食品供應(yīng)鏈5t模型

1、食品供應(yīng)鏈質(zhì)量安全管理的5T模型框架Framework for 5T model of food supply chain 就觸Hty and smanagement供應(yīng)鏈?zhǔn)且环N圍繞核心企業(yè)建立，由承擔(dān)不同價值創(chuàng)造職能、相互聯(lián)結(jié)的企業(yè)構(gòu)成的范圍更廣的功能 鏈結(jié)構(gòu)模式。本文從整個鏈條的角度出發(fā)，提出了一種包括追溯性(Traceability)、透明性(Transparency)、可檢測性(Testability)、時效性(Timing)、信任性(Trustiness) 5 個要素 (5T) 的質(zhì)量安全管理模型框架(見圖 1)。其中追溯性、透明性是對信息流而言，時效性和檢測性是對物 流而言。對于食

2、品供應(yīng)鏈來說，實現(xiàn)物流的可檢測性和時效性是保障食品安全的基本要求，對信息流 要求可追溯和保持信息的透明性能更好的進(jìn)行監(jiān)控，協(xié)調(diào)物流運作，從而達(dá)到保障食品安全的目的。 此外，安全的食品供應(yīng)鏈，企業(yè)間的相互合作與協(xié)調(diào)則體現(xiàn)在信任性上。Supply chain is a kind of broadly functional chain structure model established around the core enterprises and constituted by enterprises bearing different value creation functions with

3、 linkage. From the perspective of the whole chain, this paper puts forward the framework for 5T model of quality and safety management including five elements, namely, Traceability, Transparency, Testability, Timing, and Trustiness (seen in figure 1). Traceability and transparency are for informatio

4、n flow, timing and testability are for logistics. As For food supply chain, the realization of logistics testability and timing is the basic requirements to guarantee food safety, requiring traceability for information flow and maintaining information s transparency can better monitor and coordinate

5、 logistics operation, so as to achieve the aim of ensuring food safety. In addition, the safe food supply chain, mutual cooperation and coordination among enterprises are reflected on trustiness.1、追溯性(Traceability)歐盟委員會(EC178/2002)關(guān)于食品可追溯性的定義是：在生產(chǎn)、加工及銷售的各個環(huán)節(jié)中，對食品、飼料、食用性禽畜及有可能成為食品或飼料組成成分的所有物質(zhì)的追溯或追蹤能力

6、。European Commission s (EC178/2002) definition of food traceability is: the tracking and tracking ability of food, fodder, livestock and all materials that may become food or fodder composition in each link of production, processing and sales.它是一種旨在加強食品安全信息傳遞，控制食源性疾病危害和保障消費者利益的信息記錄體系，目前已成為很 多國家管理食品質(zhì)

7、量安全的重要手段。食品追溯包含了所有類型的食品，并對從牧場供應(yīng) 商到零售商的所有環(huán)節(jié)都有影響。It is a kind of information recording system to strengthen food safety information spread, control foodborne disease harm, and safeguard the interests of consumers. It currently has become an important means for many countries to manage food quality and

8、 safety. Food traceability contains all types of food, with influence on each link from pasture suppliers to retailers.2、透明性(Transparency)透明性主要指食品相關(guān)信息，如原材料采購、 食品生產(chǎn)、食品加工、食品運輸、食品銷售，在供應(yīng)商、 生產(chǎn)商和銷售商以及消費者之間公開、正確的記錄和傳遞。通過對食品信息的收集與監(jiān)測，可以高 效、有序地開展 食品安全控制，能夠?qū)撛诘?、突發(fā)的食品安全風(fēng)險降到最低。在我國，農(nóng)戶大多 分散經(jīng)營和信息系統(tǒng)缺乏，信息的透明化程度較低。不完全

9、信息的存在導(dǎo)致道德風(fēng)險的出現(xiàn)和市場混亂，造成市場失靈。在市場經(jīng)濟(jì)中，生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營者追求利益最大化，消費者追求效用最大化，相互對立的兩者之間只有在獲得足夠的有關(guān)食品特性的共同信息時，才能實現(xiàn)社會資源的有效配置。然而，由于食品安全質(zhì)量特性，食品市場買賣雙方同樣面臨著對食品安全信息了解的不完全性，但相比之下，食品生產(chǎn)者、加工者、銷售者比消費者對食品的農(nóng)藥殘留、微生物污染等相關(guān)食品安全性的 信息了解更多。Transparency mainly refers to the open, correct record and transmission of food related information, s

10、uch as raw materials procurement, food production, food processing, food transportation, food sales, among suppliers, manufacturer, distributors and consumers. Collecting and monitoring the food information can efficiently and orderly conduct food safety control, and reduce the potential and acciden

11、tal food safety risk to minimum. In our country, most farmers take the decentralized management and lack the information system, thus the degree of information transparency is low. The existence of incomplete information leads to the emergence of moral hazard and market chaos, causing market s failu

12、re in operation. In market economy, production operators pursue the benefit maximization, and consumers pursue the utility maximization. Only when the two opposite parties have enough shared information about the food characteristics can the efficient allocation of social resources be achieved. Howe

13、ver, due to the characteristics of food safety and quality, the food market buyers and sellers also face the incompleteness of the food safety information, but in contrast, food producers, processors, sellers learn more related food information such as food pesticide residues, and microbial contamin

14、ation, etc. than consumers. 3、檢測性（Testability）食品不同于其它產(chǎn)品，其可能受到的不安全因素影響較多，如化肥、農(nóng)藥殘留、加工過程中的化學(xué)添 加劑過量、微生物病源侵蝕等，而這些風(fēng)險因素也更可能隱性的潛匿在食品中，難于檢測。食品安全 品質(zhì)正經(jīng)歷著從 看得見”的因素（如顏色、氣味等），到能借助工具檢測到的因素（如病原菌、農(nóng)殘 等），再到現(xiàn)有技術(shù)條件下難以快速檢測的因素（轉(zhuǎn)基因）的變化過程。所以這里可檢測性不僅包括 對食品供應(yīng)鏈各個環(huán)節(jié)的物理產(chǎn)品的檢測，而且包括對食品在生產(chǎn)，加工，運輸環(huán)節(jié)的監(jiān)管和監(jiān)控， 即過程的檢測。Food is different fro

15、m other products, and it can be affected more by the unsafe factors, such as chemical fertilizers, pesticides, excessive chemical additives in processing, erosion of microbial agents, etc., and these risk factors are also more likely to recessively and secretively exist in food, which is difficult t

16、o detect. Food safety and quality is experiencing the changing process from the “visible “ factors （such as color, smell, etcthetoactors that can be tested by using tools （such as pathogen, pesticide residues, etc.）, then to the factors （transgene） that are difficultly tested quickly in the existing

17、 technology condition. So here, testability includes not only detection of the physical products in each link of food supply chain, but also supervision and monitoring of food production, processing, transportation, namely the process detection.4、時效性（Timing）食品的易腐變質(zhì)特性使得食品供應(yīng)鏈對時間的要求格外嚴(yán)格，而且一旦發(fā)生問題，直接影響到人

18、們的生命安全，所以時間在食品供應(yīng)鏈中就顯得格外重要，這與其相對較長和復(fù)雜的鏈條結(jié)構(gòu)形成鮮明的對比。時效性主要包括幾方面內(nèi)容，首先是生產(chǎn)、加工、物流運作方面的要求。食品的生產(chǎn)、保存和 運輸都有一定時間限制，高效的時間也是食品質(zhì)量安全的一個保障，避免風(fēng)險的增加，例如，時間較 長的生產(chǎn)儲運過程必然導(dǎo)致一些化學(xué)防腐劑的添加，增加了食品的風(fēng)險性。其次是指發(fā)現(xiàn)食品質(zhì)量問題和食品安全事故后的響應(yīng)時間。食品安全事故，一般具有極強的社會危害性，事故發(fā)生后，積極響 應(yīng)并解決問題至關(guān)重要。Food perishability makes food supply chain have especially stric

19、t with time, and in case of problems, it directly affect people life, so time is especially important in food supply chain, which forms a prominent contrast with the relatively long and complex chain structure. Timeliness mainly includes several aspects. First of all, it is the requirements for prod

20、uction, processing, logistics operation. Food production, storage and transportation all have certain time limit. The efficient time is also a guarantee of food quality and safety, to avoid the increase of the risk, for example, long-term process of production, storage and transportation will inevit

21、ably make some chemical preservatives added, increasing the risk of food. Secondly, it is response time after finding food quality problem and food safety incident. Food safety accident generally has strong social harmfulness. After the accident, the positive response to solve the problem is very im

22、portant.5、信任性(Trustiness)供應(yīng)鏈的管理思想強調(diào)鏈條上各節(jié)點企業(yè)的相互配合與協(xié)調(diào)，達(dá)到整個鏈條的優(yōu)化與最佳配合，這對于食品供應(yīng)鏈尤為重要。除了以上對于物流以及信息流的要求以外，信任性是保障食品供應(yīng)鏈安全 運作的最重 要因素，它貫串整個食品供應(yīng)鏈的一系列生產(chǎn)活動，也是追溯系統(tǒng)展開和保證信息透明 性的基礎(chǔ)。對于食品供應(yīng)鏈，食品的生化特征決定了不能象其它產(chǎn)品一樣做到完全檢測，即使通過現(xiàn)有的檢測也很難保證食品的足夠安全，下游企業(yè)接收到上游企業(yè)含有不安全因素的產(chǎn)品，其再加工過程只能是對風(fēng)險的繼續(xù)放大。信任性不僅指下游企業(yè)對上游企業(yè)產(chǎn)品的信任，而且指消費者對整個供應(yīng)鏈的信任。Supp

23、ly chain management emphasizes the mutual cooperation and coordination of enterprises in terms of all points in chain, to achieve the optimization and the best coordination of the chain, which is particularly important for food supply chain. In addition to the above requirements for logistics and in

24、formation flow, trustiness is the most important factor to ensure the safe operation of food supply chain, which is throughout a series of production activities in the food supply chain, and also the basis to systematically develop traceability and ensure information transparency. For food supply ch

25、ain, biochemical characteristics of food determine the complete test cannot be achieved like other products, even if the existing detection is difficult to guarantee food safety. The downstream enterprises receive the products with unsafe factors from the upstream enterprises, and they only continue

26、 to enlarge risk in processing. Trustiness refers to not only the trust of downstream enterprises to the upstream enterprises products, but also the trust of consumers for the entire supply chain.5T質(zhì)量安全管理模型中的五個要素相輔相成，缺一不可。信任性是整個鏈條建立的基礎(chǔ)，檢測性和 時效性是對物流運作的具體要求，而針對信息流要求的追溯性和透明性則保障對物流運作的有效監(jiān)控 以及信息反 饋，從而提高整個

27、系統(tǒng)的安全性。The five elements of 5T quality and safety management model complement each other, and are integral. Trustiness is the foundation of the whole chain establishment, testability and timeliness are the specific requirements for logistics operation, and traceability and transparency for informati

28、on flow can guarantee the effective monitoring of logistics operation and information feedback, so as to improve the security of the whole system.三鹿嬰幼兒配方奶粉事件”是一起典型的嚴(yán)重食品質(zhì)量安全危機。據(jù)事后估算，需要召回的問題奶粉總量超過10000噸，涉及退賠金額 7億元以上，而患者的索賠評估在39億元左右。2007年底三鹿在全國的 銷售額達(dá)到100億元，品牌價值149億元，總資產(chǎn)16.19億元，負(fù)債3.95億元。問 題奶粉事件后，品牌價值蕩然無

29、存，算及退賠金額，三鹿集團(tuán)已經(jīng)嚴(yán)重資不抵債。 三鹿集團(tuán)發(fā)展歷程， 也是民族品牌經(jīng)營的成功典范（見表1）。從1985年就開始實施品牌戰(zhàn)略，注冊了 三鹿”商標(biāo)。經(jīng)過二十多年的努力，三鹿品牌已成為中國乳業(yè)的一面旗幟，在廣大消費者心中擁有較高的知名度、美 譽度。三鹿集團(tuán)是中國企業(yè) 500強，三鹿奶粉、三鹿液體奶均為國家免檢產(chǎn)品，并雙雙蟬聯(lián) 中國名 牌”稱號，三鹿商標(biāo)是中國馳名商標(biāo)。三鹿奶粉產(chǎn)銷量連續(xù)十幾年高居全國第一位，液態(tài)奶居全國前 三位。The incident of Sanlu infant formula milk powder is a typical serious crisis of f

30、ood quality and safety. According to the estimate, the amount of milk powder that needed to recall is more than 10,000 tons, involves the value of 700 million yuan for return and compensation. And the assessment of the patient claim is about 3.9 billion yuan. At the end of 2007, the national sales o

31、f Sanlu reached 10 billion yuan, and the brand value was 14.9 billion yuan, with total assets of 1.619 billion yuan, and debt of 395 million yuan. After the milk powder incident, it had no brand value. With the amount of money for return and compensation, Sanlu group had been seriously insolvent. Sa

32、nlu G roup s development is also the successful model of national brand management (seen in table 1). Since 1985, it has conducted the implementation of brand strategy, with the registered trademark of Sanlu” . After 20 years efforts, the brand of Sanlu has become a banner in China s dairy industrya

33、 nd enjoyed higher reputation in the vast number of consumers. Sanlu Group is top 500 enterprises in China. Sanlu milk powder and Sanlu liquid milk are the inspection-free products, and both won the title of “ Chinese famous brand. Sanlus trademark is Chinese well-known trademark. The output of Sanl

34、u milk powder ranked the first in China for more than ten years, and its liquid milk ranked top three in China.1、不合理的產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈結(jié)構(gòu)無法建立有效的質(zhì)量追溯系統(tǒng)Unreasonable industrial chain structure cannot establish efficient quality traceability system.奶牛養(yǎng)殖是整個奶業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈中的基礎(chǔ)和核心環(huán)節(jié)。由于養(yǎng)殖廠發(fā)展投資規(guī)模大，見效周期長，當(dāng)我國乳品業(yè)進(jìn)入高速發(fā)展期，面對激烈的競爭，這種見效慢的投

35、資成了乳品企業(yè)的巨大負(fù)擔(dān)。由此，三鹿集團(tuán)率先采取了輕資產(chǎn)”策略，提出奶牛下鄉(xiāng)，牛奶進(jìn)城”經(jīng)營模式，即奶牛賣給農(nóng)民，農(nóng)民再把奶賣給三鹿。為 了解決 收奶問題，在奶農(nóng)和乳企之間出現(xiàn)了大大小小的奶站，各散戶奶農(nóng)的奶 都通過奶站最終被集中至三鹿各家工廠。這些奶站或者由乳企直屬，或以加盟形式存在，位置比較分散。這樣，就形成了奶農(nóng)-奶站-乳企”的奶源供 應(yīng)模式。這種輕資產(chǎn)的經(jīng)營模式由于將養(yǎng)殖負(fù)擔(dān)分散化，企業(yè)輕裝上陣從事高附加值乳品加工生產(chǎn)，解決奶源不足問題的同時使得企業(yè)效益迅速增加。但這種急功近利模式的采用失去了奶源的品質(zhì)保障。Dairy farming is the foundation and the

36、 core link in the entire dairy industry chain. Since the farm requires large development investment and scale with long effective period, when China s milkproducts industry is in the high-speed development, in the face of fierce competition, the slowly effective slow investment becomes a huge burden

37、 for dairy companies. Thus, Sanlu Group firstly took the lead by the -lighsset strategpd put forward the business model of Cow into the countryside, milk into the city ” , namelycows are sold to farmers, and farmers sell milk to Sanlu.In order to solve the problem of milk collection, there were larg

38、e and small milk stations between the dairy farmers and milk companies. All dairy farmers waskfinally concentrated to Sanlu milk factory by milk station. These milk stations existed in the form of subordinate or league, and their locations were scattered. Thus, the milk source supply mode of milk fa

39、rmer-milk station-milk enterprise was formed. This asset-light management mode made the burden in diversification, thus, the enterprise engaged in dairy products processing and production of highly additional value with less burden, and solved the problem of insufficient milk; meanwhile, it made the

40、 enterprise ;s benefit increase rapidly. But this model of quick seeking lost raw milk quality. security.2、苛電的利潤分配無法保證信息的透明從我國奶業(yè)發(fā)展?fàn)顩r來行.目前雖然形成大假的產(chǎn)業(yè)設(shè)條.但并沒行合理的產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈利澗分配機制和風(fēng) 般共擔(dān)機從整個產(chǎn)業(yè)特分析,媽源供應(yīng)壞Nt攤?cè)氲男∥鐷產(chǎn)業(yè)施的 m,iu工環(huán)市占20%,流通環(huán) 白】0%。而從利洞分聞來行這三個環(huán)I，的利潤分配比例為35:5可見*蠟牛養(yǎng)殖環(huán)W的投入和利潤分 里嚴(yán)重倒置.與國外奶衣白建加工J、上下游利益一體的模式不同.中國乳企與奶農(nóng)

41、分屬兩個利益體6中國奶 業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)建是由加工企業(yè)主導(dǎo)的.乳企和媽農(nóng)之間往往通過奶站連接,雖然我國正在積極倡導(dǎo)發(fā)展農(nóng)民基層合 作社.恒是,目前已經(jīng)成立的合作社都是單純的生產(chǎn)顆域的合作社.由于合作社沒進(jìn)入加工和流通景域，入 社的社員無遼分享刎產(chǎn)業(yè)下新環(huán)節(jié)帶來的超利潤.因此，農(nóng)民嫉少入社的正向青勵.他們對成。合作社 積極性不高.可她，乳企和奶衣之間的H接利益連接機制并沒仃自正形成，加之”農(nóng)戶+奶企”這種松岐的結(jié) 構(gòu).無法使衣戶避免“機會主義像向二難以控制農(nóng)戶在短期利益驅(qū)使下的不規(guī)范行為。Malformed profit distribution cannot ensure the information

42、 transparency. In terms of the current development of dairy industry in China, currently, the complete industrial chain has been formed, but there is no reasonable industrial chain profit distribution system and risk sharing system. By analyzing the whole industrial chain, the investment of milk sou

43、rce supply accounts for about 70% of the whole dairy industry chain, the processing takes up 20%, and circulation is 10%. However, from the perspective of profit distribution, the proportion of the profit distribution of these three links is 1:3.5:5.5. Thus, the investment and profit distribution of

44、 cow farming is completely converse. Different from the foreign mode that milk famers self establish processing factory and the downstream and upstream profits are integrated, China s dairy enterprises and milk farmer are two different interest entities. Chin as dairy industry chain is dominated by

45、processing enterprises. Dairy enterprises and milk farmers are connected by milk station. Though China is positively advocating the development of farmer cooperatives, currently, the established cooperatives are those merely engaging in production. Since the cooperatives have not entered the field o

46、f processing and circulation, the cooperative members cannot share the profits brought by the downstream links. Thus, farmers lack the positive encouragement into the cooperatives. They have no high activeness in establishing cooperatives. It can be seen that the direct profit connection mechanism b

47、etween dairy enterprises and milk farmers has not really formed. The scattered structure o ffarmer+dairy enterprise cannot make farms avoid opportunism tendency so it is difficult to control the abnormal behaviors of farms driven by short-term profits.3、檢測標(biāo)準(zhǔn)滯后.產(chǎn)品名目繁雜供應(yīng)鏈前端奶農(nóng)多以分散家庭養(yǎng)殖為主,質(zhì)量和數(shù)量和定.這種生產(chǎn)方式的

48、分散、落后性.使奶業(yè)供應(yīng) HE上的原料供給難以做到數(shù)量與質(zhì)量上的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化與規(guī)?；纪瑫r中間環(huán)5過多.加上企業(yè)競爭展開的爭奪期 源行動，客觀上降低了原奶的監(jiān)測標(biāo)準(zhǔn)口Testing standards lag behind and product variety is complex.The milk forms in the frontend of the supply chain are mostly scattered family farmers, with unstable quality and quantity. This kind of production way is scatt

49、er and behindhand, which makes the raw material supply in dairy supply chain difficult to achieve standardization and scale in terms of quantity and quality. Meanwhile, there are many intermediate links, and the behavior of enterprises to compete for milk source, which objectively reduce the supervi

50、sion standard of milk.九產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈缺乏時被性由于乳品的易腐性和不耐儲藏性決定產(chǎn)品在流通銷伴中需要全程的冷暖，除了超商溫處理的產(chǎn)品和奶 粉外,孔品都需要低溫冷前L如巴氏柔靖甥,該類產(chǎn)品對流通環(huán)節(jié)要求罪高，需要有健全的冷鏈系統(tǒng)T運輸全 程使用溫控冷藏車,情售環(huán)箕需溫控冷讖等,若略有疏忽則嚴(yán)重影響質(zhì)量。目前大型的乳品加工企業(yè)一般由 奶站來收購鮮牛奶，從原料奶被擠出到運往奶制品5產(chǎn)車同的各個環(huán) 忙其質(zhì)量控制幾乎完全依賴奶站農(nóng) 戶與妍站,大型媽站與小型期站，嫣站和乳企之間卻沒有嚴(yán)格的專供契鯽美系，合同定制也較為簡單.只娓定 門京料奶價格和質(zhì)息.中間耳。的增多.延長了集研中轉(zhuǎn)的過程，勢必

51、影響牛媽的新鮮度和質(zhì)星水平,Supply chain lack timeliness.The perishability and difficulty in storage determine the refrigeration for the products in the whole process of circulation and sales. Except the products and milk powder with high-temperature treatment, dairy products all need low-temperature refrigeratio

52、n, for example, pasteurized milk. Such kind of products have higher requirement for circulation and need the sound cold chain system. The temperature-control refrigerator car is used for the whole transportation. The sales link requires temperature-control refrigeration. If there is neglect, it will

53、 seriously influence quality. Currently, the large dairy processing enterprises generally make milk stations collect milk. For many links from raw milk material to sending into the dairy product processing factory, the quality control almost depends on milk station. There is no strict contact relation between farmers and milk stations, large milk stations and small mi