete DNA molecular replication and protein synthesis. Significance: maintaining the stability of genetic traits. Cell differentiation is only cell proliferation, and no cell different

23、iation, organisms can not carry out normal growth and development. Cell differentiation is a persistent change that occurs during the entire life cycle of an organism and reaches its maximum during embryonic times. Cell stability variability is irreversible. Cell totipotent: highly differentiated pl

24、ant cells still have the potential to develop into intact plants. The most powerful totipotent cell is the stem cell that has started dividing; The fertilized egg has the highest totipotent nature. Cell carcinogenesis. 第 8 頁,共 23 頁學習好資料 歡迎下載 Cancer causing factors: Physics, chemistry, viruses. The t

25、ransformation of a cancer cell from the inhibition of the oncogene into an activated state, causing the cell to undergo transformation. Characteristics: unlimited proliferation; morphological structure changes; cell membrane changes. Cell senescence is the process of complex changes in cellular phys

26、iology and biochemistry, which ultimately reflects changes in cell morphology, structure, and function. Characteristics: reduced moisture, decreased metabolism, decreased enzyme activity; Pigment accumulation impedes the exchange of intracellular substances and the transmission of information; The r

27、espiratory rate slows down, the volume increases, the chromatin shrinks, the staining deepens, and the material transport function decreases. The third chapter biological metabolism On the basis of metabolism, organisms can exhibit growth, development, genetic variation the basic features of life. M

28、etabolism is the most basic characteristic of a living organism, and it is the essential difference between living things and nonliving things. Enzymes are a class of living cells that are biologically catalyzed by organic compounds proteins and nucleic acids characterized by efficiency and specific

29、ity. 第 9 頁,共 23 頁學習好資料 歡迎下載 Suitable conditions: suitable temperature and PH ATP ATP is a direct source of energy needed for metabolism. Pathway of formation: Animal respiration Plants - photosynthesis, respiration Formation: ADP+Pi ATP is very small in cell content, but it changes very rapidly and

30、always in dynamic equilibrium. Meaning: in addition to photosynthesis to convert solar energy into chemical energy, and stored sugars and other organic matter production of photosynthesis, and maintain the content of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is relatively stable, but also plays an

31、 important role in the evolution of biological. When cyanobacteria appear on the earth, they gradually contain oxygen in the earths atmosphere. Water metabolism; osmotic function; essential condition: With a semipermeable membrane solution with concentration difference on both sides. Protoplasm: the

32、 cytoplasm between the cell membrane, the tonoplast, and the two membranes. Transpiration is the driving force of water absorption and mineral element transport. Mineral metabolism, mineral elements are absorbed by the root tip in the form of ions. 第 10 頁,共 23 頁學習好資料 歡迎下載 The uptake of water by plan

33、ts and the absorption of mineral elements are relatively independent processes. The forms of utilization of mineral elements are N, P and Mg Ca, Fe Nutrients are the three basic source of nutrients. They are food. Carbohydrate: the carbohydrate in food is mostly starch. Lipids: most of the fat in fo

34、od is fat. Proteins: synthesis; amino conversion; deamination Attention: blood sugar regulation, obesity, diet. Only reasonable choice and collocation of food, forming good eating habits, can maintain health, and ensure humanmetabolism, growth and development of normal life activities. Most of the g

35、lycerol fatty acids are again synthesized into fats. Animal foods contain more amino acids than vegetable foods. The three major nutrients are interrelated and mutually restricted. They can be transformed, but conditional, and there is a significant difference in degree of transformation. 第 11 頁,共 2

36、3 頁學習好資料 歡迎下載 The internal environment is related to the homeostatic environment: circulation, respiration, digestion, and urinary tract. Including: extracellular fluid tissue fluid, plasma, lymph The internal environment is the direct environment for the survival of cells in vivo. The physical and

37、chemical properties of the inner loop include temperature, PH, osmotic pressure, etc. Steady state: under the regulation of the nervous system and body fluid, the organism maintains the relative stable state of the internal environment through the coordination activities of various organs and system

38、s. In vivo cells can exchange substances with the environment only through the internal environment. The steady-state significance: the body is madeup of cells in a lot of The newsupersedes the old. complex enzymatic reaction composition, mild conditions and needs outside of enzymatic reactions, mus

39、t be kept in a suitable range of enzymatic reaction to normal. Classification of breathing: aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration The first phases of aerobic and anaerobic respiration are carried out in the cytoplasmic matrix. 第 12 頁,共 23 頁學習好資料 歡迎下載 The site of anaerobic respiration is the cyt

40、oplasmic stroma The vital activities of the organism all require respiratory energy supply: respiration acts as an energy source for the organisms life; the respiratory process provides the material for the synthesis of other compounds in the body. Assimilation of metabolic types Catabolism: autotro

41、phic: autotrophic and autotrophic Heterotrophic aerobic type Anaerobic The fourth chapter is the adjustment of life activities Plant life activity; regulation; basic form; hormone regulation Animal life activity regulates basic forms, neuromodulation and humoral regulation. Neuromodulation plays a d

42、ominant role. Plant sex movement is the plant by a single direction of external stimuli, causing directional movement. The directional movementof plants is adaptive to the external environment. 第 13 頁,共 23 頁學習好資料 歡迎下載 Other hormones: gibberellin, cytokinin, abscisic acid, ethylene. The process of pl

43、ant growth and development is not regulated by a single hormone, but is coordinated and co regulated by a variety of hormones. Auxin is one of the earliest plant hormones. The physiological function of auxin is twofold, which is related to the concentration of auxin and the types of plant organs. Tr

44、ansport of auxin is transported from the upper end of the morphology to the lower end. Application: to promote rooting of cuttings and promote fruit development; to prevent falling flowers and fruits. The regulation of certain chemicals through bodily fluids that regulate the physiological activitie

45、s of humans and animals. Hormone regulation is the main content of humoral regulation. Feedback regulation: synergistic action and antagonism. By feedback, the hormones in the blood often maintain normal relative stability. The hypothalamus is the hub of endocrineactivity. Hormone regulation works b

46、y altering cellular metabolism. 第 14 頁,共 23 頁學習好資料 歡迎下載 Growth hormone and thyroid hormone; regulation of blood sugar. Animal - the regulation of nerve activity is mainly accomplished by neural regulation. The basic mode of nerve regulation - reflex. Reflex structure - reflex arc Excitation conducti

47、on - nerve impulse. Excitatory conduction: conduction on nerve fibers; intercellular transmission Neuromodulation is achieved by reflex; humoral regulation is the regulation of hormones throughout the bloodstream. Most endocrine glands in the body are controlled by the centralnervous system, which s

48、ecretes hormones that affect the functioning of the nervous system. Reflex activity - unconditioned reflex, conditioned reflex. Conditioned reflexes greatly improve the ability of animals to adapt to complex environmental changes. Central nervous function analysis and synthesis Nerve fiber conductio

49、n - potential changes, bidirectional Intercellular transmission - synapse, unidirectional Animal behavior animal behavior is formed in the nervous system, 第 15 頁,共 23 頁學習好資料 歡迎下載 endocrine system, motor organs under the combined regulation of the formation. Behavior is controlled by hormones and neu

50、romodulation. Congenital behavior: tropism and instinct, non conditional reflex Acquired behavior: imprinting, imitation, conditioning The way animals establish acquired behavior is conditioned reflex The highest form of acquired behavior in animals: judgment and reasoning The complex behavior of hi

51、gher animals is formed mainly through learning. The regulatory role of the nervous system is dominant. There is a direct link between sex hormonesand sexual behavior. Gonadotropin secreted by the pituitary gland can promote gonadal development and sex hormone secretion, therebyaffecting animal sexua

52、l behavior. Most instinctual behaviors are more complex than reflex behavior. migration, weaving, lactation Life experience and learning play a decisive role in the formation of behavior. 第 16 頁,共 23 頁學習好資料 歡迎下載 Judgment and reasoning are acquired by study. Learning is mainly related to the cerebral

53、 cortex. Biological reproduction and development Reproduction, asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction Sexual reproduction makes offspring have the genetic characteristics of both parents, and have stronger living ability and variability, which is of great significance to the survival and evolutio

54、n of organisms. Leaves: corn, wheat, rice Dicotyledoneae: beans peanut, soybean, cucumber, Shepherd The function of meiosis and fertilization to maintain the constant number of chromosomes in each cell before and after each generation. The process of developing from fertilized eggs to sexually matur

55、e individuals. Plant ontogeny, floral bud formation, and initiation of reproductive growth. The fertilized eggs undergo brief dormancy; the fertilized nuclei remain dormant. The suspensor produces hormones, promote embryo development. Animal ontogeny, embryo development, post embryonic development 第

56、 17 頁,共 23 頁學習好資料 歡迎下載 Pigmented animals are always on the high side, ensuring the temperature conditions needed for embryonic development. The ontogeny of organisms is a brief and rapid recapitulation of phylogeny. The early stage of embryonic development in reptiles, birds and mammalshas the struc

57、ture of amnion, which ensures the water environment for embryonic development, has the function of shock and protection, and improves the adaptability to the terrestrial environment. Heredity and variation The exploration of genetic material base DNA: Conversion factor discovery - conversion factor

58、is DNA - DNA is genetic material - DNA is the main genetic material DNA replication is the process of edge breaking and replication. Replication - semi reserved replication. The essence of a gene is a DNA fragment with genetic effects Genes are the basic units that determine biological traits. Gene

59、control of traits: 1 control the metabolic process by controlling the synthesis of enzymes; 第 18 頁,共 23 頁學習好資料 歡迎下載 2, by controlling the molecular structure of proteins, the direct influence of deoxyribonucleic acid is the basic unit of DNA. Chromosomes are the chief carriers of genetic material. D

60、NA molecular structure: DNA double helix structure Base complement matching principle The diversity of bases makes up the diversity of DNA, and explains the diversity and specificity of the organism. The DNAdouble helix structure and the base complement matching principle ensure that replication can