2021屆高考英語一輪復習基礎(chǔ)語法精講及真題練習專題11定語從句含解析

1、2021屆高考英語一輪復習基礎(chǔ)語法精講及真題練習專題11定語從句含解析2021屆高考英語一輪復習基礎(chǔ)語法精講及真題練習專題11定語從句含解析2021屆高考英語一輪復習基礎(chǔ)語法精講及真題練習專題11定語從句含解析高考分析專題11 定語從句定語從句是高考的熱點，主要考查關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的正確運用，特別是它們在非限制性定語從句中的運用。主要考點有：1. 關(guān)系代詞which引導的非限制性定語從句；2.關(guān)系副詞where引導的定語從句（近年來?？疾橄刃性~是表示抽象空間概念的名詞的情況)；3.“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導的非限制性定語從句；4。as引導的非限制性定語從句。定語從句概覽語法詳解在復合句中作定語，

2、修飾名詞、代詞或整個句子的從句叫做定語從句。定語從句在句中的作用相當于形容詞。被修飾的部分叫先行詞，連接先行詞與從句的詞叫做關(guān)系詞.限制性定語從句與非限制限制性定語從句的區(qū)別分類關(guān)系詞的使用用法定語從句限制性定語從句作賓語的關(guān)系代詞可以省略；可用that引導對先行詞起修飾限制作用非限制性定語從句關(guān)系代詞在任何情況下都不能省略；不用that引導對先行詞起補充說明作用.在非限制性定語從句中，先行詞與定語從句往往有逗號隔開。非限制性定語從句相當于并列句、狀語從句等He has two sons, who work in the same company.（He has only two sons.）

3、He has tow sons who work in the same company.（Perhaps he has more than two sons.)He failed in the match, which was a great pity.(非限制性定語從句，先行詞為前面整個句子） （=He failed in the match， and it was a great pity。）(2)定語從句關(guān)系詞的用法關(guān)系先行詞關(guān)系代詞在從句中充當?shù)某煞謜ho指人主語、賓語whom指人賓語which指物主語、賓語that指人或物主語、賓語、表語whose指人或物定語as指人或物主語、賓語

4、when指時間作時間狀語where指地點作地點狀語why指原因作原因狀語注意：1。作賓語時who和whom?？苫Q，但作賓語的關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時用whom.The old man with whom I often go to the park is my grandfather。2. “whose+名詞”可與“限定詞+名詞+of which/whom或“of which/whom +限定詞+名詞”換用。The house whose windows（=the windows of which或of which the windows） face the street is my uncles

5、.This is the scientist whose achievements are well known.=This is the scientist， the achievement of whom are well known.=This is the scientist， of whom the achievements are well known.例句：The boy who/that was in the office yesterday is my brother.I have many friends to whom I am going to send postcar

6、ds.The work that/which has just been finished is very important。Thats the girl （whom/who/that） I teach。This is the student whose handwriting is the best in our school.I still remember the day when I first came to this school.The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.Id like to know

7、the reason why you are so late。（3）關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞選用依據(jù)判斷依據(jù)說明例句 根據(jù)從句中的謂語動詞判斷從句謂語動詞為及物動詞，后面如無賓語，就需用關(guān)系代詞;從句謂語為不及物動詞則要用關(guān)系副詞 This is the factory that/which I visited last year。(visit及物動詞）This is the factory where he used to work。(work不及物動詞)根據(jù)先行詞在從句中所作的成分判斷先行詞在從句中作主語、賓語、定語時，用關(guān)系代詞；作狀語時用關(guān)系副詞Is this the museum （tha

8、t/which) you visited a few days ago?(作賓語)Is this the museum where the exhibition was held？(作狀語)（4)關(guān)系代詞that和which的區(qū)別1。 在限制性定語從句中，用關(guān)系詞that不用which的情況：先行詞是不定代詞或被不定代詞all，little，few, much,everything，anything，nothing，none，some等修飾時Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself？I have some books that

9、 are worth reading.先行詞被the very，the only，the right，the last等修飾時This is the very bus that Im waiting for。先行詞是序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級修飾時This is the best way that has been used against pollution.This train is the first that will go to Suzhou.當先行詞既有人又有物時Do you know the persons and things that they are ta

10、lking about?當主句的主語是疑問詞who或which時Which is the bike that you lost?有兩個定語從句時，其中一個關(guān)系代詞宜用which,另外一個宜用thatThey secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution。當先行詞在主句中作表語,而關(guān)系代詞在從句中也作表語時Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.主句時there be句型且關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語時，用that不用whi

11、ch引導There is a seat in the corner that is still available.2。 當先行詞指事/物時，定語從句中關(guān)系代詞用which不用that的情況:在非限制性定語從句中,只用which，不用thatThe sports meeting was put off， which astonished me.當動詞短語中的介詞提前時,只用which,不用thatThis is the house in which Lu Xun once lived。先行詞后面有插入語是，只用which，不用thatHere is the English grammer bo

12、ok which, as Ive told you, will help you improve your English.先行詞本身是that時，只用which,不用thatWhats that which flashed through the sky just now？題組訓練,用關(guān)系代詞that或which填空I refuse to accept the blame for somehting _ was someone elses fault.Whenever I met her， _ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smi

13、le。All the presents _ your friends gace you on your birthday should be put away.This is the very book _ I have been looking for。He was late for the opening ceremony， _was very surprising to me。（5）as 與which的用法區(qū)別as(1)引導限制性定語從句，作關(guān)系代詞，既可指人又可指物，在從句中作主語、賓語、表語。常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu)：such名詞as 。. 意為“像一樣的；像之類的”；such(代詞）as 。

14、.。,意為“像一樣的；像之類的”;the same （名詞) as 。.意為“和同樣的”。He is such a man as is always ready to help others.(作主語） I have the same book as you （have)(作賓語） （2）引導非限制性定語從句，先行詞為整個主句或主句中的一部分，意為“正如;像”.You cant judge a book by its cover, as the old saying goes.（作賓語)正如老話所說的那樣：“人不可貌相?！碧貏e注意關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語時一般可省略，但其前有介詞時一般不可省略。

15、2which與as引導非限制性定語從句的3點區(qū)別whichas位置上只能放在主句的后面位置靈活,可位于句首、句中也可置于句末搭配上無動詞的限制謂語動詞通常是表示感覺或心理活動的動詞，如see， hear， know, expect， remember等意思上意為 “這”表示“正如,正像的那樣”She married again, which was unexpected.她再婚了，這是始料未及的。She married again， as we expected。正如我們預料的那樣，她再婚了.（6)關(guān)系副詞與關(guān)系代詞的易混點若先行詞為一些表示地點的抽象名詞，如situation， point,

16、 stage， position, part， condition， case等，且引導詞在從句中作狀語，則常用關(guān)系副詞where或“介詞關(guān)系代詞”引導定語從句。如果引導詞在從句中作主語、賓語或表語，則用關(guān)系代詞that/which引導.I have come to the point where/at which I cant stand him。我已經(jīng)到了無法容忍他的地步。Hes got into the situation where/in which he is in debt。他已經(jīng)陷入負債累累的境地。At last he got the position （that/which）

17、he had been dreaming of。他最終得到了他夢寐以求的那個職位。（7）“介詞關(guān)系代詞”引導的定語從句構(gòu)成句法功能用法指津名詞（代詞)介詞關(guān)系代詞主語可轉(zhuǎn)化為“whose名詞結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)詞(形容詞最高級)of關(guān)系代詞主語數(shù)詞還可以用some， many, most， each等不定代詞替換介詞(短語）關(guān)系代詞狀語關(guān)系代詞只能用which或whom且不能省略，但可與關(guān)系副詞互換(從句常用倒裝語序）介詞關(guān)系代詞名詞狀語關(guān)系代詞常用which 和whose介詞關(guān)系副詞狀語有時為了表達清楚,還可以在關(guān)系副詞where/when前加介詞from或toThe newly。built gymnas

18、ium， the walls of which are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us， especially after hard study。新建成的體育館，墻被刷成了淺綠色，對我們來說真是一個安靜的去處，特別是在刻苦學習后。He has ten cousins, the youngest of whom is very clever。他有十個表兄弟，最小的那個很聰明。She still remembers the day on which she won the prize。她仍然記得她獲獎的那一天.He is

19、 studying in the classroom now， in front of which stand two trees.他現(xiàn)在正在前面有兩棵樹的那間教室里學習。Mother is preparing lunch, during which time children are playing outside.媽媽在準備午餐,在此期間，孩子們在外面玩。There is a big window in my room, from where I can see the railway station。我的房間有一個大窗戶，透過它我可以看到火車站。(二）兩個注意點1“介詞which/who

20、m”引導的定語從句中介詞的確定：（1)根據(jù)從句中動詞、形容詞等與介詞的習慣搭配來確定。Do you know the girl with/to whom the teacher talked just now？你認識剛才和老師談話的那個女孩嗎?(talk作“交談”講時，常與with或to搭配)(2）根據(jù)語意表達的需要來確定。Knowledge is the wings with which we realize our dreams.知識是我們借以實現(xiàn)夢想的翅膀。（with表示用某種手段、工具）2“介詞which名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)引導的定語從句.常見的這類結(jié)構(gòu)有：during which time在此

21、期間at which time在這時at which point在這一時刻 for which reason由于這個原因in which case在這一情況下（8）定語從句中的謂語動詞與先行詞保持一致 當引導定語從句的關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時，定語從句中的謂語動詞在人稱、數(shù)方面應該與先行詞保持一致。One of+復數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞+動詞復數(shù)形式。Titantic is one of the most wonderful movies that have been produced in hollywood。the only one of+復數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞+動詞單數(shù)形式Titantic is

22、the only one of the most wonderful movies that has been produced in hollywood.當關(guān)系代詞as與which引導非限制性定語從句,修飾主句內(nèi)容時,若as與which作主語，則從句的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式.Great changes have taken place in China， as is known to all。（9）注意way和time后接定語從句的情況1. 當先行詞是way（方式,方法）定語從句中缺賓語時，引導定語從句的關(guān)系詞有三種形式： that The way which he explained to u

23、s was quite simple.（從句缺賓語） 不填 thatThe way in which he explain the sentence to us was difficult to understand。（從句缺狀語） 不填2。 先行詞時time時，若time作“次數(shù)”講，應用關(guān)系詞that引導定語從句，that可省略；若time作“一段時間”講，應用關(guān)系副詞when或介詞during+which引導定語從句。This is the second time （that） the President has visited the country。There was a time

24、when/during which there were no radios, telephones or Tvsets。練習.單句語法填空1（2018全國卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 _ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes。2(2018全國卷）The Chinese Ministry o

25、f Agriculture finds that between 2005 when the government started a soil。testing program_ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons。3(2018浙江高考）Many westerners _ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize

26、how cheap it can be to eat out。4（2017全國卷）But Sarah， _ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.5(2015全國卷)Id skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River _ are pictured

27、by artists in so many Chinese paintings。6(2018江蘇高考改編）Selfdriving is an area_ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line。7（20176月浙江高考）Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden， _ it remained until th

28、e carrots leafy top accidentally sprouted （生長） through it.8（2016全國卷)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid1980s， _ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild。9（2017江蘇高考改編）In 1963 the U

29、N set up the World Food Programme, one of _ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.10（20166月浙江高考改編)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of _ has been proved.11(2015安徽高考改編)Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon _school education depends。

30、12（2015重慶高考）He wrote many childrens books， nearly half of _ were published in the 1990s.13（2018全國卷）They also had a small pond which they raised fish._1。解析：that/which分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處引導定語從句,在定語從句中作主語，修飾先行詞study，故填that/which。2。解析:that/which空處引導定語從句，并在從句中作主語，修飾“a soil。testing program”，先行詞表示物，故用that或者which.3。

31、解析:who/that先行詞是Many westerners，指人,故用who/that 引導定語從句，并在從句中作主語。4.解析：that/which根據(jù)語境和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處引導定語從句,先行詞指物，關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語,因此答案為that/which.5.解析：who分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處引導非限制性定語從句，先行詞是Sarah，且空格處在從句中作主語，故用關(guān)系代詞who。6。 解析：where句意：無人駕駛是一個中國和世界上其他國家處在同一起跑線上的領(lǐng)域。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處引導定語從句修飾先行詞area,并在從句中作地點狀語，應用where引導。7. 解析：where分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)

32、可知，此處為非限制性定語從句，先行詞為“the garden”,在從句中作地點狀語，故要用關(guān)系副詞where引導。8. 解析：when分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處引導定語從句，先行詞是表示時間的“the mid.1980s”，且從句中缺少時間狀語，故填關(guān)系副詞when。9。 解析：whose句意：1963年，聯(lián)合國建立了世界糧食計劃署，它的其中一個目的就是減少世界范圍內(nèi)的饑餓問題。關(guān)系代詞whose在定語從句中作定語，修飾purposes，whose purposesthe World Food Programmes purposes。10。 解析：which句意：就人類為什么哭出眼淚科學家提出來

33、許多理論，但沒有一項理論得到證明。先行詞為theories,故用which引導非限制性定語從句。11。 解析：which句意：一些專家認為閱讀是學校教育依賴的基本技能。depend upondepend on“依靠，依賴”。結(jié)合句意及句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，upon及其后的句子成分在句中作the fundamental skill的定語，是定語從句。從句中缺少一個賓語，故用關(guān)系代詞which。12。 解析：which句意：他寫了很多兒童書籍，差不多一半發(fā)表于20世紀90年代。先行詞為childrens books,在從句中作介詞of的賓語，故要用which.13. 解析：which前加in或whichw

34、here分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,they raised fish是定語從句，其先行詞是pond,在定語從句中應該作介詞in的賓語，或者用關(guān)系副詞where作狀語。單句改錯1On the other hand, I can see the singers stories, who are so inspiring.2Youll find taxis waiting at the bus station where you can hire to reach your host family。3She thanked me several times sincerely， that made me fe

35、el extremely proud.4Secondly, manage our time wisely by setting up a study schedule， that can help us improve our learning efficiency。5Looking at the spot what he thought the “fly was again, he was so angry that he slapped it with all his strength.6Last week, I along with my classmates was asked to attend a