查新報(bào)告范例

1、科技查新報(bào)告項(xiàng) 目名稱(chēng)：古代殘留物性質(zhì)特征及其埋藏學(xué)研究委 托單位：委 托日期：年 月 日查新機(jī)構(gòu)：科技查新咨詢(xún)中心完成日期：二。一。年四月二日中華人民共和國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)部二。年制英義：Study on characteristics and taphonomy of ancient residue查新機(jī)構(gòu)名稱(chēng)通信地址郵政編碼邦f人電話(huà)聯(lián)系人電話(huà):電子信箱查新項(xiàng)目 名稱(chēng)中文：古代殘留物性質(zhì)特征及其埋臧學(xué)研究、查新目的科技立項(xiàng) 二、查新項(xiàng)目的科學(xué)技術(shù)要點(diǎn)該項(xiàng)目屬考古學(xué)與其他自然科學(xué)包括植物學(xué)， 生物化學(xué)，分子生物學(xué)，地球化 學(xué)以及有機(jī)化學(xué)等多學(xué)科的交叉研究，其主要研究目的在于從基礎(chǔ)實(shí)驗(yàn)理論入手探 討

2、目前已開(kāi)始在考古學(xué)領(lǐng)域所運(yùn)用的古代殘留物分析方法的潛在問(wèn)題。研究過(guò)程中將借助生物相差偏光顯微數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)，紫外 -可見(jiàn)光光譜分析系統(tǒng)，高效液相質(zhì) 譜聯(lián)用檢測(cè)分析系統(tǒng)，氣相色譜質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用檢測(cè)分析系統(tǒng)等大型儀器分析手段， 對(duì)植 物淀粉粒的顯微形態(tài)特征，蛋白質(zhì)來(lái)源的分子生物學(xué)種屬鑒定、脂類(lèi)及相關(guān)有機(jī)小 分子的組分來(lái)源以及各種殘留物的埋藏學(xué)機(jī)理進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的研究。三、查新點(diǎn)與查新要求查新點(diǎn)：.與古代殘留物研究相關(guān)的現(xiàn)代樣本中所包含的殘留物分子的理化性質(zhì)研究 及相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)建立.實(shí)驗(yàn)室條件下古代殘留物分子的殘留機(jī)制及其埋藏學(xué)條件的研究查新要求：.在所查范圍內(nèi)確定有無(wú)相同或類(lèi)似研究.對(duì)查新項(xiàng)目分別或者綜合進(jìn)行對(duì)比

3、分析;.對(duì)查新項(xiàng)目的新穎性進(jìn)行判斷。四、文獻(xiàn)檢索范圍及檢索策略查新使用的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)：中國(guó)學(xué)術(shù)期刊網(wǎng)(1994-2010)CNKI中國(guó)博士學(xué)位論文全文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(1999-2010)萬(wàn)方學(xué)位論文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(1977-2010)萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)數(shù)字化期刊數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(1998-2010)萬(wàn)方中國(guó)科技成果庫(kù)(1985-2010)萬(wàn)方中國(guó)學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議論文庫(kù)(1997-2010)萬(wàn)方中國(guó)專(zhuān)利文摘數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(1985-2010)維普中文科技期刊數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(1989-2010)中外專(zhuān)利信息服務(wù)平臺(tái) HYPERLINK 9/cnipr 9/cniprWeb of Science (1990-2010)Web of Proceedings (199

4、6-2010)Elsevier(1995-2010)Ei Compendex Web (1969-2010)INSPEC (1969-2010)查新使用的檢索工具書(shū)：關(guān)鍵詞:中文央乂古代殘留物ancient residue淀粉粒starch grain蛋白質(zhì)protein脂類(lèi)lipidtaphonomy檢索式：.(古代殘留物or淀粉粒or蛋白質(zhì)or脂類(lèi))and考古. (ancient residue or starch grain or protein or lipid) and taphonomy五、檢索結(jié)果按上述關(guān)鍵詞，在以上數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)和文獻(xiàn)時(shí)限內(nèi)，檢索到一些與本課題有關(guān)的文 獻(xiàn)，現(xiàn)選出16篇

5、文獻(xiàn)，摘述如下：.題名：古代殘留物分析在考古中的應(yīng)用作者：楊益民文摘：動(dòng)植物是人類(lèi)社會(huì)發(fā)展的重要基石，它的利用是人類(lèi)適應(yīng)、改造和征服自然的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)，古代社會(huì)的方方面面都與之相關(guān).因而動(dòng)植物及其制品的殘留物分析能提供古代社會(huì)豐富的信息。殘留物分析重點(diǎn)在于從殘留物中 提取有機(jī)物.利用科學(xué)檢測(cè)手段進(jìn)行定性定量分析來(lái)判斷殘留物來(lái)源，從而了解古代動(dòng)植物的加工、利用和相關(guān)載體的功能等。本文從 D NA、淀粉粒、 蛋白質(zhì)、脂類(lèi)、炭化物和酒等六個(gè)方面簡(jiǎn)要介紹了殘留物分析的方法和進(jìn)展， 希望能促進(jìn)殘留物分析在中國(guó)的開(kāi)展。南方文物，2008 (02).題名：植物淀粉粒分析在考古學(xué)中的應(yīng)用作者：楊曉燕，呂厚遠(yuǎn)，夏正

6、楷文摘：自上世紀(jì)60年代以來(lái)，自然科學(xué)的很多研究方法逐漸被應(yīng)用到考古 學(xué)，為考古學(xué)家提供了更多古人類(lèi)文化的信息，并衍生出新的研究方向如分 子生物考古、環(huán)境考古、冶金考古和植物考古等等。植物考古以考古出土的 植物遺存為研究對(duì)象，借助一些植物學(xué)的方法認(rèn)識(shí)和了解古代人與植物的相 互關(guān)系，比如古代人類(lèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)生活、農(nóng)作物的起源和傳播、生態(tài)環(huán)境對(duì)人類(lèi)生 活的影響等方面。大植物遺存、抱粉和植硅體成為植物考古的主要研究對(duì)象。 大植物遺存在中國(guó)考古學(xué)研究中廣泛應(yīng)用，浮選法更是在趙志軍先生的努力 下逐漸在各個(gè)考古求掘工地推廣，但將考古遺址中的抱粉、植硅體、淀粉粒 等微體化石應(yīng)用到考古學(xué)中還留有很大的發(fā)展空間。抱粉分

7、析雖然在國(guó)內(nèi)考 古學(xué)中應(yīng)用非常廣泛，但大多只限于環(huán)境背景的恢復(fù)，李宜垠對(duì)伴人植物花 粉做過(guò)一些探討，使抱粉分析在考古學(xué)中的應(yīng)用更進(jìn)一步；植硅體在中國(guó)稻作 農(nóng)業(yè)研究中取得了比較滿(mǎn)意的成果；至于近二十年來(lái)在澳大利亞和中美洲地 區(qū)植物考古中應(yīng)用比較廣泛的淀粉粒分析 (Starchgrains analysis) ,在國(guó) 內(nèi)幾乎還沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)，文獻(xiàn)所見(jiàn)只有香港中文大學(xué)呂烈丹博士的一篇短文。她 在介紹考古器物的殘余物分析時(shí)，對(duì)淀粉粒分析在考古中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)行了簡(jiǎn)單 介紹，并提及到她對(duì)南方洞穴遺址中淀粉粒保存與埋藏環(huán)境的研究。本文詳 細(xì)總結(jié)了淀粉粒分析在國(guó)外考古學(xué)中的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀和實(shí)驗(yàn)方法，以期促進(jìn)植物 考古學(xué)在我國(guó)

8、考古學(xué)中更深入和廣泛的研究。考古與文物，2006 (3).題名：粟、黍和狗尾草的淀粉粒形態(tài)比較及其在植物考古研究中的潛在意義 作者：楊曉燕，呂厚遠(yuǎn)，劉東生，韓家懋文摘：為了區(qū)分農(nóng)作物與野生草類(lèi)的淀粉粒形態(tài)，對(duì)現(xiàn)代粟(Setaria italica )、黍(Panicum m iliaceum )和狗尾草(Setaria viridis )的淀粉 粒形態(tài)進(jìn)行了比較。觀察結(jié)果表明，粟的淀粉粒以圓球形單粒為主，臍點(diǎn)位于 中央，大部分由臍點(diǎn)向外有 13條放射線(xiàn)，表面光滑，淀粉粒平均長(zhǎng)度約 19 mi黍的淀粉粒以多角形單粒為主，臍點(diǎn)位于中央，但很多淀粉粒的臍點(diǎn)不是很 明顯。在一些臍點(diǎn)形成13條射線(xiàn),表面

9、光滑，淀粉粒平均長(zhǎng)度約為19 m。 狗尾草淀粉粒以卵形為主，臍點(diǎn)位于中央，表面可見(jiàn)層紋，邊緣凹凸不平且常 有裂隙形成，淀粉粒平均長(zhǎng)度約為18 mi研究證明，利用粟、黍和狗尾草的淀 粉粒形態(tài)特征，可以有效地對(duì)考古遺存中的這幾種禾本科植物遺跡進(jìn)行區(qū)分。第四紀(jì)研究25, 224-227.題名：北京平谷上宅遺址磨盤(pán)磨棒功能分析：來(lái)自植物淀粉粒的證據(jù)作者：楊曉燕，郁金城，呂厚遠(yuǎn)，崔大興，郭京寧，刁現(xiàn)民，孔昭宸，劉長(zhǎng) 江，葛全勝文摘：傳統(tǒng)考古學(xué)認(rèn)為，史前考古遺址出土的大量磨盤(pán)和磨棒是一種農(nóng)具，用于加工谷物，是農(nóng)業(yè)出現(xiàn)的象征，近年來(lái)雖有異議，但缺乏直接證據(jù).本 文利用淀粉粒分析對(duì)北京平谷上宅遺址(7500-

10、7000 cal a BP )出土的一件 磨盤(pán)和一件磨棒進(jìn)行了研究.從石器表面殘留物上提取出的淀粉粒，可分為 9類(lèi)12種.其中，最多的是來(lái)自稱(chēng)屬(Quercus)果實(shí)(橡子)的淀粉粒；其 次是來(lái)自粟(Setaria italica )的淀粉粒.株屬中包括蒙古橋(Q. mongolicus )、麻林(Q. acuttssima )和柳樹(shù)(Q. dentata )的淀粉粒，另 有一定數(shù)量的黍(P. miliaceum )和小豆屬(Vigna)淀粉粒，其余雜草類(lèi)及 可能為塊莖類(lèi)的淀粉粒無(wú)法鑒定歸屬.磨盤(pán)磨棒上植物種類(lèi)的多樣性代表了 磨盤(pán)磨棒使用功能的多樣性，即這些器物不是只用來(lái)加工谷物，更不能作為

11、農(nóng)業(yè)出現(xiàn)的標(biāo)志.這些石器被用于加工各種需要碾磨和脫粒的植物果實(shí)或者 塊莖.同時(shí)磨盤(pán)磨棒上的植物組合也反映了7000年前，北京平原上人類(lèi)社會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)方式以采集與農(nóng)業(yè)并重，日常飲食包括了粟、黍、橡子以及一些塊 莖類(lèi)和雜草類(lèi)植物的種子和果實(shí)，當(dāng)時(shí)的氣候條件較今溫暖濕潤(rùn)。中國(guó)科學(xué) 地球科學(xué)39, 1266-1273. Title : Starch granules, dental calculus and new perspectives on ancient diet Author： Hardy, K., Blakeney, T., Copeland, L., Kirkham, J., Wrangha

12、m, R., Collins, MAbstract: Recent work in various parts of the world has suggested the possibility of ancient starch granules surviving and adhering to archaeological artefacts. Often this information is used to infer aspects of diet. One additional source for recovery of archaeological starch granu

13、les is dental calculus. The presence of plant food debris in dental calculus is well known but has not been not widely investigated using archaeological material. The extraction of starch granules from dental calculus represents a direct link to the consumption of starchy food by humans or animals.

14、Using dental calculus also sidesteps many other questions still inherent in using starch granules to reconstruct aspects of ancient diet, such as the effects of diagenesis on their morphology; as the starches are trapped inside a concreted matrix they are less likely to alter over time. We used amyl

15、ase digestion by a starch-specific enzyme to confirm the material as starchJournal of Archaeological Science 36, 248-255. Title : Starch grain characterization of Prosopis chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz and P.flexuosa DC, and the analysis of their archaeological remains in Andean South AmericaAuthor： Giova

16、nnetti, MA; Lema, VS; Bartoli, CG , et al.Abstract: The fruit (pods) of Prosopis (Fabaceae) are frequently recovered from pre-Hispanic Argentinian archaeological sites, suggesting that this genus was of importance in ancient economies in this region. Yet it is only recently that archaeobotanistshave

17、 begun to carry out systematic research into this genus. Therefore many questions remain to be addressedconcerning the food value of Prosopis fruit, and its potential contribution. This paper examines starch from the pods of two species, Prosopis flexuosa and Prosopis chilensis, for the purposes of

18、describing and classifying their morphological features and biometrical Parameters. Pods of both species were gathered from two extremes (northern and southern) of the Hualfin Valley, Catamarca, Argentina. Starch abundance is estimated and compared with that of Zea mays, an economically important pl

19、ant with high concentrations of starch. This paper reveals that Prosopis pods contain very low amounts of starch compared to starch-rich edible species. Despite this, the recovery of Prosopis starch grains can be successfully used to assess archaeological tool uses. Prosopis starch grains were found

20、 to be highly variable in shape. Grain size ranged between 10 and 20 mu m. Granule irregularity and th high birefringence under polarized light are two of the most important diagnostic features. No significant statistical differences were found in the structure (morphology, size and hilum) of the st

21、arch of the same species from both localities. Finally, the implications for the role of this plant in past societies are discussed.JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE, 2008.35: 2973-2985. Title : Millet noodles in Late Neolithic China - A remarkable find allows the reconstruction of the earliest reco

22、rded preparation of noodlesAuthor： Lu HY, Yang XY, Ye ML, et alntAbstract: Noodles have been a popular staple food in many parts of the world for at least 2,000 yearsl, although it is debatable whether the Chinese, the Italians o the Arabs invented them first. Here we analyse a prehistoric sample of

23、 noodles contained in a well preserved, sealed earthenware bowl discovered in the Late Neolithic2 W archaeological site of Lajia in northwestern China. We identify millet as the source of the abundant seed-husk phytoliths and starch grains prese in the vessel. This shows that the conversion of groun

24、d millet flour into dough that could be repeatedly stretched into long, thin strands for the preparation of boiled noodles was already established in this region 4,000 years agoNATURE ,OCT 13 2005 437 (7061): 967-968. Title : Starch grain evidence for the preceramic dispersals of maize and root crop

25、s into tropical dry and humid forests of Panama Author： Dickau, R; Ranere, AJ; Cooke, RGAbstract: The Central American isthmus was a major dispersal route for plant taxboriginally brought under cultivation in the domestication centers of southern Mexico and northern South America. Recently developed

26、 methodologies in the archaeological and biological sciencesare providing increasing amounts of data regarding the timing and nature of these dispersals and the associated transition to food production in various regions. One of these methodologies, starch grain analysis, recovers identifiable micro

27、fossils of economic plants directly off the stone tools used to process them. We report on new starch grain evidence from Panama demonstrating the early spread of three important New World cultigens: maize (Zea may, manioc (Manihot esculenta, and arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea). Maize starch recover

28、ed from stone tools at a site located in the Pacific lowlands of central Panama confirms previous archaeobotanical evidence for the use of maize there by 78007000 cal BP. Starch evidence from preceramic sites in the less seasonal, humid premontane forests of Chiriquprovince, western i Panama, shows

29、that maize and root crops were present by 7400 -5600 cal BP, several millennia earlier than previously documented. Several local starchy resources,including Zamia and Dioscorea spp., were also used. The data from both regions suggest that crop dispersals took place via diffusion or exchange of plant

30、 germplasm rather than movement of human populations practicing agriculture.PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA , FEB 27 2007,3651-36569.10.Title : Starch grains reveal early root crop horticulture in the Panamanian tropica forestAuthor： Piperno, D.R., Ran

31、ere, A.J., Holst, I., Hansell, PAbstract: Native American populations are known to have cultivated a large number of plants and domesticated them for their starch-rich underground organs. Suggestions that the likely source of many of these crops, the tropical forest, was an early and influential cen

32、tre of plant husbandry have long been controversial because the organic remains of roots and tubers are poorly preserved in archaeological sediments from the humid tropics. Here we report the occurrence of starch grains identifiable as manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz), yams (Dioscorea sp.) and arro

33、wroot (Maranta arundinacea L.) on assemblages of plant milling stones from preceramic horizons at the Aguadulce Shelter, Panama, dated between 7,000 and 5,000 years before present (BP). The artefacts also contain maize starch (Zea mays L.), indicating that early horticultural systems in this region

34、were mixtures of root and seed crops. The data provide the earliest direct evidence for root crop cultivation in the Americas, and support an ancient and independent emergence of plant domestication in the lowland Neotropical forest.Nature 407, 894-897Title : Processing of wild cereal grains in the

35、Upper Palaeolithic revealed by starch grain analysisAuthor： Piperno, D.R., Weiss, E., Holst, I., Nadel, DAbstract: Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum monococcum L. andTriticum turgidum L.) were among the principal founder crops of southwestAsian agriculture. Two issues that were central

36、 to the cultural transition from foraging to food production are poorly understood. They are the dates at which human groups began to routinely exploit wild varieties of wheat and barley, and when foragers first utilized technologies to pound and grind the hard, fibrous seeds of these and other plan

37、ts to turn them into easily digestible foodstuffs. Here we report the earliest direct evidence for human processing of grass seeds, including barley and possibly wheat, in the form of starch grains recovered from a ground stone artefact from the Upper Palaeolithic site of Ohalo II in Israel.Associat

38、ed evidence for an oven-like hearth was also found at this site, suggesting that dough made from grain flour was baked. Our data indicate that routine processing of a selected group of wild cereals, combined with effective methods of cooking ground seeds, were practiced at least 12,000 years before

39、their domestication in southwest Asia.11.Nature 430, 670-673Title : Mixed results of seven methods for organic residue analysis applied to one vessel with the residue of a known foodstuffAuthor： H. Barnard , S.H. Ambrose , D.E. Beehr et al.Abstract： Several methods of archaeological organic residue

40、analysis were applied to a single unglazed and unseasoned ceramic vessel that had absorbed residues of heated camel milk. Sections of the wall of this vessel were sent to eleven archaeological laboratories. Seven reported their results before the identity of the residue was revealed, during the 70th

41、 Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology. Methods included stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratio analysis, protein analysis and lipid analysis. These laboratory techniques provide a biochemical analysis of the residue in a ceramic matrix, the archaeological interpretation of which

42、can be rather difficult. The exact source of the residue was not identified by any laboratory, but it is evident that residue analysis can provide valuable information, especially when combined with additional archaeological and historical data. We therefore support a close cooperation of those work

43、ing in this field to develop it to its full potential.12.Journal of Archaeological Science 34 (2007) 28-37Title: The Removal of Protein from Mineral Surfaces:Implications for Residue Analysis of Archaeological MaterialsAuthor： Oliver E. Craig , Matthew J. CollinsAbstract: Although there has been gre

44、at interest and controversy concerning the detection of proteins in archaeological residues,very few studies have considered the effect of different extraction methods. Using well-defined control materials, thisstudy compares the extraction efficiency of a number of different extraction reagents. Im

45、munological and spectrophotometricassaysare used to assess the amount of protein removed by each extraction method and the effectivenessis reported with reference to previous work. None of the previously reported methods were found to be effective atremoving the protein from the mineral surface. We

46、conclude that proteins are very strongly bound to the surfaceprobabl via short-range bonds. Although this may be encouraging for the long-term preservation of proteins in thiscontext, extraction methods will have to be re-evaluated in order to achieve efficient recovery.Journal of Archaeological Sci

47、ence 29, 10771082.Title： The use of an improved pRIA technique in the identification of protein residuesAuthor： Joshua D. Reuther , Jerold M. Lowenstein , S. Craig Gerlach , Darden Hood ,Gary Scheuenstuhl , Douglas H. UbelakerAbstract: Blood and protein residue identification in archaeological resea

48、rch has been a controversial subject for the last 20 years. This paper reports onthe use of an improved protein radioimmunoassay (pRIA) technique in identifying protein residues. Results from the blind testing of the originaland improved pRIA techniques in identifying bloodstains on experimental lit

49、hic artifacts are described and compared. We argue that the improved pRIA technique is highly sensitive an accurate for identifying protein residues to genus, and thus has excellent applications for archaeological research.Journal of Archaeological Science 33 531-537.Title : Dairying in antiquity. I

50、II. Evidence from absorbed lipid residues dating to the British NeolithicAuthor ： M.S. Copley, R. Berstan, A.J. Mukherjee, S.N. Dudd, V. Straker,S. Payne, R.P. EvershedAbstract: Absorbed lipid residue analysis has previously demonstrated that dairying was a major component of animal husbandry in Bri

51、tain during both the Iron Age and Bronze Age. As a continuation of this research into the antiquity of dairying, the incidence of dairy fats associated with pottery vessels from six Neolithic sites from Southern Britain is presented herein. A total of 438 potsherds from Windmill Hill, Abingdon Cause

52、wayed Enclosure, Hambledon Hill, Eton Rowing Lake, Runnymede Bridge and Yarnton Floodplain were submitted for organic residue analysis. To date, this constitutes the largest number of sherds investigated from one particular archaeological period. The compound-specific stable carbon isotope values of

53、 the major fatty acid components in animal fats, namely C16:0 and C18:0, enable absorbed lipids in pottery vessels to be classified to commodity group, i.e. ruminant adipose, dairy and non-ruminant adipose fats can be distinguished. The lipid extracts were relatively well preserved, and dairy fats w

54、ere observed in approximately 25% of all of the sherds, demonstrating that milk was a valued commodity in the British Neolithic. These results confirm that dairying was an established component of the agricultural practices that reached Britain in the 5th Millennium BC.Journal of Archaeological Scie

55、nce 32 (2005) 523546.Title : Dairying in antiquity. II. Evidence from absorbedlipid residues dating to the British Bronze AgeAuthor： M.S. Copley, R. Berstan, V. Straker, S. Payne, R.P. Evershed Abstract: Molecular and isotopic analyses were undertaken of absorbed lipid residues from 256 pottery vess

56、els obtained from four southern British Bronze Age sites (Potterne, Brean Down, Black Patch and Trethellan Farm). The results confirm that not only were ancient Britons utilising dairy products during this period, but also that they were processed in pottery vessels on a large scale. This has been d

57、emonstrated through the determination of the compound-specific stab carbon isotope values of the principal fatty acids found in animal fats (C16:0 and C18:0) that allows ruminant dairy and ruminant/non-ruminant adipose fats to be distinguished. The proportion of sherds yielding degraded dairy fats a

58、t each of th sites is variable, with the highest occurrence being from Potterne, and the lowest occurrence being from Black Patch. The faunal remains, and vessel characterise (e.g. rim diameter and vessel type) are compared with the organic residue analyses, and intra-site variability is investigated at Trethellan Farm.Journal of Archaeologica