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1、.專業(yè)專注.word完美格式word完美格式1.Romanticperiod9.SherwoodAnderson2.WashingtonIrving10.StephenCrane3.EdgarAllanPoe11.TheodoreDreiser4.NathanialHawthorne12.IILModernperiod5.WaltWhitman13.F.S.Fitzgerald6.EmilyDickinson14.ErnestHemingway7.II.Realistperiod15.WilliamFaulkner8.MarkTwainI.TranscendentalismTranscende

2、ntalismreferstothereligiousandphilosophicaldoctrinesofRalphWaldoEmersonandothersinNewEnglandinthemiddle1800whichemphasizedtheimportanceofindividualinspirationandintuition,theOversoul,andNature.OtherconceptsthataccompaniedTranscendentalismincludetheideathatnatureisennoblingandtheideathattheindividual

3、isdivineand,therefore,self-reliant.NewEnglandTranscendentalismistheproductofacombinationofnativeAmericanPuritanismandEuropeanRomanticism.NaturalismNaturalism,amoredeliberatekindofrealism,usuallyinvolvesaviewofhumanbeingsaspassivevictimsofnaturalforcesandsocialenvironment.Asaliterarymovement,naturali

4、smwasinitiatedinFranceanditcametobeledbyZola,whoclaimedat“scientific”statusforhisstudiesofimpoverishedcharactersmiserablysubjectedtohunger,sexualobsession,andhereditarydefects.Naturalfictionaspiredtoasociologicalobjectivity,offeringdetailedandfullyresearchedinvestigationsintounexploredcornersofmoder

5、nsociety.ThemostsignificantworkofnaturalisminEnglishbeingDreisersSisterCarrie.AmericanDreamTheAmericanDreamisthefaithheldbymanypeopleintheUnitedStatesofAmericathatthroughhardwork,courageanddeterminationonecanachieveabetterlifeforoneself,usuallythroughfinancialprosperity.Thesewerevaluesheldbymanyearl

6、yEuropeansettlers,andhavebeenpassedontosubsequentgenerations.TheLostGenerationThetermLostGenerationwascoinedbyGertrudeSteintorefertoagroupofAmericanLiterarynotableswholivedinParisfromthetimeperiodwhichsawtheendofWorldWarItothebeginningoftheGreatDepression.SignificantmembersincludedErnestHemingway,F.

7、ScottFitzgerald,EzraPound,SherwoodAnderson,T.S.Eliot,andGertrudeSteinherself.Hemingwaylikelypopularizedtheterm,quotingStein(“Youareallalostgeneration”)asepigraphtohisnovelTheSunAlsoRises.Moregenerally,thetermisbeingusedfortheyoungadultsofEuropeandAmericaduringWorldWarI.Theywere“l(fā)ost”becauseafterthew

8、armanyofthemweredisillusionedwiththeworldingeneralandunwillingtomoreintoasettledlifeModernismModernwritingismarkedbyastrongandconsciousbreakwithtraditionalformsandtechniquesofexpression;itbelievesthatwecreatetheworldintheactofperceivingit.Modernismimplieshistoricaldiscontinuity,asenseofalienation,of

9、loss,andofdespair.Itelevatestheindividualandhisinnerbeingoversocialmanandpreferstheunconscioustotheself-conscious.RomanticismPuritanismTheprinciplesandpracticesofpuritanswerepopularlyknownasPuritanism.PuritanismacceptedthedoctrinesofCalvinism:thesovereigntyofGod;thesupremeauthorityoftheBible;theirre

10、sistibilityofGodswillformanineveryactoflifefromcradletograve.ThesedoctrinesledthePuritanstoexaminetheirsoulstofindwhethertheywereoftheelectandtosearchtheBibletodetermineGodswill.HemingwayHeroes/CodeHero“HemingwayHeroes”refertosomeprotagonistsinHemingwaysworks.Suchaherousuallyisanaveragemanofdecidedl

11、ymasculinetastes,sensitiveandintelligent.Andusuallyheisamanofactionandofafewwords.Heissuchanindividualist,aloneevenwhenwithotherpeople,somewhatanoutsider,keepingemotionsundercontrol,stoicandself-disciplinedinadreadfulplacewhereonecannotgethappiness.TheHemingwayheroesstandforawholegeneration.Inaworld

12、whichisessentiallychaoticandmeaningless,aHemingwayherofightsasolitarystruggleagainstaforcehedoesnotevenunderstand.Theawarenessthatitmustendindefeat,nomatterhowhardhestrives,engendersasenseofdespair.ButHemingwayheroespossessakindof“despairingcourage”asBertrandRussellterms.Itisthiscouragethatenablesam

13、antobehavelikeaman,toasserthisdignityinfaceofadversity.SurelyHemingwayheroesdiffer,onefromanother,intheirviewoftheworld.ThedifferencewhichcomesgraduallyinviewisanindextothesubtlechangewhichHemingwaysoutlookhadundergone.ExpressionismExpressionismreferstoamovementinGermanyearlyinthe20thcentury,inwhich

14、anumberofpainterssoughttoavoidtherepresentationofexternalrealityand,instead,toprojectahighlypersonalorsubjectivevisionoftheworld.Themainprincipleinvolvedisthatexpressiondeterminesform,andthereforeimagery,punctuation,syntax,andsoforth.Inbrief,anyoftheformalrulesandelementsofwritingcanbebentordisjoint

15、edtosuitthepurpose.Theatrically,expressionismwasareactionagainstrealisminthatittendstoshowinnerpsychologicalrealities.ONeillsplaysaresomeofthebestexamples.TheImagistMovement(Imagism)LedbyEzraPoundandflourishedfrom1909to1917,themovementadvancedmodernisminartswhichconcentratedonreformingthemediumofpoe

16、tryasopposedtoRomanticism,especiallyTennysonswordinessandhigh-flownlanguageinpoetry.ThethreeprinciplesfollowedbytheImagistswere:(1)Directtreatment(2)EconomyofExpression(3)RhythmsymbolismSymbolismoriginatesinFranceinthemiddle19thcentury.ThepoetrycollectionTheFlowersofEvilbytheFrenchpoetCharlesBaudela

17、ireisarepresentativeworkofthisgenre.Symbolismtriestoexpressthedreamymysteriousinnerworldofthewriter.Stream-of-consciousnessStream-of-consciousnessbeginsinthe1920sinBritain.Itisapsychologicaltermindicating“thefluxofconsciousandsubconsciousthoughtsandimpressionsmovinginthemindatanygiventimeindependent

18、lyofthepersonswill”.Inlate19thcentury,theliterarydeviceof“interiormonologue”wasoriginatedinFranceasanapplicationofmodernpsychologicalknowledgetoliterarycreation.Inthe20thcentury,undertheinfluenceofFreudstheoryofpsychologicalanalysis,anumberofwritersadoptedthe“streamofconsciousness”methodofnovelwriti

19、ng.Thestrikingfeatureofthesenovelistsistheirgivingprecedencetothedepictionofthecharactersmentalandemotionalreactionstoexternalevents,ratherthantheeventsthemselves.(tobecontinued)Freeverse:aformofpoetrywithoutrhyme,meter,regularlinelength,andregularstanzaicstructure.Itdependsonnaturalspeechforrhythm.

20、RobertFrostcompareditto“playingtenniswiththenetdown.”Thoughmuchsimplerandlessrestrictivethanconventionalpoetryandblankverse,freeversedoesnomean“formlessness.”T.S.Eliotoncesaidthat“noverseisfreeforthemanwhowantstodoagoodjob.”Thoughitsoriginisunknown,itwasattemptedbysuchearlypoetsasSurrey,Milton,Blake

21、,andMacpherson.ItwasWhitmanwhodidthegreatestcontributiontothedevelopmentandpopularityoffreeverse.Whitmanfavoredthesimplicityandfreedomofexpression.Accordingtohim,“Theartofart,thegloryofexpressionandthesunshineoflightoflettersissimplicity.Notingisbetterthansimplicity.”Jazzage:Jazzisaformofdancemusict

22、hatisderivedfromearlyAfro-Americanfolkmusic,ragtime,andNegroblues.Itismarkedwithexcitingrhythm,pronouncedsyncopation,andconstantimprovisation.Themusicalinstrumentsusedaremainlydrums,trumpets,andsaxophones.MajorcomposersofJazzmusicincludeIrvinBerlinandW.C.Handy.ThetermJazzAgewasspecificallyemployedby

23、Fitzgeraldtodenotethe1920s,whichwascharacterizedbythelossoftraditionalmoralstandards,indulgenceinromanticyearnings,andgreatsocialexcitement.AccordingtoMalcolmCowley,theJazzAgewas“alegendofglitter,ofrecklessness,andoftalentinsuchprofusionthatitwassownbroadcastlikewildoats”.F.ScottFitzgeraldsTalesofth

24、eJazzAge,likeMarkTwainsTheGildedAge,wasanepoch-makingwork.Blackhumor:atermfrequentlyusedinmodernliterarycriticism.Itissometimescalledblackcomedyortragicfarce.Itishumororlaughterresultingfromgreatpain,despair,horrorandtheabsurdityofhumanexistence.Blackhumorisacommonqualityofmodernanti-novelsandanti-d

25、ramas.ExamplesareFranzKafkasstorieslike“Metamorphosis”,“TheCastle”and“TheTrial”,JosephHellersnovelCatch-22andAlbeesTheZooStory.OtherwriterswhodidmuchcontributiontothepopularityofblackhumorwereBeckett,Camus,Ionesco,Vonnegut,Pynchonandsoon.Autobiography:astoryawriterwritesabouthisorherownlifeexperienc

26、es.Itisnarratedfromthefirst-personpointofview.ThetermwasprobablyfirstusedbySouthey.ButthefirstimportantautobiographywasConfessionswrittenbyAugustineofHippo.OtherexamplesincludeFranklinsAutobiography,AdamssTheEducationofHenryAdams,JohnStuartMillsAutobiography,CarlylesReminiscences,HenryDavidThoreausW

27、alden,andsoon.SurpriseEnding:Alsocalled“O.Henryending,”itisacompletelyunexpectedturnorrevelationofeventsattheconclusionofastoryorplay.Anexampleis“TheNecklace”byGuydeMaupassant.AnotherinstanceisO.Henrysstory“TheGiftoftheMagi.”Blankverse:poetrythatdoesnotrhymebuthasiambicpentameterlines.Thoughnotorigi

28、natedinEnglandorAmerica,ithasbeenthemostimportantandmostwidelyusedEnglishverseform.BlankverseispopularbecauseitisclosesttotherhythmofdailyEnglishspeech.ThusmostEnglishpoemswhicharedramatic,reflectiveornarrativeareintheformofblankverse.ThisversewasprobablyfirstusedinEnglandbySurreywhotranslatedAeneid

29、,bySackvilleandNortonwhocomposedGorboduc.ItwasdevelopedandperfectedbyMarlowe,ShakespeareandMilton.Inthe18thcentury,mostpoetsfavoredheroiccouplets.ButYoungandThomsonwereabletowriteinthetraditionof.專業(yè)專注.word完美格式blankverse.The19thcenturysawarenewedinterestinthispoeticform.MastersofblankverseincludedWor

30、dsworth,ColeridgeandBryant.ThefactthatblankverseisstillpracticedbywriterslikeT.S.Eliot,Yeats,FrostandStevensshowshowinfluentialandfavorableitreallyis.CharacteristicsofRealismRealismaimsatthedescriptionoftheactualitiesofthelifeandfreefromsubjectiveprejudice,idealismorromanticcolor.Realismfocusesoncom

31、monnessofthecommonpeople.Theemphasisisonordinarypeople,settingsandevents.Lifeispresentedasitis.Userealcharacters,realincidents,reallanguageandlocaldialects.Inmattersofstyle,dictionandsentencestructuretendtowardaplainstyle.RepresentativewritersWilliamHowells.MarkTwain.HenryJamesMajorfeaturesofNatural

32、ismAtthecoreofnaturalismisdeterminismAnindividualscourseinlifeiswhollydeterminedbysomecombinationofanimalinstinct,heredity,andenvironment.Humanslackfreedomoftheirownwill.Alloftheiractionsarecontrolled,determined.Theuniverseiscold,godless,indifferentandhostiletohumandesires.Lifebecomesastruggleforsur

33、vival.Twoofthenaturalistsrecurrentconcernsare:socialsystemsthatdestroyanddehumanize,andindividualexperienceoflossandfailure.Naturalismisaharsherandextremeformofrealism.Thenaturalistshaveamajordifferencefromtherealists.ThemesofHawthorneswritingExploretherelationshipbetweenthepastandthepresentExploret

34、hehiddenmotivationsofhischaracters.ExaminetheeffectofhiddensinandsecretguiltMoralorimmoral,rightorwrongisthequestionHawthornealwaystalksaboutinhisworks.1.5.StyleHisstylewassoft,flowingandalmostfeminine.Language:smooth,clear,beautifulinsoundandmeaningHealsofrequentlyusessymbolsandsettingstorevealthep

35、sychologyofthecharacters.AppreciationofTheScarletLetterMainCharacter:HesterPrynne.，RogerChillingworth.，ArthurDimmesdale3.CharacterAnalysisHester:brave,strong-minded,warm-hearted,intelligent,sacrificing,decisiveDimmesdale:timid,selfish,irresponsible,cowardly,weak-minded.專業(yè)專注.專業(yè)專注.word完美格式word完美格式.Chi

36、llingworth:cold-blooded,dehumanizedThemeofTheScarletLetterToescapethebondageofreligioneitheronpeoplesspiritoronpeoplesnaturaldesireAbundantuseofsymbolsA-adulteryangelablePrisontheplacethatdeprivedpeopleofspiritualfreedomForest-thenatureRoseneartheprison一HesterandherloveCap一sthcontrollingonesbeautyWa

37、ltWhitman(1819-1892)LeavesOfGrass“Songofmyself”Analysisoftheartisticfeaturesform:freeverseOralandpowerfullg:Althoughfreeverse,hewrotewithrepeatedandparallelsentencestostrengthenthefeelings.Heexpresswhathewantedtoexpressfreely,smoothly,andheatedly.Hispoemsarelikewavesoftheseathatrushedtothebeachviole

38、ntly,oneafteranother.2.4.2thefirstpersonnarrator:directandsympathetictothereader2.43topic:sex.Tousehisownexpression,“hesawtheworldasavisionoflove.”Hebelievesthatlifeisthesourceofpoems,loveandenthusiasmarethemotivesofcreation.III.CommentsonthewriterSubject:sonoftime,feelsthepulseofthetime.Asaromantic

39、istandtranscendentalist,hebroketheconventionalpoeticmaterials,nomyth,noromance,nostoryofkingandlords.Hesingsforself,commonpeople,America,citylife,nature,etc.Form:(Freeverse)poetrywithoutfixedbeatorregularrhyme.WhitmanisthefirstgreatAmericanpoettousethisformofpoetry,healsouseditmoreskillfullythananyo

40、therpoet.(1)OnesSelfISingWhatisthesignificanceofsingingaboutonesself?Itisanexaltationoftheindividualspirit,whichistypicalofAmericanpeople.Whatisthedifferencebetweenphysiologyandphysiognomy?Physiologyisasciencethatdealswiththefunctionsandlifeprocessofhumanbeings,whereasphysiognomyreferstoanartofjudgi

41、ngcharacterfromcontoursoffaceitselfortheappearanceofaperson.WhatdoesWhitmanmeanbythetermoftheModernMan?Hemeansthatamanshouldbefreefromanyprejudiceandpride,totallydifferentfromthetraditionalone,thatisfullofbias.OCaptain!MyCaptain!WhyisthewordCaptaincapitalizedthroughoutthepoem?Inthispoemtheword“Capta

42、in”speciallyreferstoAbrahamLincoln,presidentoftheUnitedStates.Whatoverallmetaphordoesthepoetemployinthispoem?Lifeisajourney.Whydopeopleontheshoresexultandbellsring,whilethespeakerremainssosad?Theywelcometheshipreturningfromitshardtrip,whereasthespeakerissadbecausethecaptainfailstoreceivehisownhonor.

43、MarkTwain馬克吐溫TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCount卡拉維拉斯縣有名的跳蛙(1865):ashortstoryTheInnocentsAbroad國外的無辜者(1869)RoughingIt苦行記(1872):onhisexperienceinthewesternAmericaTheGildedAge(1873):hisfirstnovel,collaboratedwithCharlesDudleyWarnerTheAdventuresofTomSawyer(1876)TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn哈克貝利費恩

44、歷險記(1884):masterpieceLifeontheMississippi(1883)AConnecticutYankeeinKingArthursCourt誤闖亞瑟王宮(1889)TheManThatCorruptedHadleyburg敗壞了哈德萊堡的人(1900)TheMysteriousStranger(1916)e.TheAdventuresofTomSawyerItisaboysbookwhichsets20yearsbeforeCivilWar.themes:picaresque以流浪漢和無賴為題材的(adventurestory)moralgrowthofTomtech

45、niques:verisimilitude,humor,colloquialstyleMarkTwainsStyleinGeneralthetruefatherofAmericanliteratureFrequentuseofsarcasm,slangandregionaldialects.SubjectMatter:camedirectlyfromAmericanpeopleslifealongtheMississippiRiver,lessinfluencedbyforeignculturesGenuineAmericanstyle:Language:easy,informal,humor

46、ousandunaffectedfreefromaffectation;sincere,wildHeintentionallydeviatesfromclassicalgenteelandtendstouselocaldialects,colloquiallanguage,evenBlackEnglish,slang,clippedstructuresandungrammaticalsentencesMajorwork:HuckleberryFinn哈克貝利費恩歷險記showescapetofreedomTheodoreDreiser(1871-1945)德萊賽Naturalismisathe

47、oryinliteratureemphasizingtheroleofheredityandenvironmentuponhumanlifeandcharacterdevelopmentroughlybetween1890sandearly1900s.Thereisnoclear-cutchronologicaldivisionbetweentheAmericannaturalistsandtheAmericanrealists.對比RealismemphasisontheordinaryamirrortheobservermoralorrationalNaturalismemphasisal

48、soontheextraordinaryalensthescientisttheaccidentalandphysiologicalMajorWritingFeatures6.3.1Asanaturalisticwriter,Dreiserstresseddeterminisminhisnovels.Hischaracterscantasserttheirwillagainstnaturalandeconomicforces.Dreiserheldthatpeoplearenotentirelytoblameforwhattheyareandwhattheydo.Hedevelopedthec

49、apacityforphotographicandrelentlessobservation,therebytruthfullyreflectingthesocietyandpeopleofhistimeandmakinghisnovelsverybelievableandconvincing.Almostallofhismaincharactersarebasedontherealpeople.VividdescriptionofenvironmentalsettingsandsocialbackgroundHisnovelsarefulloftragedies,serioussubject

50、sandmiserablesideofthesociety.Dreiserbrokethroughthegenteeltradition,revealedthelifeofthelowerclasspeopleanddaredtoexposethevulgaranduglysideofthesociety.StyleLanguage:veryawkward,crude/ontheborderingoflineofgrammar.Seriousintone:neversatiricalorcomicNaturalnarrativemethod,freefromartifice.Hisnarrat

51、iveisbasedonquantitiesofmaterialsanddetaileddescriptions.作品SisterCarrie嘉莉妹妹(1900):thefirstnovel,masterworkJannieGerhardt(1911)TheFanancier(1912)TheTitan(1914)TheStoic(1947)TheGenius(1915)AnAmericanTragedy美國悲劇(1925)DreiserLooksatRussia(1928)c.SisterCarrietheme:theemptinessofAmeircanDreamjunglelawFamo

52、usactressbankmanager(theunfitisboundtodie)Countrygirl(abletofollowherinstinct)commitsuicidechanceandluckcriticismofAmericanvalues:moneyandsex一thestandardstoseeifapersonissuccessfulconcernforthepoorF.ScottFitzgerald(1896-1940)anIrish-AmericanJazzAgenovelistandshortstorywriter.ThemeoftheAmericanDreamF

53、itzgeraldsfavoritethemeistheAmericanDream.InTheGreatGatsbyandotherworks,ageneralpatterncanbefoundtofullydemonstrateFitzgeraldsenthusiasmandhisdisillusionmentwiththeAmericanDream:formally,apooryoungmanfromtheWesttryingtomakehisfortuneintheEast,butthematically,theyoungmangoesonajourneyofdiscoveryfromd

54、ream,throughdisenchantment,andfinallytoasenseoffailureanddespair.InthisgeneralpatternoftheprotagonistspersonalexperienceisincarnatedthewholeofAmericanexperience.Languagesmooth,sensitive,original,simpleandgracefulJayGatsbyNickCarrawayTomBuchananDaisyBuchananTheGreatGatsbyTheme:aboutrealityandatmosphe

55、reof1920sfailureofAmericanDreamc.attitudetowardstherich:paradoxicalHeischarmedbytherich.Heiscriticaloftherichwhoarecorruptedthemselvesandmeanwhilecorruptingothers.d.attitudetowardstheJazzAge:insiderandoutsider人物JayGatsbyNickCarrawayTomBuchananDaisyBuchananGatsby,withallhisfreshness,hisoptimism,andhi

56、svitalityGatsbyinthenovelrepresentsthenewlyrichupstart,vulgarinhisostentatiousshowywealth.However,hebecomesakindofnewAmericanAdam.Heis“great”，becauseheisdignifiedandennobledbyhisdreamandhismythicvisionoflife.TomBuchanan:Heisvulgar,hypocriticalracistandbigotpersonwhoholdssthstrongly.Heispracticalandn

57、on-idealistic,shallowandmistrustfulofemotion.Henevercaresortakesresponsibility.DaisyBuchanan:shealsohasaninneremptiness,markedbyherboredomandcynicismandmoralirresponsibility.Sheisafraidofbeingalone,asthoughshehasnoinnerself.Butshehasthepowertocharm.DaisyrepresentsmaterialwealthtoGatsby,butitalsoconn

58、ectswithphysicalattraction.However,DaisyisunworthyofGatsbyslove.SheisincapableoflivingthefullyimaginedlifethatGatsbyhasvisualized.Sheiscowardlyandselfish.Nickisbothanarratorandacharacterinthisnovel.HeleadsustothedignityanddepthofGatsbyscharacter,andsuggeststherelationofhistragedytotheAmericansituati

59、on.ErnestHemingway海明威style1.icebergprinciple.Themeaninghereisthatthewritershouldsayonlyoneeighth,insuchawaythattheremainingseveneighthsbediscernedandprovidedbythereader.2.language:short,common,fundamentalwords,simplesentence,structure.Theeffectofthelanguage:clearness,cleannessandgreatcare.dialogue:p

60、laysaveryimportantpartinhiswritings.Hemingwaysdialoguecanshowsetting,developmentofplot,characters,eventheme.cinematicway:heusesshowinginsteadoftelling.Helikestodescribesactions(kiss,withdrawhand)vividlyinsteadofmentaldescription.symbolismuseofstreamofconsciousnesstraitsfortheCodeHero:Measuringhimsel