四種翻譯方法,十種翻譯技巧

1、15. 四種翻譯方法直譯和意譯所謂直譯，就是在譯文語言條件許可時，在譯文中既保持原文的內(nèi)容，又保持原文的形式特別指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。每一個民族語言都有它自己的詞匯、句法結(jié)構(gòu)和表達(dá)方法。當(dāng)原文的思想內(nèi)容與譯文的表達(dá)形式有矛盾不宜采用直譯法處理時，就應(yīng)采用意譯法。意譯要求譯文能正確表達(dá)原文的內(nèi)容，但可以不拘泥與原文的形式。（張培基）應(yīng)當(dāng)指出，在再能確切的表達(dá)原作思想內(nèi)容和不違背譯文語言規(guī)范的條件下，直譯有其可取之處，一方面有助于保存原著的格調(diào)，另一方面可以進(jìn)新鮮的表達(dá)方法。Literaltranslationreferstoanadequaterepresentationof

2、theoriginal.WhentheoriginalcoincidesoralmosttallieswiththeChineselanguageinthesequenceofvocabulary,ingrammaticalstructureandrhetoricaldevice,literaltranslationmustbeused.Freetranslationisalsocalledliberaltranslation,whichdoesnotadherestrictlytotheformorwordorderoftheoriginal.（郭著章）直譯法是指在不違背英語文化的前提下，在

3、英譯文中完全保留漢語詞語的指稱意義，求得內(nèi)容和形式相符的方法。意譯是指譯者在受到譯語社會文化差異的局限時，不得不舍棄原文的字面意義，以求疑問與原文的內(nèi)容相符和主要語言功能的相似。（陳宏薇）簡單地說，直譯指在譯文中采用原作的的表達(dá)方法，句子結(jié)構(gòu)與原句相似，但也不排除在短語層次進(jìn)行某些調(diào)整。意譯指在譯文中舍棄原作的表達(dá)方法，另覓同意等效的表達(dá)方法，或指對原作的句子結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行較大的變化或調(diào)整。（楊莉藜）Literaltranslationmaybedefinedashavingthefollowingcharacteristics:1,literaltranslationtakessentencesa

4、sitsbasicunitsandthewholetextintoconsiderationatthesametimeinthecourseoftranslating.2,literaltranslationstrivestoreproduceboththeideologicalcontentandstyleoftheentireliteraryworkandretainasmuchaspossiblethefiguresofspeechandsuchmainsentencestructuresorpatternsasSV,SVO,SVC,SVA,SVOO,SVOC,SVOAformulate

5、dbyRandolphQuirk,oneoftheauthorsofthebookAComprehensiveGrammaroftheEnglishLanguage.Freetranslationmaybedefinedasasupplementarymeanstomainlyconveythemeaningandspiritoftheoriginalwithouttryingtoreproduceitssentencepatternsorfiguresofspeech.Anditisadoptedonlywhenandwhereitisreallyimpossiblefortranslato

6、rstodoliteraltranslation.(LiuZhongde).1.2.練習(xí)：Hewalkedattheheadofthefuneralprocession,andeverynowandthenwipedhiscrocodiletearswithabighandkerchief.Itsanillwindthatblowsnobodygood.3.Everydoghashisday.4.5.你不要班門弄斧。Itmeanskillingtwobirdswithonestone.6.7.8.油蛉在這里低唱，蟋蟀們在這里彈琴。NixonwassmilingandKissingersmili

7、ngmorebroadly.在我的后園，可以看見墻外有兩株樹，一株是棗樹，還有一株也是棗樹。9.ThereisamixtureofthetigerandtheapeinthecharacterofaFrenchman.10.Everyspiritsyoutakeisanailinyourcoffin.11.ThefirsttimeIsawher,halfofmylifeago,shenearlytookmybreathaway.12.蘆笛巖是桂林最精彩的巖洞。13.Dontcrossthebridgetillyougettoit.14.Doyouseeanygreeninmyeye?Iwant

8、amanwhowillthrowhishatovertheChindwinandthenleadhistroopsafterit.16.Ruthwasupsettingtheotherchildren,soIshowedherthedoor.17.Theoperationmaynotsucceed;itsagamblewhetherhelivesordies.18.Butaftersixyearsofastormymarriage,Cewedecidedtoendit.19.Theboxes,beingmuseumquality,wouldhaveincreasedinworthoverthe

9、years,andmadepeoplerememberme“withgrowingappreciation.”20.Smashingamirrorisnowaytomakeanuglypersonbeautiful,norisitawaytomakesocialproblemsevaporate.21.HehadaboutasmuchchanceofgettingajobasofbeingchosenmayorofChicago.22，“你真是不到黃河不死心。”她低聲地說，無可奈何地?fù)u搖頭。（寒夜）Itisalonglanethathadnoturning.Wecannotestimateth

10、evalueofmodernsciencetoomuch.Atthedoortotherestaurant,astunning,porcelain-facedwomanintraditionalcostumeaskedmetoremovemyshoes.TheratherarrestingspectacleoflittleoldJapanadriftamidbeigeconcreteskyscrapersistheverysymboloftheincessantstrugglebetweenthekimonoandtheminiskirt.27.千字比十字只多一小撇，不是差不多嘛？28，我們盡

11、忙著雞毛蒜皮的事兒，還沒有顧得上呢。（新兒女英雄傳）29，“八字沒有一撇呢”30、三個人品字式坐了，隨便談了幾句（子夜）2，歸化和異化翻譯的歸化/異化(domesticatingtranslationandforeignizingtranslation)是在1995年由美國學(xué)者L.Venuti(文努迪)所提出的，Venuti十分欣賞布朗紹的名言：“翻譯是純粹的差異游戲：翻譯總得涉及差異，也掩飾差異，同時又偶爾顯 露差異，甚至經(jīng)常突出差異。這樣，翻譯本身就是這差異的活命化身?！痹谒磥?，差異在翻譯中被弱化的原因有二：首先，長久以來，翻譯的討論被遮蔽了，它在目的語坐標(biāo)的價值體系中處于邊緣化地位，差

12、異非但沒有活現(xiàn)，反而處于融化的過程之中。其次，英國和英語的價值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在戰(zhàn)后形成了全球性的優(yōu)勢，從而更加確定了英美國家主義文化的語境。這種語境只接受在意識形態(tài)上符合英美文化的意識形態(tài)的外語文本。正是在這樣一種背景下，歸化的翻譯為了迎合接受者的口味，總是依照譯入語的特定的政治、文化、意識形態(tài)的規(guī)范對譯入文本進(jìn)行調(diào)整，弱式文化只得聽從英美文化的擺弄，成為殖民者進(jìn)行文化殖民的工具。（參見Venuti1992）歸化翻譯的最大特點(diǎn)就是采用流暢地道的英語進(jìn)行翻譯，在這類翻譯中，翻譯者的努力被流暢的譯文所掩蓋，譯者為之隱形，不同文化之間的差異也被掩蓋，目的語主流文化價值觀取代了譯入語文化價值觀，原文的陌生感已

13、被淡化，譯作由此而變得透明。從后殖民理論吸取營養(yǎng)的異化翻譯策略則將歸化翻譯視為帝國主義的殖民和征服的共謀，是文化霸權(quán)主義的表現(xiàn)。所以，Venuti提倡異化的翻譯策略。根據(jù)這一策略，譯者和譯語讀者在翻譯的過程中努力擺脫來自強(qiáng)勢文化的羈絆。異化翻譯并不應(yīng)理解為對應(yīng)的翻譯，它并不能提高譯文的忠實性。后殖民學(xué)者Robinson認(rèn)為異化翻譯與直譯和逐字翻譯相關(guān)聯(lián)，只是沒有直譯那么極端，因為他們并不堅持在翻譯中恪守原文句法序列中的個別詞語的意義，但卻堅持要保留原味。（參見王東風(fēng)，2002：26）在異化翻譯中，新的東西可能會加進(jìn)去，從而達(dá)到凸現(xiàn)譯者的身份，提高翻譯的地位，并且對翻譯的文化霸權(quán)進(jìn)行有力的回?fù)簟?/p>

14、歸化策略（domesticatingmethod）歸化是采用民族中心主義態(tài)度，是外語文本符合譯語的文化價值觀，把原作者帶入譯語文化。譯者在翻譯的時候，心中既要想著原作及原作作者，盡可能的把原文的內(nèi)容和風(fēng)格準(zhǔn)確而生動的表達(dá)出來；同時，譯者還要想著譯文的讀者，翻譯出來的東西要盡可能接近讀者，便于讀者理解和接受。例如：Loveme,lovemydog.愛屋及烏。alionintheway攔路虎lickonesboots拍馬屁Diamondcutsdiamond棋逢對手Aflashinapan曇花一現(xiàn)Haveonefootinthegrave風(fēng)燭殘年Togrowlikemushrooms雨后春筍One

15、boyisaboy,twoboyshalfaboy,threeboysnobody一個和尚挑水吃，兩個和尚抬水吃，三個和尚沒水吃。練習(xí)：請用“歸化”的翻譯方法,翻譯下面幾句話：LeadadogslifeJackofalltradesAdrownedratLetthecatoutofthebag.Everydoghashisday.Dontshedcrocodiletearstome;youknowyouarereallygladthattheyremetwithmisfortune.Yourhonor,Iconfessthecorn.Iwasroyallydrunk.Dontplayyoura

16、ceintheholeuntilthecriticalmoment.Thegravytrainisjustnotforme.GeorgeWashingtonadoptedaFabianpolicyduringthewarofIndependence.采取歸化策略進(jìn)行翻譯時,以下幾種漢語成語不宜使用映中華民族特殊習(xí)俗的如：“拂袖而去”；“腰纏萬貫”；“罄竹難書”等有漢字特征的如：“目不識丁”；“八字沒一撇”等含有中國地名的如：“穩(wěn)如泰山”；“黔驢技窮”；“夜郎自大”；“洛陽紙貴”等含有中國人名的如：“名落孫山”；“江郎才盡”；“事后諸葛亮”等異化策略(foreignizingmethod)異化是

17、指對文化價值觀的偏離主義的壓力下，接受外語文本的語言及文化差異，把讀者帶入外國情境。異化譯法的核心，就是盡量傳譯原文的“異質(zhì)因素”，具體說來，就是要盡量傳達(dá)原作的異域文化特色，異語語言形式，以及作者的異常寫作手法。異化可以在語音層上出現(xiàn)。例如：ballet譯作“芭蕾舞”cigar譯作“雪茄”laser過去譯成“萊塞”，現(xiàn)譯作“鐳射”、“激光”目前大街小巷都風(fēng)行的“卡拉0K”等。異化可以在詞語層出現(xiàn)。例如：“crocodiletears”譯作“鱷魚的眼淚”“anolivebranch”譯作“橄欖枝”“sourgrapes”譯作“酸葡萄”“thecoldwar”譯作“冷戰(zhàn)”等等。異化可以在句子結(jié)構(gòu)

18、層次出現(xiàn)。朱生豪翻譯的莎士比亞戲劇是公認(rèn)的佳譯，其中就運(yùn)用了不少“歐化句式”例如：在哈姆雷特第一幕第三場中，波洛涅斯告誡女兒不要輕信哈姆雷特時說：“YouspeaklikeagreengirlUngiftedinsuchperilouscircumstance”朱生豪將其譯為：“你講的話完全像是一個不曾經(jīng)歷過這種危險的不懂事的女孩子?！碑惢沂玖松顚雍x，又再現(xiàn)了原文的表層形式，一方面豐富和完善了漢語的表達(dá)力，使表達(dá)意思的手段更準(zhǔn)確，更多樣化；另一方面，也為我們了解西方文化打開了一扇窗戶。練習(xí)：請用“異化”的翻譯方法翻譯下面十個句子。ArmedtoteethMeetonesWaterlooDa

19、rkhorseCrocodiletearsIvorytowerHelookedcoolinhisnewclothes.Thisisthelastsupperinourcollegelife.Thecoldwarbetweenthehusbandandwifeendedwhenthehusbandfoundabetterjob.ThefearthattheBlackMondaymightreturnsoonalarmedtheseWallStreeters.Thewealthhehadboastedforyearsturnedouttobetheemperorsnewclothes.十種翻譯技巧

20、了解完四種翻譯方法后，我們再來了解一下十種常用翻譯技巧，即重復(fù)法(repetition),增詞法(amplification),省略法(omission),詞類轉(zhuǎn)換法(conversion),詞序調(diào)整法(inversion),拆譯法(division),合譯法(combination),正說反譯和反說正譯法(negation),語態(tài)變換法(voicechanges)，引申法(extension)和句子成分轉(zhuǎn)譯法。重復(fù)法(repetition)重復(fù)法(repetition)是在翻譯中，為了使譯文忠實于原文并且產(chǎn)生意義明確，文字通順、流暢，符合目的語習(xí)慣的文字，而將某一部分文字反復(fù)使用的翻譯技巧。

21、例子：Youmustaskthemotherathome,thechildreninthestreet,theordinarymaninthemarketandlookattheirmouth,howtheyspeak,andtranslatethatway;thentheyllunderstandandseethatyourespeakeimngintGoertmhan.（重復(fù)謂語動詞）Wehavetoanalyzeandsolveproblems.（重復(fù)賓語）Ignoranceisthemotheroffearaswellasofadmiration.（重復(fù)省略的部分）Butwestill

22、havedefects,andverybigones.（指代內(nèi)容的重復(fù)）Thedogischasingthecatwhichischasingaratwhichishavingapieceofcheeseinitsmouth.（指代內(nèi)容的重復(fù)）判斷我們各方面工作的是非得失，歸根到底，要以是否有利于發(fā)展社會主義的生產(chǎn)力，是否有利于增強(qiáng)我國的綜合國力，是否有利于提高人民的生活水平為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Ihadexperiencedoxygenand/orenginetrouble.Thethreemostimportanteffectsofanelectriccurrentareheating,magnetic

23、andchemicaleffects.Alternatingstressnotonlyvariesinmagnitudebutalsoindirection.10，Buthiswifekeptdinninginhisearsabouthisidleness,hiscarelessness,andtheruinhewasbringingonhisfamily.11,Sleepismostgracefulinaninfant;soundest,inonewhohasbeentiredintheopenair;completest,totheseamanafterahardvoyage;mostwe

24、lcome,tothemindhauntedwithoneidea;mosttouchingtolookat,intheparentthathaswept;lightest,intheplayfulchild;proudest,inthebrideabored.增詞法（amplification）在翻譯中為了使譯文通順易懂，或是為了行文生動，更符合目的與的語言習(xí)慣而采取的增加部分解釋性詞語、連接詞、類屬詞、概括性詞語和代詞的做法叫增詞法（amplification）。Thesubsequentgenerationsofthisfamilygrewimpoverishedbyacombinati

25、onofdrought,extortion,andtoomanygiftstooperagirls,allofwhichledtotheirlosingfaceandtheirproperty.Themensquattedintheirdark-coloredlogyis,theever-presentcherootsclenchedbetweentheirteeth.HisconsiderationoftheBiblewiththelanguageofordinarypeopleandhisconsiderationoftranslationintermsoffocusingontheTLa

26、ndtheTTreaderwerecrucialinhistranslation.Thisplanwithallitsdisadvantagesisconsideredtobeoneofthebest.Flowersbloomallovertheyard.Readingmakesafullman;conferenceareadyman;writinganexactman.不要重復(fù)葉公好龍那個故事，講了多少年的社會主義，臨到社會主義跑來找他，她又害怕起來了。(毛澤東選集，第五卷)Dayafterdayhecametohisworksweeping,scrubbing,cleaning.9,一個籬

27、笆三個樁，一個好漢三人幫。10,三個臭皮匠，合成一個諸葛亮。省略法(omission)省略法(omission)是為了行文的簡潔和更符合目的與習(xí)慣，將一些重復(fù)的詞語或一些已被涵蓋的意義省去的翻譯方法，而原文的意義并未因此受到任何損失。Whenshecouldnolongerdecide,shebecamedepressed.WheneverDwightpickedupthebabytotakehimtohisplaceortothedoctorsforacheckup,shefeltrelief.Rupertwithhisflexibleyoungkneessatinahunch-and-cr

28、ouchposeinimitationofthenatives.Stainlesssteelpossessgoodhardnessandhighstrength.Penicillinworksbynotallowingabacteriumtobuilditscellwall.Thisisthesolidrockybottomundertheoozeandmudoftheoceanfloor.Thereisa30%increaseofourinstalledcapacitywiththisyear.在工作中，我們必須避免犯不必要的的錯誤。&質(zhì)子帶陽電，電子帶陰電，而中子既不帶陽電也不帶陰電。He

29、puthishandintohispocketsandthenshruggedhisshoulders.Smokingisnotallowedinthestore-house.11，匪軍所至，殺戮人民，奸淫婦女，焚毀村莊，掠奪財物，無所不用其極。前怕龍后怕虎的態(tài)度不能造就干部。我們黨結(jié)束了那個時期的社會動蕩和紛擾不安的局面。這種人鬧什么東西呢？鬧名譽(yù)，鬧地位，鬧出風(fēng)頭。(毛澤東選集三卷，779頁)詞類轉(zhuǎn)換法(conversion)詞類轉(zhuǎn)換法(conversion)是基于兩種語言習(xí)慣的不同，在翻譯中保留詞語意義而改變此類的做法。MayaAngeloureturnedtoAmericain1964

30、,withtheintentionofhelpingMalcolmbuildhisnewOrganizationofAfricanAmericanUnity.ShortlyafterherarrivalintheUnitedStates,Malcolmwasassassinated,andhisplansforaneworganizationdiedwithhim.His(Dr.MartinLutherKing,Jr.)assassination,fallingonherbirthdayin1968,leftherdevastated(蹂躪，破壞；使荒廢).Thereisapopularbel

31、iefamongparentsthatschoolsarenolongerinterestedinHewaspopularWeweremostimpressedbythefactthateventhosepatientswhowerenottoldof學(xué)生們都應(yīng)該德、智、體全面發(fā)展。由于我們實行了改革開放政策，我國的綜合國力有了明顯的增強(qiáng)。Theimitationoflivingsystems,beitdirectorindirect,isveryusefulfordevisingmachines,hencetherapiddevelopmentofbionics.AbrahamLincoln

32、wantedtobuildagovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,andforthepeople.Someofmyclass-matesaregoodsingers.Partyofficialsworkedlonghoursonmeagerfood,incoldcaves,bydimlamps.Stevensonwaseloquentandelegantbutsoft.TheWildefamilywerereligious.Heisnosmoker,buthisfatherisachain-smoker.他的講演給聽眾的印象深刻。該廠的產(chǎn)品的主要特點(diǎn)是工藝精湛，經(jīng)

33、久耐用。她在最后一幕里占了突出的地位。19，會議沒能取得一致意見就結(jié)束了。順序調(diào)整法(inversion)為避免字對字，行對行翻譯所產(chǎn)生的弊端，翻譯中要根據(jù)目的與習(xí)慣進(jìn)行詞序和句內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整，但順序調(diào)整后的譯文不能偏離原文的句子重心。DuringtheearlyhistoryoftheUnitedStates,amanvirtuallyownedhiswifeandchildrenashedidhismaterialpossessions.Themedicalprofessionisanexampleofchangedattitudesinthe19thand20thcenturiesabou

34、twhatwasregardedassuitableworkforwomen.3,Italsoplaysanimportantroleinmakingtheearthmorehabitable,aswarmoceancurrentsbringmildertemperaturestoplacesthatwouldotherwisebequitecold.Timegoesfastforonewhohasasenseofbeauty,whenthereareprettychildreninapoolandayoungDianaontheedge,toreceivewithwonderanything

35、youcatch!whilethepresentcenturywasinitsteens,andononesunshinymorninginJune,theredroveuptothegreatirongateofMissPinkertonsacademyforayoungladies,onChiswickMall,alargefamilycoach,withtwofathorsesinblazingharness,drivenbyafatcoachmaninathree-corneredhatandwig,attherateoffourmilesanhour.Thedinofthestall

36、-holderscryingtheirwares,ofdonkey-boysandportersclearingawayforthemselvesbyshoutingvigorously,andwould-bepurchasersarguingandbargainingiscontinuousandmakesyoudizzy.Bakeristypicalofmanytranslationscholarswhomakedetaileduseoftheterminologyoffunctionalgrammaranddiscourseanalysisinthatshedevotesbyfarthe

37、mostattentiontothetextualfunction.Linguisticdifferencesareofcourseindicativeofculturaldifferences,andVenutiisonecriticwhoseeslinguistics-orientedapproachesasprojectingaconservativemodeloftranslationthatwouldundulyrestrict(translations)roleinculturalinnovationandchange.Manyman-madesubstancesarereplac

38、ingcertainnaturalmaterialsbecauseeitherthequantityofthenaturalproductscannotmeetourever-increasingrequirement,ormoreoften,becausethephysicalpropertyofthesyntheticsubstance,whichisthecommonnameforman-madematerials,havebeenchosen,andevenemphasized,sothatitwouldbeofthegreatestuseinthefieldsinwhichitist

39、obeapplied.中國人也好，外國人也好，死人也好，活人也好，對的就是對的，不對的就是不對的。,11,能不能盡快的把科學(xué)技術(shù)搞上去，這是一個關(guān)系到社會主義建設(shè)的全局，關(guān)系到我們國家命運(yùn)與前途的大問題。12,Springhassomuchmorethanspeech_initsunfoldingflowersandleaves,andthecoursingofitsstreams,andinitssweetrestlessseeking!(JohnGalsworthy:Theappletree)拆譯法(division)與合譯法(combination)這種方法是指為符合漢語流水句的習(xí)慣而將

40、英語中過長的句子結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行拆解或合并的翻譯方法。Thisintuitionthatlooksmatterlittlemaybeanotherinstanceofourdenyingrealinfluencesuponus,forthereisnowafiledrawerfullofresearchstudiesindicatingThepresident,ingivingtohismostpowerfulandmostdistinguishedrivalthegreatestplacewhichapresidenthasinhispowertobestow,gaveanexcellentproo

41、fofThiswillbeparticularlytruesinceenergypinchwillmakeitdifficulttocontinueagricultureinhigh-energyAmericanfashionthatmakesitpossibletocombinefewfarmerswithhighyields.Hedidnotrememberhisfatherwhodiedwhenhewasthreeyearsold.Behavioristssuggestthatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimu

42、liwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponseswillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.Sunraysfilteredinwherevertheycould,drivingoutdarknessandchokingtheshadows.7.中國是個大國，百分之八十的人口從事農(nóng)業(yè)，但耕地只占土地面積的十分之一，其余為山脈、森林、城鎮(zhèn)和其他用地。8.Myfatherwasnotwronginjudgingmetooyoungtomanagebusinessofimportance.9Shes

43、atwithherhandscuppingherchin,staringatacornerofthelittlekitchen.10.Themilitaryisforbiddento“kill”thevessel,arelativeeasytask.Hewasveryclean.Hismindwasopen.蕓作新婦，初甚緘默，終日無怒容，與之言，微笑而已。如今沒奈何，把你雇在間壁人家放牛，每月可以得他幾兩銀子，你又有現(xiàn)成飯吃，只在明日就要去了。（吳敬梓儒林外史）14，Thesunwascomingoverthehills.Abassjumped,makingacircleinthewater

44、.Nicktrailedhishandinthewater.Itfeltwarminthesharpchillofthemorning.15,Nostretchofimaginationcouldvisualizeanythinghalfsolovely.16，Itsgleamingsandsandbackdropofpinewoodsanddistanthillsgiveitapleasantandrestfulatmosphere.17,Dawnmethimwellalongtheway.Itaspleasantuneventfulride.18，Hecrasheddownonaprote

45、stingchair.她已經(jīng)洗完了衣服，坐在小溪邊的石頭上撩起布衫揩臉上的汗水。20，但他性情不同，既不求官爵，又不交納朋友，終日閉戶讀書。21，年歲不好，柴米又貴；這幾件舊衣服和舊家伙，當(dāng)?shù)漠?dāng)了，賣的賣了；只靠著我替人家做些針指生活尋來的錢，如何供得你讀書？（吳敬梓儒林外史）22，ItwasinvainthattheoldladyaskedherifshewasawareshewasspeakingtoMissPinkerton.（W.M.Thackray:VanityFair）華大媽在枕頭底下掏了半天，掏出一包洋錢，交給老栓，（C）老栓接了，抖抖的裝入衣袋，又在上面按了兩下，便點(diǎn)上燈籠，吹

46、滅燈盞，走向里屋去了（C）。她一手提著竹籃，內(nèi)中一個破碗，空的一手拄著一支比她更長的竹竿，下端開了裂，她分明已經(jīng)純乎是一個乞丐了。25,Kingsandbearsoftenworrykeepers.7正說反譯和反說正譯法(negation)這種方法是指為照顧目的語習(xí)慣，原語中肯定的或否定的表達(dá)可以轉(zhuǎn)換成目的語中否定的或肯定的表達(dá)。Onebyone,thesefriends,acquaintances,andstrangersfromthedifferenttimesofmyshortenedlifestoodbythecaskettosayfarewell,adieu,zaijen.Andbe

47、foreMarlenacouldlashintohimforsuchacallousremark,heaimedhisfingertowardtheothersideofthelobby.Themajorreasongivenwasthatthegirlsownexpectationsdeclinedbecauseneithertheirfamiliesnortheirteachersexpectedthemtoprepareforafutureotherthanthatofmarriageandmotherhood.Themethodofscientificinvestigationisno

48、thingbuttheexpressionofthenecessarymodeofworkingofthehumanmind.Itisnolessthanblackmailtoasksuchahighprice.Youcannotattachtoomuchimportancetothematter.Heisnolesscleverthanhisbrother.Themanoverthereisnoneotherthanourprincipal.9無論如何，她算不上一位思維敏捷的學(xué)生。10,ImblestifIknow.Hewasanindecisivesortofpersonandalways

49、capricious.MissFairliekepttoherroomallday.13,油漆未干14，他新雇來的女傭人懶得出奇，飯量到很大，真是一個無用而又累贅的東西。15,.Herhusbandhatestoseeherstonyface.16，Heknewhewasmortallyill.8語態(tài)變換法(voicechanges)英語被動句多與漢語，因而翻譯是要進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的語態(tài)調(diào)整。InsomeoftheEuropeancountries,thepeoplearegiventhebiggestsocialbenefitssuchasmedicalinsurance.2，Therobotsif

50、terhasbeenputintouse.Theshellpartsofreactorpressurevesselshavebeenoftenfabricatedwithformedplatesweldedtogether.Allthesoundsarefedintoacomputerandanalyzed.Itwouldbeastonishingifthatlosswerenotkeenlyfelt.Theyweregivenaheartywelcome.IwassoimpressedbythesewordsthatIusedthemlaterforaChristmascard.Lastye

51、artheregionwasvisitedbytheworstdroughtin60years.TheshipwasdestinedforLondon.Rainbowsareformedwhensunlightpassesthroughsmalldropsofwaterinthesky.9引申法ItisnoteasytobecomeamemberofthatclubtheywantpeoplewhohaveDogsdontspeakinthefuturetense.Theyliveinthemoment.Ivisitedvariouspartsofmyowncountry;andhadImer

52、elyaloveroffinescenery,Ishouldhavefeltlittledesiretoseekelsewhereitsgratification,foronnocountryhavethecharmsofnaturebeenmoreprodigallylavished.Hermightylakeslikeoceansofliquidsilver;hermountainswiththeirbrightaerialtints;hervalleys,teemingwithwildfertility;hertremendouscataracts,thunderingintheirso

53、litudes;herboundlessplains,wavingwithspontaneousverdure;herbroaddeeprivers,rollinginsolemnsilencetotheocean;hertracklessforests,wherevegetationputsforthallitsmagnificence;herskies,kindlingwiththemagicofsummercloudsandglorioussunshine,no,neverneedanAmericanlookbeyondhisowncountryforthesublimeandbeaut

54、ifulofnaturalscenery.Youthisnotatimeoflife;itisastateofmind;itisnotamatterofrosycheeks,redlipsandsuppleknees;itisamatterofthewill,aqualityoftheimagination,avigoroftheemotions;itisthefreshnessofthedeepspringsoflife.Everylifehasitsrosesandthorns.NewYorkisnotMeccatome.7，郭彩娣笑了，贊賞他的口才說：“說話真會繞彎?！保ㄉ虾５脑绯浚?，Long-stemmedmodelsankledthroughthelobby.9、Haiegazesthoughtfullyathisgreatpawsandwinksatme.Thethrashingwasthehighwatermarkofhislife.Hetellsmeheoftendreamsofit（BrickRemarque:）10，Theprojectisaneconomicalbatrossfromthestart11，她怕碰一鼻子灰，話到嘴邊，他又把它吞了下去。12，為頭一人，頭戴武巾，身穿團(tuán)花線袍，白凈面皮，三綹髭須，真有龍鳳之表。（儒林外傳）13,那柳湘蓮