4、四級(jí)翻譯備考策略2015專(zhuān)八輔導(dǎo)講座june3rd

1、專(zhuān)八翻譯輔導(dǎo)講座一、八級(jí)考試大綱對(duì)翻譯測(cè)試的要求和規(guī)定測(cè)試目的：考察學(xué)生英漢兩種語(yǔ)言的互譯能力題型：本題為主觀(guān)試題。分兩部分：第一部分漢譯英， 由300字左右的漢語(yǔ)短文組成，其中有150字左右的文字或段落用橫線(xiàn)標(biāo)出或用黑體字打印，要求考生將此部分譯成英語(yǔ)。第二部分英譯漢。由300個(gè)單詞左右的英語(yǔ)短文組成，其中150個(gè)左右單詞文字或段落用橫線(xiàn)標(biāo)出或用黑體字打印，要求考生將此部分譯成漢語(yǔ)。測(cè)試要求：漢譯英要求考生運(yùn)用漢譯英理論與技巧，以每小時(shí)譯約250300漢字的速度將要求譯出的部分譯完，約150字左右。譯文要求忠實(shí)原文，語(yǔ)言表達(dá)通順流暢。英譯漢要求考生運(yùn)用英譯漢理論與技巧，以每小時(shí)譯約250英語(yǔ)

2、單詞的速度將要求譯出的部分譯完，約150單詞左右。譯文要求忠實(shí)原文，語(yǔ)言表達(dá)通順流暢。考試時(shí)間：60分鐘，兩部分的寫(xiě)作時(shí)間可互相調(diào)劑使用。 二、翻譯原文的主要文體及話(huà)題 主要問(wèn)題為散文、議論文和政論文。 漢語(yǔ)散文的特點(diǎn)是形散神不散。所以在翻譯成英文時(shí)，要適當(dāng)增加英語(yǔ)連詞、副詞等以使語(yǔ)句連貫，意義完整。議論文既有描述，又有議論，夾敘夾議。注意時(shí)態(tài)變化和習(xí)慣用法。政論文往往語(yǔ)句較長(zhǎng)，且不時(shí)地用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。所以在翻譯時(shí)，語(yǔ)句結(jié)構(gòu)要作調(diào)整，語(yǔ)態(tài)要作變化。話(huà)題涉及社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)，人生感悟，生活哲理，教育批評(píng)，讀書(shū)學(xué)習(xí)等。所以多讀這方面的書(shū)籍，會(huì)有助于思想理解和語(yǔ)言表達(dá)。 三、應(yīng)試技巧與策略 1. 戰(zhàn)略藐視，戰(zhàn)術(shù)

3、重視策略 2. 時(shí)間分配策略 一般說(shuō)來(lái)，閱卷老師會(huì)把注意力集中在前幾句話(huà)，較少注意最后幾句。因此在時(shí)間安排上要在開(kāi)頭幾句多花些時(shí)間。如果翻譯的是幾段話(huà)，每段開(kāi)頭的幾句話(huà)要多花些時(shí)間。這樣做是因?yàn)椋篴. 開(kāi)頭句子一般都是主題句，很重要；b. 人的知覺(jué)印象往往著重于開(kāi)頭第一印象；3. 大規(guī)模的批卷任務(wù)，閱卷人對(duì)前幾句可能比后面的句子看得更加仔細(xì)一些。 3. 清晰工整策略 卷面要整潔，書(shū)寫(xiě)要工整，字跡要清晰，字體要大小適宜，便于辨認(rèn)批閱，切莫因字跡潦草，卷面臟亂影響批卷人的情緒。 4難點(diǎn)、易點(diǎn)處理策略難點(diǎn)就是計(jì)分點(diǎn)，要正確運(yùn)用短語(yǔ)和句型，合理變通，適當(dāng)替代。易點(diǎn)不必花過(guò)多時(shí)間雕飾，準(zhǔn)確忠實(shí)第一?？偟?/p>

4、原則：不求過(guò)于漂亮精當(dāng)，但求正確順當(dāng)。 5直譯、意譯策略 英譯漢，適當(dāng)多一些直譯，但要通順。漢譯英，適當(dāng)多一些意譯，但要正確。 6. 生詞、熟詞處理策略 生詞要敢于猜，要根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境、詞語(yǔ)搭配、邏輯關(guān)系、學(xué)科領(lǐng)域等進(jìn)行推測(cè)猜想。熟詞要善于想，要多一個(gè)心眼，出題人會(huì)不會(huì)就這樣便宜地給你分?jǐn)?shù)。 7. 避免低級(jí)錯(cuò)誤 拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤，大小寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤，標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)錯(cuò)誤，基本詞法、句法錯(cuò)誤等。這些均是“硬傷”,一看便知，切不可粗心大意。這些硬傷切莫出現(xiàn)在文章開(kāi)頭、結(jié)尾及每段的開(kāi)頭這些“耀眼”的地方。 四、翻譯中的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題 一）理解問(wèn)題： 1. 詞匯量問(wèn)題：生詞；熟詞的多義性；粗心大意弄錯(cuò)詞a. I grudge ev

5、ery marriage in that it means a fresh supply of orange blossom, the promise of so much golden fruit cut short. * 我 （妒忌）每場(chǎng)婚禮，因?yàn)樗馕吨?yīng)桔子花，這么多金色的水果的希望就砍斷了。b. It was tempting to say that Sept 11 changed all that, just as it is tempting to say that every hero needs a villain, and goodness needs evil as

6、its grinding stone. But try to look a widow in the eye and talking about all the good that has come of this. * 令人引誘的說(shuō)出9.11事件改變了這一切，正如（ ）英雄需要惡棍來(lái)陪襯，善良需要邪惡來(lái)作為磨刀石。但是盡力看看窗戶(hù)外面，再談從中而來(lái)的好處。 生詞解決辦法：a. 擴(kuò)充詞匯量， 按大綱8級(jí)要掌握英語(yǔ)詞匯1300015000。b. 大膽猜測(cè)不認(rèn)識(shí)的生詞-根據(jù)上下文, 構(gòu)詞法等At first I attributed this new habit to advancing age-

7、I had recently turned 40-and glumly concluded that I was ing morbid. But why, then, was I finding my secret rite so uplifting?起初，我將這個(gè)習(xí)慣歸咎于年歲漸增的緣故（當(dāng)時(shí)我剛40歲），所以我悲哀地認(rèn)為這是一種病態(tài)心理?？墒蔷烤篂槭裁次揖箤?duì)這個(gè)秘密儀式如此興味盎然呢？ 2) 熟詞多義性確定詞義的辦法：a. 根據(jù)不同搭配b. 根據(jù)上下文c. 根據(jù)邏輯意義 A winner can be spontaneous. He does not have to respond in

8、predetermined, rigid ways. He can change his plans when the situation calls for it.* 一個(gè)成功者可以是自發(fā)的/ 天生的。 （能夠順勢(shì)而發(fā)。）他不以事先設(shè)定的呆板的方式應(yīng)對(duì)事情。他能根據(jù)形勢(shì)需要改變計(jì)劃。 I believe the eight dead journalists are policy.* 我相信那八個(gè)死去的記者是政策。（八個(gè)記者的死亡是有計(jì)劃的謀殺。） 2. 語(yǔ)法問(wèn)題：理不出主謂賓；弄不清詞之間修飾關(guān)系和限定的關(guān)系 （見(jiàn)下例） 3. 復(fù)雜句子結(jié)構(gòu)問(wèn)題：找不出主干理不出分支弄不清層次理不清關(guān)系（或邏

9、輯） a. It is odd to watch with what feverish ardor the Americans pursue prosperity and how they are ever tormented by the shadowy suspicion that they may not have chosen the shortest route to get it. * 很奇怪地看到美國(guó)人多么熱情地追求財(cái)富，多么受到陰影懷疑的折磨，他們可能沒(méi)有選擇最短的道路獲得財(cái)富。 主干：to watch is odd. 第一層分支：watch后的賓語(yǔ)從句： what fever

10、ish ardor the Americans(感嘆句) and how they are ever tormentedto get it. （感嘆句）第二層分支：suspicion 后帶定語(yǔ)從句 that they may not have chosen the shortest route to get it. 4文化知識(shí)問(wèn)題：對(duì)詞或詞組望文生義，不知其所蘊(yùn)涵的文化意義。 a. In certain remote corners of Old World you may sometimes stumble upon little places which seem to have been

11、 forgotten among the general tumult and which have stayed still while all around them moves. * 在古老的世界的某些遙遠(yuǎn)的角落，有時(shí)你會(huì)碰見(jiàn)一些看起來(lái)在普遍喧鬧中被遺忘的小地方，周?chē)荚谶\(yùn)動(dòng)，他們卻靜止著。b. Martin Buber expresses this idea as he retells an old story of a rabbi who on his deathbed sees himself as loser. The rabbi laments that, in the wor

12、ld to come, he will not be asked why he wasnt Moses; he will be asked why he wasnt himself. * 馬丁.布伯當(dāng)他重述一個(gè)猶太大博士（兔子）在死的時(shí)候認(rèn)為自己是一個(gè)失敗者的故事表明了這個(gè)觀(guān)點(diǎn)。這個(gè)大博士哀悼道，在要到來(lái)的世界里，他將不會(huì)被人們?yōu)槭裁此皇悄λ梗獱査梗鴷?huì)被問(wèn)為什么他不是他自己。 二）表達(dá)問(wèn)題 1. 用詞不當(dāng)，因詞害義 2句式不符合譯入語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣a. In certain remote corners of Old World you may sometimes stumble upon

13、 little places which seem to have been forgotten among the general tumult and which have stayed still while all around them moves.* 在古老的世界的某些遙遠(yuǎn)的角落，有時(shí)你會(huì)碰見(jiàn)一些看起來(lái)在普遍喧鬧中被遺忘的小地方，周?chē)荚谶\(yùn)動(dòng)，他們卻靜止著。b. A winner is not afraid to do his thinking and to use his own knowledge.* 一個(gè)成功者不害怕獨(dú)立思考和用他自己的知識(shí)。 c. 這王冕天生聰明，年紀(jì)不滿(mǎn)二

14、十歲，就把那天文、地理、經(jīng)史上的大學(xué)問(wèn)無(wú)一不精通。* This Wang Mian was born with genius. He was less than 20 years old and no one he did not know to the great learning in astronomy, geography, the economy and history.Cf. Wang Mian had genius/ was born with genius. While still in his teens, he mastered the whole field of ast

15、ronomy, geography, the classics and history. 五、翻譯實(shí)例分析 一）英譯漢英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的翻譯要點(diǎn)：理解：捋出主干，梳理分支；分清層次，理清關(guān)系；把握篇章，弄清含義。表達(dá)：長(zhǎng)句分譯，轉(zhuǎn)換調(diào)整；條件因果，先分后總；選詞造句；注意邏輯；詞句表達(dá)，習(xí)慣第一。A. 實(shí)例分析 2）The study, published in the current issue of the Journal of Experiment Education, found significant increases in ninth-grade math test score amon

16、g the students who had spent early grades in smaller classes, with the gains even more pronounced among minority students. (40words) 發(fā)表在最近一期實(shí)驗(yàn)教育雜志上的一項(xiàng)研究表明，那些在低年級(jí)以小班上課的學(xué)生在九年級(jí)數(shù)學(xué)測(cè)試的成績(jī)有明顯的提高，尤其是少數(shù)族裔的學(xué)生的提高更為明顯。 2.被動(dòng)句（結(jié)構(gòu)）的處理和翻譯1）Furthermore, the campaign itself was lavishly financed, with plenty of money

17、for a top-flight staff, travel, and television commercials. 這次競(jìng)選本身得到了慷慨資助2）Lulled by the gentle motion and soothed by the rippling music of the waves the babies soon fell asleep.船兒輕輕搖蕩，波聲潺潺悅耳，小孩們很快就進(jìn)入夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)。II. Translation techniquesGenerally speaking, there are more than 8 kinds of translation techniqu

18、es which are often used in translation practice. They are: transliteration, annotation, paraphrase, amplification, omission, shift of perspective, adaptation, division, combination, specification, and generalization (華先發(fā)、邵毅，2004)翻譯方法：1.順序法Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals

19、, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.人類(lèi)把自己和其它動(dòng)物區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái)。與此同時(shí)，人類(lèi)還具有觀(guān)察和了解周?chē)h(huán)境的能力。他們要么適應(yīng)環(huán)境，要么控制環(huán)境，或根據(jù)自身的需要改造環(huán)境。人類(lèi)就這樣一代代生存下來(lái)。 2.逆序法And I take heart from

20、the fact that the enemy, which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours, has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions, because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way.由于受到頑強(qiáng)地抵抗，吹噓能在幾小時(shí)內(nèi)就占領(lǐng)戰(zhàn)略要地的敵人甚至還沒(méi)能占領(lǐng)外圍地帶，這一事實(shí)使我增強(qiáng)了信心。 3. 分譯法The president said at a press co

21、nference dominated by questions on yesterdays election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat, / which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House.在關(guān)于昨天選舉結(jié)果地新聞發(fā)布會(huì)上，總統(tǒng)說(shuō)他解釋不了為什么共和黨如此大的慘敗。 這種情況最終會(huì)使共和黨失去在眾議院中長(zhǎng)期享

22、有的優(yōu)勢(shì)。 4. 綜合法But without Adolf Hitler who was possessed of demonic personality, a granite will, uncanny instincts, a cold ruthlessness, a remarkable intellect, a soaring imagination anduntil toward the end, when drunk with power and success, he over reached himselfan amazing capacity to size up peopl

23、e and situations there almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich.然而，如果沒(méi)有阿道夫.希特勒， 那就幾乎可以肯定不會(huì)有第三帝國(guó)。 因?yàn)橄Ｌ乩沼兄鴲耗О愕男愿瘛⒒◢徥愕囊庵?、不可思議的本能，無(wú)情的冷酷、杰出的智力、深遠(yuǎn)的想像力以及對(duì)人和局勢(shì)驚人的判斷力。最后由于權(quán)力和勝利沖昏了頭腦而自不量力，所以終遭慘敗。2.1 The Basic procedures of translationThe basic procedures of translation consist of three steps: pre

24、liminary preparation, working, and testing.Preliminary preparation refers to all kinds of preparations needed to be made before starting to do rendition(譯文), such as choosing what is to be translated, contact the publisher or agent and sign the contract. All these are important for any translator.Wo

25、rkingWorking includes both comprehension and expression. Comprehension consists essentially in determining the meaning of the source language text, but to Nida, meaning is to be interpreted in the broad sense of lexical, syntactic and rhetorical significance. Generally, comprehension involves such s

26、teps as grammatical analysis, semantic analysis, stylistic analysis and discourse analysis. In other words, both form and content must be considered in comprehension. A. Comprehension Be careful in determining the meaning of the words, phrases and sentences.（1）月明星稀，烏鵲南飛 （曹孟德）Version 1. The stars are

27、 few, the moon is bright. The raven southward wings his flight. (Trans. By Herbert Giles)Version 2. When the stars are few And the moon shines brightly, Magpies and ravens are winging their way Southward. (Trans. By Li Xingcun)More Examples(4) “We sometimes fall in with persons who have seen much of

28、 the world, and of the men who, in their day, have played a conspicuous part in it, but who generalize nothing, and have no observation, in the true sense of the word.” (J. H. Newman)有時(shí)候我們遇到一些世故很深，而在年輕時(shí)曾經(jīng)顯赫一時(shí)的人，但說(shuō)實(shí)在的，這些人并沒(méi)有什么心得與觀(guān)察。fall in with(邂逅；不期而遇)， see the world(熟悉世故；深于閱歷)， in ones day(在其全盛時(shí)代)，

29、play a part in(與之有關(guān))， in the true sense of the word(那字的真實(shí)意義)Improved: 我們有邂逅一些熟悉世故的人，和一些曾經(jīng)見(jiàn)過(guò)許多在其全盛時(shí)代，叱咤風(fēng)云，世界安危所系的有名人物的人，但是他們卻不能歸納出一點(diǎn)什么來(lái)，也毫無(wú)真正的觀(guān)察力。（錢(qián)歌川譯）More Examples(5) 王先生昨天被偷了。Mr. Wang was stolen last night.(Improved: Mr. Wang was robbed last night.)(6) 郊區(qū)： suburb (an area of the city where people

30、live, it can never be used to describe a farming area) environs (the neighbourhood surrounding a town)outskirts(a belt area around the city where farm land can be seen)B. Attention to different kinds of meaning:Traditional semantics: denotation, connotationSemiotic point of view: designative meaning

31、: conceptual meaning (the reference of the signifier to the signified),linguistic meaning(phonological, lexical and syntactic meaning), pragmatic meaning (associative meaning, etc.)Designative meaning and literal meaningDifference between designative meaning and literal meaning:Designative meaning v

32、s. connotative meaningLiteral meaning vs. figurative meaning American Beauty 月月紅（X美國(guó)美人） Indian summer 小陽(yáng)春 （X印地安夏天） Indian meal 玉米粥 （X印地安飯） German wool 細(xì)毛線(xiàn) （X德國(guó)毛）Pragmatic meaningPragmatic meaning involves such meanings as indexical, emotive, associative, imperative, interpersonal.It is reflected eit

33、her in word, or sentence or discourse.The cuckoo then, on every tree,Mocks married men: for thus sings he,“Cuckoo; Cuckoo, cuckoo”; O word of fear,Unpleasing to a married ear! (W. Shakespeare: Lovers Labours Lost, V, ii)聽(tīng)杜鵑鳥(niǎo)在每一株樹(shù)上叫，把那娶了妻的男人譏笑：咯咕！咯咕！啊，可怕的聲音！害得做丈夫的肉跳心驚。（朱生豪譯）（cuckoo-cuckold）C. Attenti

34、on to context and settingFirth: A word in a new context is a new word. No context, no meaning.花想衣裳月想容。Flowers remind one of her garments and the moon reminds one of her face.天下事有難易乎？為之難者亦易也，不為則易者亦難矣。There is nothing difficult for us to do in this world. If we do it, the difficult thing will be easy;

35、 if we dont, the easy thing will be difficult.Dont let the patients Bill of Rights e the lawyers right to bill.別讓病人的權(quán)利，變成律師的利錢(qián)。More examples把你這個(gè)你也不喜歡，把你那個(gè)你也不喜歡，那么你要我把你怎辦呢？Version 1. I do this for you and you dont like it. I do that for you and you dont like it. What do you want me to do to you then?

36、Version 2. I give this to you and you dont like it. I give that to you and you dont like it. What do you want me to do to you then?Polysemic words大家都想知道個(gè)究竟。Everybody wants to know what actually happened.不管發(fā)生什么事，他總愛(ài)會(huì)問(wèn)個(gè)究竟。He always likes to get to the heart of the matter whatever it may be.明天的會(huì)究竟誰(shuí)去參加？

37、Who on earth goes (is actually going) to the meeting tomorrow.你究竟要什么？What on earth/ Whatever/ What exactly do you want?這究竟是什么意思？Whatever/ What on earth does this mean?他究竟上哪兒去了？Where on earth is he?/ Where on earth has he gone? 二）漢譯英 1. 句子翻譯 A. 外位語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的翻譯 在漢語(yǔ)中，獨(dú)立于句外，同時(shí)又和句中的某個(gè)成分指同一事物的成分叫做外位語(yǔ)。對(duì)應(yīng)法，即套用漢語(yǔ)含有

38、外位語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的句子的框架。把馬克思主義的普遍真理同我國(guó)的具體實(shí)際結(jié)合起來(lái)，走自己的道路，建設(shè)有中國(guó)特色的社會(huì)主義,這是我們總結(jié)長(zhǎng)期歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)得出的基本結(jié)論。To integrate the universal truth of Marxism with concrete realities of China, blaze a path of our own and build socialism with Chinese characteristics- this is the basic conclusion we have reached in summing up the long hist

39、orical experience. 2) 拆句法， 即將外位語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)變成一個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子或并列分句。 健全自己的身體，保持合理的規(guī)律生活，這是自我修養(yǎng)的物資基礎(chǔ)。 Keep fit, lead a reasonable and regular life. This is the material basis for training. 3) 還原法，即把外位結(jié)構(gòu)改變成句中一個(gè)成分。 能不能盡快地把科學(xué)技術(shù)搞上去， 這是關(guān)系到社會(huì)主義建設(shè)全局，關(guān)系到我們國(guó)家命運(yùn)與前途的大問(wèn)題。 Whether science and technology can be pushed forward as quic

40、kly as possible is a question of vital importance for socialist construction as a whole and for the destiny and future of our country. 4）轉(zhuǎn)化法， 即將外位語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞從句或不定式短語(yǔ)， 置于作邏輯主語(yǔ)，而用it作形式主語(yǔ)。 敵人的武力是不能征服我們的，這點(diǎn)已經(jīng)得到證明了。 It has been proved that the enemy cannot conquer us by force of arms. B. 無(wú)主句的翻譯 在漢語(yǔ)中，只有謂語(yǔ)部分而

41、沒(méi)有主語(yǔ)部分的句子叫無(wú)主句。這是漢語(yǔ)中特有的一種句型。譯成英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)a.書(shū)的封面上印著一個(gè)獵人的像。The figure of a hunter was printed on the cover of the book.b. 發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤，一定得改正。 Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered. 2）采用 There + be, It +be +to 等結(jié)構(gòu)a. 沒(méi)有順利，無(wú)所謂困難；沒(méi)有困難，也無(wú)所謂順利。 Without facility, there would be no difficulty; without difficulty,

42、 there would be also no facility.b. 究竟能不能鞏固呢? Is it possible to consolidate them? 3) 采用倒裝語(yǔ)序在游廊得最左端，靠近一道門(mén)，卻坐著一位將近三十歲的男子。Close by the door at the extreme left of the veranda sat a man of about thirty. 4) 選用適當(dāng)?shù)拿~或代詞補(bǔ)出主語(yǔ)a. 弄得不好，就會(huì)前功盡棄。If things are not properly handled, our labour will be totally lost.b

43、. 不承認(rèn)這一條真理，就不是唯物主義者。 Anyone who does not recognize this truth is no materialist.C. 提出一個(gè)絕對(duì)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)當(dāng)然很困難。 To offer a specified standard is difficult.It is difficult to offer a specified standard. C. “把”字句的翻譯 漢語(yǔ)“把”字句在結(jié)構(gòu)上用特殊介詞“把”字將賓語(yǔ)引出，放在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前而構(gòu)成的一種漢語(yǔ)特有的句型。在意義和作用上，“把”字句是主動(dòng)句，主要表達(dá)主語(yǔ)怎么“處置”的意思，另外還表達(dá)“致使”、“對(duì)待”等含意

44、。 1） 含“處置”意思的“把”字句：利用英語(yǔ)“動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)翻譯。 我的一位朋友最近把他的房子油漆過(guò)了。 A friend of mine has had his house painted recently. 2) 含有“致使”意思的“把”字句：賓語(yǔ)之后接“忙”、“累”、“急”、“氣”、“嚇”等加上補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。 你怎么來(lái)得這么晚？真把人急死啦！ Why are you so late? We were worried to death about you. 3) 表示“把甲當(dāng)乙”的“把”字句：利用英語(yǔ)“動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)as/ for 賓語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)翻譯。村里人不把我當(dāng)外人。People in the

45、 village didnt treat me as a stranger. 4) 帶有雙賓語(yǔ)的“把”字句：英譯時(shí)，雙賓都置于動(dòng)詞之后?？捎谩皠?dòng)詞間賓直賓”或“動(dòng)詞直賓to +間賓”結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)翻譯。a. 我們把水泵借給他們了。We lent them the pumps.b. 他們把消息告訴了他們遇到的每一個(gè)人。They told the news to everybody they met. D 漢語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的翻譯 漢語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句與英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句在結(jié)構(gòu)上不同。英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句是由主干分支，即主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)擴(kuò)展而來(lái)的。英語(yǔ)重形合，句子再長(zhǎng)，只含一個(gè)主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)（主句的），統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全句，其它成分往往通過(guò)各種連接手段（如使用介詞、連詞、

46、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞等）同主謂成分掛鉤建句。而漢語(yǔ)重意合，其句子結(jié)構(gòu)松散，如行云流水，句子主謂較難辨認(rèn)，尤其長(zhǎng)句如此。句子之間常常缺乏應(yīng)有的連接詞將其相連，所以句子及語(yǔ)篇要靠邏輯意義和邏輯順序來(lái)維系。在時(shí)間上重視時(shí)間的先后順序，在邏輯上重視前后因果關(guān)系。 漢語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句翻譯可采取如下三種方法： 1) 原序翻譯上海針織公司由3個(gè)企業(yè)組成， 生產(chǎn)規(guī)模大，且擁有眾多的名牌產(chǎn)品， 如“菊花牌”、“鵝牌”和“三槍牌, 公司每年銷(xiāo)售額達(dá)13億人民幣。 Shanghai Knitting Corporation is made up of 37 enterprises and enjoys a broad prod

47、uction scale, and with several well-known local bands such as “Chrysanthemem”, “Swan” and “Three Guns”, it has annual sales volume of about 1.3billion yuan RMB. 2) 分譯 （拆譯或斷句） a. 含疑問(wèn)、感嘆或反詰句盛夏炎日，一走進(jìn)浙江莫干山的林間小道就汗止心涼， 加上清風(fēng)拂煦，渾身有說(shuō)不出的舒坦，忍不住要贊嘆一聲：莫干山，好一個(gè)清涼世界！No matter how hot it is “outside”, once you step

48、onto the trial through the forest on Mogan Mountain in Zhejiang Province, the sweat withdraws from your body. In addition, the breeze refreshes you with a gentle caress. How cool it is! b.含比方句以農(nóng)民為例，他們更樂(lè)于使用科學(xué)種田法， 由于種植雜交水稻面積的增加，單位面積的產(chǎn)量也增加了。Take the peasants for example. They are now more eager to use

49、scientific methods for farming. The amount of land devoted to hybrid rice has risen so that the per-mu yield has gone up considerably. c. 含概括句災(zāi)難深重的中華民族，一百年來(lái)，其優(yōu)秀人物奮斗犧牲，前仆后繼，摸索救國(guó)救民的真理，是可歌可泣的。 For a hundred years, the finest sons and daughter of the disaster-ridden Chinese nation fought and sacrificed

50、their lives, one stepping into breach as another fell, in quest of the truth that would save the country and the people. This moves us to songs and tears. d. 含對(duì)立句 與會(huì)者對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題的觀(guān)點(diǎn)差別太大，以致發(fā)生了爭(zhēng)吵，一時(shí)會(huì)場(chǎng)的氣氛緊張起來(lái)。 The opinions of the attendants were far from unanimous about this issue so that some of them began t

51、o quarrel with each other. The atmosphere at the meeting became tense at the moment. e. 含有多層意義 漫步山間時(shí)，聽(tīng)得四處竹林間的潺潺泉聲，眾多的細(xì)泉匯成一條狹長(zhǎng)而深邃的小溪，順山勢(shì)而下，及至懸崖處，猛然跌落二、三丈，形成一瀑布，水珠飛濺，涼透肌膚。 Strolling along the path you can hear spring singing everywhere in the bamboo forest. Several little springs assemble into a narro

52、w but deep little river, running along the mountainside. Meeting a small cliff, it falls down twenty or thirty feet with drops splashing, forming a thin water curtain which gently covers your skin. 3) 變序翻譯凡外商投資企業(yè)有能力也愿意與天津市工業(yè)企業(yè)通過(guò)技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓、引進(jìn)人才、技術(shù)幫助、經(jīng)濟(jì)支持等途徑共同開(kāi)發(fā)國(guó)家統(tǒng)一經(jīng)營(yíng)以外的制成品， 特別是開(kāi)發(fā)機(jī)電產(chǎn)品和精細(xì)化工產(chǎn)品， 并通過(guò)外方的銷(xiāo)售渠道直接為外

53、國(guó)公司提供制成品， 可以向市外經(jīng)貿(mào)委申請(qǐng)擴(kuò)大聯(lián)合開(kāi)發(fā)的業(yè)務(wù)。Where an enterprise is willing and able to develop the finished products that are not subject to the unified operation by the State through joint efforts with the industrial enterprises in Tianjin, particularly in respect of machinery and electronic products and refined

54、 chemical products, by means of technology transfer, introduction of technical personnel, technical assistance and economic support, and to provide for foreign companies the finished products through the sales channel of the foreign parties, they may apply to the Municipal Commission of Foreign Econ

55、omic Relations and Trade for the expansion of the business of joint development. 豐收年多積累一點(diǎn)，災(zāi)荒年或半災(zāi)荒年就不積累或者少積累一點(diǎn)。Accumulate more in good years and less or none in years when the crops half fail or totally fail 2. 篇章翻譯弄清原意，準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)，靈活掌握，適當(dāng)替代；語(yǔ)句結(jié)構(gòu)，主謂完整，語(yǔ)序排列，適當(dāng)調(diào)整；書(shū)寫(xiě)規(guī)范，標(biāo)點(diǎn)正確。范例分析Part IV Translation A. Chinese t

56、o English: 1. 大自然對(duì)人的恩賜，無(wú)論貧富，一律平等，所以人們對(duì)于大自然，全都一致并深深地依賴(lài)著。尤其在鄉(xiāng)間，上千年來(lái)人們一直以不變的方式生活著。種植莊稼和葡萄，釀酒和飲酒，喂牛和擠奶，鋤草和栽花；在周末去教堂祈禱和做禮拜，在節(jié)日到廣場(chǎng)拉琴、跳舞和唱歌；往日的田園依舊是今日的溫馨的家園。這樣, 每個(gè)地方都有自己的傳說(shuō)，風(fēng)俗也就衍傳了下來(lái)。(2002) 如下這篇翻譯你覺(jué)得如何？可以打多少分？（滿(mǎn)分為10分）The great nature gives the people charity equally, no matter they are rich or poor. So peo

57、ple to the great nature, all of them depend on it deeply. Especially in the countryside, people have been living a changeless life since a thousand years. Plant crops and grapes, brew and drink wine, raise and milk cows, weed and cultivate flowers; on weekends go to church for prayers and religions

58、services; during the holidays play the musical instrument and dance and sing in the square. The countryside of the past days still are todays happy home yard. Thus every place has its own legend, and its customs pass on. 斜體字部分是有問(wèn)題的，你發(fā)現(xiàn)是什么問(wèn)題？The great nature gives the people charity equally, no matte

59、r they are rich or poor. So people to the great nature, all of them depend on it deeply. Especially in the countryside, people have been living a changeless life since a thousand years. Plant crops and grapes, brew and drink wine, raise and milk cows, weed and cultivate flowers; on weekends go to ch

60、urch for prayers and religions services; during the holidays play the musical instrument and dance and sing in the square. The countryside of the past days still are todays happy homeyard. Thus every place has its own legend, and its customs pass on. 參考譯文：注意語(yǔ)句的結(jié)構(gòu)和措辭Nature favors people alike, whethe