中國歷史文化概況(英文版)完整版教學(xué)課件全書電子講義(最新)

1、Unit 1 Origins and History學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)整體上掌握Text A和Text B 兩篇文章的內(nèi)容，包括背景資料，單詞，相關(guān)專有名詞等。完成Text A 和Text B 的課后題目。 瀏覽Text C。Text A Early Chinese History導(dǎo)讀中國是世界文明古國，中華文明亦稱華夏文明，是世界上最古老的文明之一，也是世界上持續(xù)時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)的文明之一。中華文明史源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)，若從黃帝時(shí)代算起，約有4700年。舉世公認(rèn)，中國是歷史最悠久的文明古國之一。一般認(rèn)為，中華文明的直接源頭有兩個(gè)，即黃河文明、長(zhǎng)江文明，中華文明是兩種區(qū)域文明交流、融合、升華的果實(shí)。中國歷史自黃帝時(shí)代算起

2、則約有5000年。 有歷史學(xué)者認(rèn)為，在人類文明史中，“歷史時(shí)代”的定義是指從有文字時(shí)起算，在那之前則稱為“史前時(shí)代”；歷史中傳說伏羲做八卦，黃帝時(shí)代倉頡造文字；近代考古發(fā)現(xiàn)了3350多年前（前1350年）商朝的甲骨文、約4000年前至5000年前的陶文、約5000年前至7000年前具有文字性質(zhì)的龜骨契刻符號(hào)。元謀人的牙齒仰韶文化半坡類型（人面魚紋盆）Notes1. The Yangshao culture (仰韶文化) : a Neolithic culture that existed extensively along the central Yellow River in China.

3、The Yangshao culture is dated from around 5000 BC to 3000 BC. The culture is named after Yangshao, the first excavated representative village of this culture, which was discovered in 1921 in Henan Province by the Swedish archaeologist Johan Gunnar Andersson (18741960). The culture flourished mainly

4、in the provinces of Henan, Shaanxi and Shanxi. 2. The Longshan culture (龍山文化) : a late Neolithic culture in China, centered on the central and lower Yellow River and dated from about 3000 BC to 2000 BC. The Longshan culture is named after the town of Longshan in the east of the area under the admini

5、stration of the city of Jinan, Shandong Province, where the first archaeological find (in 1928) and excavation (in 1930 and 1931) of this culture took place at the Chengziya Archaeological Site. 3. The Bronze Age (青銅器時(shí)代) :is a period characterized by the use of copper and its alloy bronze as the chi

6、ef hard materials in the manufacture of some implements and weapons. Chronologically, it stands between the Stone Age and Iron Age. The term Stone Age implies the inability to smelt any ore, the term Bronze Age implies the inability to smelt iron ore and the term Iron Age implies the ability to manu

7、facture artifacts in any of the three types of hard material. Their arrangement in the archaeological chronology reflects the difficulty of manufacture in the history of technology. 4. Confucius (孔子)： a Chinese thinker and social philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period. The philosophy of Confuci

8、us emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. These values gained prominence in China over other doctrines, such as Legalism (法家) or Taoism (道家) during the Han Dynasty. Confucius thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophy

9、known as Confucianism (儒家). 5. Mencius (孟子) ： an itinerant Chinese philosopher and sage, and one of the principal interpreters of Confucianism. Supposedly, he was a pupil of Confucius grandson, Zisi. Like Confucius, according to legend, he travelled China for forty years to offer advice to rulers fo

10、r reform. During the Warring States Period, Mencius served as an official and scholar at the Jixia Academy in the State of Qi. He expressed his filial devotion when he took an absence of three years from his official duties for Qi to mourn his mothers death. Disappointed at his failure to affect cha

11、nges in his contemporary world, he retired from public life. 6. Mozi (墨子)： a Chinese philosopher during the Hundred Schools of Thought period (early Warring States Period). Born in Tengzhou, Shandong Province, China, he founded the school of Mohism and argued strongly against Confucianism and Daoism

12、. During the Warring States Period, Mohism was actively developed and practiced in many states, but fell out of favour when the legalist Qin Dynasty came to power. During that period many Mohist classics were ruined when Qin Shihuang carried out the burning of books and burying of scholars. The impo

13、rtance of Mohism further declined when Confucianism became the dominant school of thought during the Han Dynasty, disappearing by the middle of the Western Han Dynasty. 7. Laozi (老子)： a mystic philosopher of ancient China, best known as the author of the Tao Te Ching (often simply referred to as Lao

14、zi). His association with the Tao Te Ching has led him to be traditionally considered the founder of Taoism (pronounced as Daoism). He is also revered as a deity in most religious forms of the Taoist religion, which often refers to Laozi as Taishang Laojun, or One of the Three Pure Ones. Laozi trans

15、lated literally from Chinese means old master or old one, and is generally considered honorific. 8. Zhuangzi (莊子) ： an influential Chinese philosopher who lived around the 4th century BC during the Warring States Period, a period corresponding to the philosophical summit of Chinese thought the Hundr

16、ed Schools of Thought, and is credited with writingin part or in wholea work known by his name, the Zhuangzi. 9. Shang Yang (商鞅) : an important statesman of the State of Qin during the Warring States Period of Chinese history. Born Wei Yang in the State of Wei, with the support of Duke Xiao of Qin Y

17、ang enacted numerous reforms in Qin. These were in accordance with his legalist philosophy as recorded in The Book of Lord Shang and assisted Qin in its change from a peripheral state to that of a militarily powerful and strongly centralized kingdom. He changed the administration of the state throug

18、h an emphasis on meritocracy and devolvement of power from the nobility. 10. Han Fei Zi (韓非子): was a Chinese philosopher who, along with Li Si, Gongsun Yang, Shen Dao and Shen Buhai, developed the doctrine of the School of Law or Legalism. Unlike the other famed philosophers of the time, Han Fei was

19、 a member of the ruling aristocracy, having been born into the ruling family of the state of Han during the end phase of the Warring States Period. In this context, his works have been interpreted by some scholars as being directed to his cousin, the King of Han. 11. Qu Yuan (屈原): was a Chinese poet

20、 who lived during the Warring States Period in ancient China. He is famous for his contributions to the poetry collection known as the Chu-ci - also known as Songs of the South or Songs of Chu - which, along with the Shi Jing is one of the two great collections of ancient Chinese verse. Historical d

21、etails about Qu Yuans life are few, and his authorship of many Chu-ci poems have been questioned at length. However, he is widely accepted to have written Li Sao, the most well-known of the Chu-ci poems, and possibly several others in the collection, as well. Text B The Qin and Han Dynasties導(dǎo)讀公元前221

22、年，秦并其他六國后統(tǒng)一了中國主體部分，成為了中國歷史上第一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的中央集權(quán)君主統(tǒng)治國家，定都咸陽（今西安附近）。由于秦王應(yīng)征自認(rèn)“功蓋三皇，德過五帝”，于是改用皇帝稱號(hào)，自封始皇帝，人稱秦始皇，傳位后的皇帝稱二世，直至千世萬世。他對(duì)國家進(jìn)行了許多項(xiàng)改革，包括了中央集權(quán)的確立，取代了周朝的諸侯分封制；統(tǒng)一了文字，方便官方行文；統(tǒng)一度量衡，便于工程上的計(jì)算。秦始皇還大力修筑馳道和直道，并連接了戰(zhàn)國時(shí)趙國、燕國和秦國的北面圍城，筑成了西起臨洮、東至遼東的萬里長(zhǎng)城以抵御北方來自匈奴，東胡等游牧民族的侵襲。秦始皇推崇法治，重用法家的李斯作為丞相，并聽其意見，下令焚書坑儒，收繳天下兵器，役使七十萬人修筑阿

23、房宮以及自己的陵墓包括兵馬俑等。秦始皇Notes: The Great Wall (長(zhǎng)城) : is a series of stone and earthen fortifications in northern China, built originally to protect the northern borders of the Chinese Empire against intrusions by various nomadic groups. Several walls have been built since the 5th century BC that are refe

24、rred to collectively as the Great Wall, which has been rebuilt and maintained from the 5th century BC through the 16th century. One of the most famous is the wall built between 220206 BC by the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang. Little of that wall remains; the majority of the existing wall was

25、built during the Ming Dynasty. Sima Qian (司馬遷)： was a Prefect of the Grand Scribes (太史公) of the Han Dynasty. He is regarded as the father of Chinese historiography for his highly praised work, Records of the Grand Historian (史記), a Jizhuanti-style general history of China, covering more than two tho

26、usand years from the Yellow Emperor to Emperor Wu of Han. His definitive work laid the foundation for later Chinese historiography.Zhang Heng (張衡) ：was a Chinese astronomer, mathematician, inventor, geographer, cartographer, artist, poet, statesman, and literary scholar from Nanyang, Henan. He lived

27、 during the Eastern Han Dynasty (25220 CE) of China. He was educated in the capital cities of Luoyang and Changan, and began his career as a minor civil servant in Nanyang. Eventually, he became Chief Astronomer, Prefect of the Majors for Official Carriages, and then Palace Attendant at the imperial

28、 court. His uncompromising stances on certain historical and calendrical issues led to Zhang being considered a controversial figure, which prevented him from becoming an official court historian. His political rivalry with the palace eunuchs during the reign of Emperor Shun led to his decision to r

29、etire from the central court to serve as an administrator of Hejian, in Hebei. He returned home to Nanyang for a short time, before being recalled to serve in the capital once more in 138. He died there a year later, in 139. Thank You!Unit 2 Territory and Environment 學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)整體上掌握Text A和Text B 兩篇文章的內(nèi)容，包

30、括背景資料，單詞，相關(guān)專有名詞等。完成Text A 和Text B 的課后題目。 瀏覽Text C。Text A Territory of China導(dǎo)讀：中國位于歐亞大陸東部，太平洋西岸。中國約有4079年的已知文明史，是亞非大河流域四大文明古國之一，中國的面積為960萬平方千米，僅次于俄羅斯、加拿大。中國地勢(shì)西高東低，呈階梯狀下降，山地、高原和丘陵約占陸地面積的67%，盆地和平原約占陸地面積的33%。山脈多呈東西和東北一西南走向。海岸線以東以南的大陸架，蘊(yùn)藏著豐富的海底資源。 烏蘇里青海NotesWusuli (烏蘇里)：or called the Usuri ulais, a river

31、 in the south of the Outer Manchuria (Russian Far East) and east of Inner Manchuria (Northeast China). It rises in the Sikhote-Alin range, flowing north, forming part of the Sino-Russian border based on the Sino-Russian Convention of Peking in 1860, until it joins the Amur River at Khabarovsk. It is

32、 approximately 897km in length. The area of the Usuri basin is 193,000 km. Its waters come from rain (60%), snow (30-35%) and subterranean springs. Average discharge is 1,150 m/s, elevation - 1,682 m. The Usuri River is known for its catastrophic floods. It freezes up in November and stays under the

33、 ice until April. The river teems with different kinds of fish: grayling, sturgeon, humpback salmon (gorbusha), chum salmon (keta) and others. Russia Far East (俄羅斯遠(yuǎn)東地區(qū)): is a term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i.e., extreme east parts of Russia, between Lake Baikal in Eastern Sibe

34、ria and the Pacific Ocean. The Far Eastern Federal District, which covers this area, borders with the Siberian Federal District in the west.Eurasia (歐亞大陸): is a continent or supercontinent comprising the traditional continents of Europe and Asia; covering about 52,990,000 km2 or about 10.6% of the E

35、arths surface (36.2% of the land area) located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. Physiographically, it is a single continent, the concepts of Europe and Asia as distinct continents date back to antiquity and their borders are geologically arbitrary. Eurasia, in turn, is part of the

36、yet larger landmass of Afro-Eurasia, whereby Eurasia is joined to Africa at the Isthmus of Suez. Eurasia is inhabited by almost 4 billion people, more than 72.5% of the worlds population. Khabarovsk (哈巴羅夫斯克): is the largest city and the administrative center of Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. It is located

37、 some 30 kilometres from the Chinese border. It is the second largest city in the Russian Far East, after Vladivostok. The city became the administrative center of the Far Eastern Federal District of Russia in 2002.Kokonor (庫庫諾爾): is a saline lake situated in the province of Qinghai, and is the larg

38、est lake in China. The names Qinghai and Kokonor both mean Blue/Teal Sea/Lake in Chinese and Mongolian. It is located about 100 kilometres west of the provincial capital of Xining at 3,205 m (10,515 feet) above sea level in a depression of the Tibetan Plateau in the traditional Tibetan province of A

39、mdo. Twenty-three rivers and streams empty into Qinghai Lake, most of them seasonal. Five permanent streams provide 80% of total influx. Mongolian Language (蒙古語): is the official language of Mongolia and the best-known member of the Mongolic language family. The number of speakers across all its dia

40、lects may be 5.2 million, including the vast majority of the residents of Mongolia and many of the Mongolian residents of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region of China. In Mongolia, the Khalkha dialect, written in Cyrillic, is predominant, while in Inner Mongolia, the language is more dialectally di

41、verse and is written in the traditional Mongolian script. In the discussion of grammar to follow, the variety of Mongolian treated is Standard Khalkha Mongolian (i.e., the standard written language as formalized in the writing conventions and in the school grammar), but much of what is to be said is

42、 also valid for vernacular (spoken) Khalkha and other Mongolian dialects, especially Chakhar. Gulf of Bohai (渤海): also known as Bohai Sea, Bohai, or Bo Hai, is the innermost gulf of the Yellow Sea on the coast of Northeastern and North China. It is approximately 78,000kin area and its proximity to B

43、eijing, the capital of the Peoples Republic of China, makes it one of the busiest seaways in the world North China Plain (華北平原): is based on the deposits of the Yellow River and is the largest alluvial plain of eastern Asia. The plain is bordered on the north by the Yanshan Mountains and on the west

44、 by the Taihang Mountains edge of the Shanxi (western mountains) plateau. To the south, it merges into the Yangtze Plain. From northeast to southeast, it fronts the Bohai Gulf, the highlands of Shandong Peninsula, and the Yellow Sea. The Yellow River flows through the middle of the plain into Bohai

45、Gulf. Tibetan Plateau (青藏高原): is a vast, elevated plateau in Central Asia covering most of the Tibet Autonomous Region and Qinghai, in addition to smaller portions of western Sichuan, southwestern Gansu, and northern Yunnan in Western China and Ladakh in India. It stretches approximately 1,000 kilom

46、etres north to south and 2,500 kilometres east to west. The average elevation is over 4,500 metres, and all 14 of the worlds 8,000 metres and higher peaks are found in the region. Sometimes called the roof of the world, it is the highest and biggest plateau, with an area of 2.5 million km2 Three Gor

47、ges (三峽): is a scenic area along the Yangtze River spanning from the Chongqing Municipality to Hubei province in the Peoples Republic of China with a total length of approximately 200 kilometres. The Three Gorges occupy approximately 120 kilometres (75mi) within this region. Although it is primarily

48、 famous for its scenery, the Three Gorges region is historically and culturally an important region in China. Xi Jiang (西江): is the western tributary of the Pearl River in China. It is formed by the confluence of the Gui and Xun Rivers in Wuzhou, Guangxi. It then flows east through Guangdong, and en

49、ters the Pearl River Delta just east of the Lingyang Gorge in Zhaoqing. The main branch of the Xi flows southeast through the delta entering the South China Sea at Modao Men, just west of Macau. The major cities along the Xi include Wuzhou, Zhaoqing, and Jiangmen. The other two main tributaries of P

50、earl River are the Dongjiang River and Beijiang River. The Xi River is navigable for its entire length. The Xi River is a commercial waterway of southern China, and links the delta cities to the interior. The entire Xi River system is the largest of the Pearls tributaries, being 2,197km, and its vol

51、ume of flow is second in China only to that of the Yangtze River. Other transliterations include Hsi River and Hsi Chiang. It supplies water to many places in Guangxi, Guangdong and Macau.Bei Jiang (北江): is the northern tributary of the Pearl River in southern China. The other two main tributaries o

52、f the Pearl River are the Xijiang River and the Dongjiang River. The Bei River is 63.34kilometers long and located in northern Guangdong Dong Jiang (東江): is the eastern tributary of the Pearl River in Guangdong province, southern China. The other two main tributaries of Pearl River are Xijiang River

53、 and Beijiang River. It is a major source of water for Hong Kong. The Hong Kong Government has purchased Dong River water from Guangdong since 1965. Over 70% of domestic water in Hong Kong is imported from the Dong River. Its discharge is about 807.5 cubic metres per second.Pearl River Delta (珠江三角洲)

54、: Since economic liberalisation was adopted by the Chinese government in the late 1970s, the delta has become one of the leading economic regions and a major manufacturing center of China and the world. The Chinese government hopes that the manufacturing in Guangdong, combined with the financial and

55、 service economy and traditional capitalistic influence in Hong Kong, will create an economic gateway attracting foreign capital throughout mainland China. Special Economic Zone of Shenzhen (深圳經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)): established in May 1980, is the first special economic zone in the Peoples Republic of China. Four o

56、ther special economic zones were subsequently established. Shenzhen Special Economic Zone comprises four of the six districts of Shenzhen City in Guangdong Province, namely Luohu, Futian, Nanshan, and Yantian, with a total area of 493km. Foshan (佛山市): is a city in central Guangdong province in south

57、ern China. The prefectural area under the citys jurisdiction over an area of about 3,840km and a population of 5.4 million of which 1.1 million reside in the city proper Text BGeography of China 導(dǎo)讀：我國領(lǐng)土遼闊廣大，總面積約960萬平方千米，僅次于俄羅斯、加拿大，居世界第3位，第四位為美國。差不多同整個(gè)歐洲面積相等。我國領(lǐng)土的四端為：最東端在黑龍江和烏蘇里江的主航道中心線的相交處，最西端在帕米爾高原

58、附近，東西跨經(jīng)度60多度，東西相距約5000千米，最南端在曾母暗沙、最北端在漠河以北黑龍江主航道的中心線上多，南北跨緯度約50度，南北相距約5500千米。 NotesEast Asia (東亞): is a subregion of Asia that can be defined in either geographical or cultural terms. Geographically and geo-politically, it covers about 12,000,000 km2 (4,600,000 sqmi), or about 28 percent of the Asia

59、n continent, about 15 percent bigger than the area of Europe. More than 1.5 billion people, about 38% of the population of Asia or 22% of all the people in the world, live in geographic East Asia, about twice Europes population. The region is one of the worlds most populated places, with a populatio

60、n density of 133 inhabitants per square kilometre (340/sqmi), being about three times the world average of 45/km2 (120/sqmi), although Mongolia has the lowest population density of a sovereign state. The Korea Bay (朝鮮灣): is a northern extension of the Yellow Sea, between Liaoning Province of China a