油層物理英文版課件

1、油層物理英文版油層物理英文版 INTRODUCTION 引言 The purpose of studying petrophysics The content of petrophysics course Development and use of petrophysics Teaching plan References Teaching method INTRODUCTION 引言 The pu 學習油層物理學的目的目前的形勢 建國50多年來，我國石油工業(yè)得到迅速的發(fā)展，年產(chǎn)量從解放前的8.9萬噸，發(fā)展到近年來1.61.7億噸，進入世界前四名的行列。但從1997年起我國已成石油凈進口國；

2、進入21世紀以來，石油年進口量達幾千萬噸，成為世界第二大石油消費國。今后，隨著我國經(jīng)濟和社會的發(fā)展，對油氣資源的需求量還將增加。The purpose of studying petrophysics 學習油層物理學的目的目前的形勢 建國5 學習油層物理學的目的目前形勢對石油工業(yè)的要求1）尋找新的油氣田，擴大油氣后備儲量；2）采用先進技術，最大限度地合理開發(fā)油氣藏；3）提高現(xiàn)有油氣田的油氣采收率，增加油氣產(chǎn)量;4）開展國際合作，參與開發(fā)國際油氣資源；5）采取各種節(jié)能措施及可替代能源或新能源。The purpose of studying petrophysics 學習油層物理學的目的目前形勢對

3、石油工業(yè) The purpose of studying petrophysics. Introduction to petroleum engineering petroleum engineering is involved in the exploration and production activities of petroleum at the upstream end of the energy sector .The diverse topics covered by petroleum engineering are closely related to the earth

4、sciences. petroleum engineering topics include geology, geochemistry,geophysics,oil drilling,well logging,well completion,oil and gasproduction,reservoir development and pipeling. The purpose of studying pet The purpose of studying petrophysics The purpose of this course is to provide a basic unders

5、tanding of the physical properties of reservoir rock ,and their interactions with fluids and the distribution of pores of various sizes within the porous medium Procedures for the measurement of petrophysical properties are included as a necessary part of this course The purpose of studying pet The

6、content of petrophysics coursePART .Properties of Reservoir FluidPART .Properties of Reservoir RocksPART . Nature of Multiphase Flow in Reservoir Rocks The content of petrophysics Development and use of petrophysics In 1856, Darcy developed a general expression for fluid flow in porous media . In 19

7、27, Kozeney studied fluid flow in rocks and rock properties .He obtained a relationship between permeability, porosity,and surface area. In 1936, Hassler discussed procedures and apparatus for the determination of multiphase flow properties in rock. Development and use of pet Development and use of

8、petrophysics Since 1960, with the advent of efforts to improve ultimate recovery , research on the displacement mechanisms of chemical solutions, residual oil ,measurement of residual oil saturation, phase relationship of multiple fluids in porous media,and other complex characteristics of fluid beh

9、avior in rocks have become the new areas of petrophysical reserch. Development and use of peDevelopment and use of petrophysics1949年美國人麥斯凱特著1956年卡佳霍夫上世紀50年代我國由蘇聯(lián)專家首次開設我國油層物理領域的杰出人物:羅蟄潭 洪世鐸 張博全 王允誠 沈平平 何更生 揚普華 孫良田Development and use of petrop Teaching planPART .Properties of Formation Fluid 16 class

10、hoursPART .Properties of Reservoir Rocks 14 class hoursPART . Nature of Multiphase Flow in Reservoir Rocks 20 class hoursPART . Experiment 10 class hours Teaching planPART .Pr References1 Thomas C.Frick,“ Petroleum Production Handbook”, New York,1962.2 Djebbar Tiab and Erle Donaldson“Petrophysics”,

11、Houston,TX.19963 Sylvain J. Pirson “Oil Reservoir Engineering”, New York 19584 E. B Coalson , “ Applied petrophysics in Exploration and Exploitation”,1987 References1 Thomas C.Fri References油藏物理基礎 洪世鐸編油層物理 羅蟄譚編油層物理 何更生編油層物理 張博全編石油流體性質(zhì) 威廉.麥凱恩編 Relative Permeability of Reservoir 霍納波編 References油藏物理基 1

12、. Gas Properties PART .Properties of Formation Fluid2. Properties of Crude Oils 3. Properties of Formation Waters4. Phase Behavior of Hydrocarbon Compounds 1. Gas Properties PART .Properties of Reservoir Rocks 1.Mineral constituents and grain size distribution of rock 2. Porosity of Reservoir Rocks

13、3. Permeability of Reservoir Rock 4. Fluid Saturation 5. Other Properties of Reservoir Rocks PART .Properties of Reser New Words reservoir 油 藏sandstone 砂 巖void space 孔隙空間pore space 孔隙空間sedimentary rock 沉積巖 cementation 膠 結(jié)compaction 壓實constitution 結(jié)構 bulk volume 表觀體積 pore volume 孔隙體積sieve 篩 子granulom

14、etric composition 粒度組成core sample 巖心樣品viscosity 粘 度 New Words rese 2.1 Mineral constitution and granulometric composition of sandston rock1. Mineral Constitution of sandston rock sandston rocks are composed of matterials from two different sources: (1) sand grains , (2)cementing agents.(1) sand grai

15、ns 砂粒(2)cementing agents 膠結(jié)物sandston rocks砂巖的礦物結(jié)構和粒度組成 2.1 Mineral constituti The Constitution of SandstoneSandstone is formed fromgrains that have undergone sedimentation,compactionand cementation.Cementing materialporegrainThe Constitution of Sandstonepore space is the spacethat is not filled by c

16、ementing material. The Constitution of Sandst 2. granulometric composition of sandston rock砂巖的粒度組成Definition 定義: the percentage of grain weight in different size range of the total grain weight of a rock. . 不同粒徑范圍顆粒的重量占巖石顆?？傊亓康陌俜直取?2. granulometric compositio 粒度組成的確定 常用的砂巖粒度組成分析方法有： A、sieve analysis

17、 method 篩析法(D0.05mm) B、 sedimentation method 沉降法 (0.0015D0.05mm) 2) Measurment of grain size distribution 粒度A、 sieve analysis method (D0.05mm) the testing procedure: Vibrating sieve, then weighting the grains on different sieve. hole size is expressed in mm or hole number per inch long. Vibration ma

18、chineA、 sieve analysis method (D0.advantage：simple，accurate。defect：The method is suitable for grains that size is larger than 0.05mmadvantage：simple，accurate。defeB grain diameterliquid densityviscosityvelocitySedimentation methodgrain density The equation is beased on the balance of forces that grai

19、n is beared in liquid.Bgrain liquid densityviscosity測定原理：沉積物在水中沉積時，按粗細不同，先后沉降的原理。 該方法的應用范圍：1) 顆粒為球型；2) 在粘性和不可壓縮液體內(nèi)，下降速度很慢.3) 在運動時不受壁和底的影響；4) 勻速下降；5) 顆粒堅硬光滑；沒有相對滑動。測定原理：該方法的應用范圍：1) 顆粒為球型；2) 在粘性和c. thin-section analysis Using microscope to test grain size Solidifying the liquid in pore spacec. thin-se

20、ction analysis Using3）Expreesion of grain size distribution : A、exprees in table B、 exprees in figure Core numberD(mm)0.42-0.297 0.297-0.210 0.210-0.149 0.149-0.074 0.074-0.05 0.05-0.01 4.5 分選差4）grain size distribution para5）、average grading 平均粒度: A、d50 B、dm 5）、average grading 平均粒度: 2. Specific surf

21、ace of sandston rock 砂巖的比面 The ratio of the total internal surface area of pores in a rock to the bulk volume of that rock. the surface area of the pores per unit bulk volume 單位體積的巖石內(nèi)巖石骨架的總表面積或單位體積巖石內(nèi)孔隙總內(nèi)表面積。1）Definition定義: unit：cm2/cm3 2. Specific surface of san 粗砂巖（10.5mm）2300cm2/cm3 可以看出:砂巖的比面是很大

22、的，而且它的大小，對流體在巖石孔隙中的流動具有明顯的影響，如表面現(xiàn)象、吸附、流動阻力等.這也是油田為何采收率總不是很高的原因所在. 粗砂巖（10.5mm）0.5毛細管孔隙0.50.0002微毛細管孔隙 11000Very good10.11000100good0.10.0110010middle0.010.001101fair 0.001 11000Very good10.11000100good0.10.0110010middle0.010.001101fair 0.001 1Non-permeable6 Graduation of formation in 7 FACTORS AFFECT

23、ING THE MAGNITUDE OF PERMEABILITY(a) Shape and size of sand grains (b) Grain packing and Cementation (c) Fracturing and solution (d) Pore Size and Connectivity (e) Compaction7 FACTORS AFFECTING THE MAGNI8 Determination of permeability1) The experimental laboratory determinationsA . determinations on

24、 small samples of extracted media Apparatus for measuring of permeability with liquid8 Determination of permeabiliApparatus for measuring of permeability with gasApparatus for measuring of perVertical pipe flowmeter methodVertical pipe flowmeter method B . determinations on full-diameter core sample

25、s 2）calculating permeability by pore radius and porositytortuosity of the porous medium B . determinations on full3) Estimating permeability by log dateHere: a.b.c are constants, characteristics of the fluid and the porous medium 3) Estimating permeability by 9 Flow Systems of Simple GeometryHorizon

26、tal Flow. （水平直線流） Horizontal rectilinear(直線的）steady-state flow is common to virtually all measurements of permeability. 9 Flow Systems of Simple Radial Flow.（徑向流） A radial-flow system, analogous（相似的） to flow into a wellbore , is idealized in Fig. re the radius at which Pe is measured ； rw the radius

27、 at which Pw is measured. Radial Flow.（徑向流） 1). Consider the case where the flow system is comprised of layers of porous rock separated from each other by infinitely thin impermeable barriers as shown in Fig. Parallel combination10 Average permeability of combinationlayersLinear flow直線流并聯(lián)組合1). Consi

28、der the case where th Radial flow Qt = Q1+ Q2 + Q3ht = h1 + h2 + h3 Radial flow Qt = Q1+ Q2 + Q3h2) Another possible combination for flow systems is to have the beds of different permeability to be arranged in series as shown in Fig. series combination串聯(lián)組合Qt = Q1= Q2 = Q3Linear flowP1- P2 = P1+P2+P3

29、2) Another possible combinatioRadial flowRadial flow- series combinationP1- P2 = P1+P2+P3Qt = Q1= Q2 = Q3Radial flowRadial flow- seriesBundle of capillary tubes pack毛細管束模型10 The relationship of permeability and other property of rock Fig. parallel bundle of capillary tubes pack Bundle of capillary t

30、ubes packConsider a system comprised of a bundle of capillary tubes of the same radius and length;The equation for flow of fluids in circular conduits:流體在圓管中的流動公式qthe volume rate of flow, cm3/s fluid viscosity, mPa.s(P1-P2)pressure loss over length L,ro radius of capillary tube , cm, Poiseuilles equ

31、ationConsider a system comprised of2)The relationship of permeability and pore radius If the fluid-conducting channels in a porous medium could be represented by a bundle of parallel capillary tubes of same diameters, then the flow rate through this system is:nnumber of capillary tubes per unit cros

32、s-sectional arearradius of capillary tubeA total cross-sectional area 2)The relationship of permeabi From Darcys law it is also known that :Equating Darcys and Poiseuilles equation: (1) From Darcys law it is also kBy definition, the porosity is (2)Therefore:(3)By definition, the porosity is3)The rel

33、ationship of permeability and specific surface surface area S is the total area exposed within the pore space per unit of bulk volume .3)The relationship of permeabiLet Sp be the internal surface area per unit of pore volume ,Ss be the total area exposed within the pore space per unit of grain volum

34、e Let Sp be the internal surfaceGaocaini-EquationGaocaini-EquationPART .Properties of Reservoir FluidGas PropertiesProperties of Crude OilProperties of Formation Waters (a brief account)Phase Behavior of Hydrocarbon Compounds PART .Gas PropertiesOriginal Pressure and temperature are high. Transform

35、laws of reservoir fluid is changing with pressure and temperature.Exploration and exploitation are in different stagesIn the course of developmentPART .Properties of Reservoir FluidOriginal Pressure and temperatPART .Properties of Reservoir Fluid Crude oil is in the state of high temperature and hig

36、h pressure with much associated gas and formation water. It has great differences with stock tank oil. The property of porous medium rock determines the distribution and flow pattern of oil, gas and water in reservoir rocks to a large extent. The physical and chemical properties of formation fluid (

37、oil, gas and water) also affect its performance. The distribution and variation rules of oil, gas and water in reservoir are the physical basis and important issues of oilfield development.PART .Properties of Reservoir1.1 Chemical Composition of Crude Oil1.2 Physical Property of Crude Oil 1.3 Classi

38、fication of Crude Oil 1.4 Chemical Composition of Nature Gas1.5 Classification of Reservoir Chapter 1 Chemical Composition and Physical Property of Reservoir Fluid1.1 Chemical Composition of C1.1 Chemical Composition of Crude Oil Crude oil is defined as “a mixture of hydrocarbons that existed in the

39、 liquid phase in natural underground reservoirs and remains liquid at atmospheric pressure after passing through surface separating facilities” (joint API, AAPG, and SPE). 1.1 Chemical Composition of C1.1 Chemical Composition of Crude Oil鏈烷烴環(huán)烷烴芳香烴含氧含硫含氮1.1 Chemical Composition of C In term of elemen

40、tal chemistry, oil consists largely of carbon and hydrogen with minor amounts of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. Oil also contains traces of vanadium（釩）, nickel（鎳）, and other rare elements. Although the elemental composition of oils is relatively straightforward, they may be an immense number of molec

41、ular compounds. No two oils are identical either in the compounds contained or in the various proportions present. However, certain compositional trends are related to the age, depth, source, and geographical location of the oil. In term of elemental chemi油層物理英文版油層物理英文版 1.2 Physical Property of Crud

42、e Oil 1、ColorBlackBrightIn appearance, crude oils vary from yellow, green and brown, to dark brown and black in color. The physical and chemical properties of crude oils vary considerably and are dependent on the concentration of the various types of hydrocarbons and minor constituents present 1.2 P

43、hysical Property of 1.2 Physical Property of Crude Oil 2、Density and specific gravity The crude oil density is defined as the mass of a unit volume of the crude at a specified pressure and temperature. lb/ft3 in English unitIn international standardkg/m3 1.2 Physical Property of Crud1.2 Physical Pro

44、perty of Crude Oil 2、Density and specific gravity The specific gravity of a crude oil is defined as the ratio of the density of the oil to that of water. Both densities are measured at 60oF and atmospheric pressure o = specific gravity of the oilo = density of the crude oil, lb/ft3w = density of the

45、 water, lb/ft3dimensionless 1.2 Physical Property of Crud2、Density and specific gravity The API gravity is the preferred gravity scale. usually range from 47o API for the lighter crude oils to 10o API for the heavier asphaltic crude oils. 2、Density and specific gravityThe solidifying point of crude

46、oil is defined as the critical temperature in which the oil becomes cool from the state of flowing to immobilizing. It is affected by the content of wax, asphalt, colloid, light oil. 原油的凝固點是指原油冷卻由流動態(tài)到失去流動性的臨界溫度點，它與原油中的含蠟量、瀝青膠質(zhì)含量及輕質(zhì)油含量等有關。3、Solidifying pointThe solidifying point of crudeThe viscosity

47、, in general, is defined as the internal resistance of the fluid to flow. 4、Crude oil viscosity Crude oil viscosity is an important physical property that controls and influences the flow of oil through porous media and pipes. unit：Pa.sThe viscosity, in general, is 1、Based on sulfur content （硫含量） (1

48、）low sulfur oilsulfur content is 0.5 below； （2）sulfur crude (skunk oil)between 0.5% and 2.0% （3）high sulfur crude oil 2.0% above2、 Based on the content of colloid- asphaltene （膠質(zhì)瀝青質(zhì)含量） (1) low colloid oilcolloid- asphaltene 8 below； (2) colloid oilbetween 8% and 25； (3) high colloid oil25 above1.3 C

49、lassification of Crude oil 1.3.1 According to properties of tank oil1、Based on sulfur content （硫含量3、Based on paraffin content （1）low paraffin oil ：paraffin content is 1 below； （2） paraffin oil ：between 1 and 2 （3）high paraffin oil ：2 above （大慶原油）4、on the key component （1）condensate oil(凝析油） o 0.93g/

50、cm3（20）3、Based on paraffin content5、Based on the specific gravity of stock tank oil （1）light oil 輕質(zhì)油：o0.855 （2）medium oil 中質(zhì)油： 0.855 o0.934 （3）heavy oil 重質(zhì)油： o0.9345、Based on the specific gravit 1.3.2 According to formation crude oil 地層原油分類 1、Based on the oil viscosity：（1）low viscosity oil： （2）mediu

51、m viscosity oil： （3）high viscosity oil： （4）viscous crude（heavy oil）： (general、extra、super heavy oil) （普通稠油、特稠油、超稠油）Both viscosities are measured in the formation state 1.3.2 According to forma 2、Based on the phase state： (1) condensate oil 凝析油：vapor phase in the formation state, it condenses when th

52、e pressure is decreased, usually specific gravity is less than 0.82 (2) volatile oil 揮發(fā)油：liquid phase in the formation state, near critical point, high volatile and high shrinkage。 Rs:2101200m3/m3，o1.75 （3）high pour point crude 高凝油：high wax content light oil, solidifying point is more than 40 2、Base

53、d on the phase state Natural gas , petroleum gas hydrocarbon, is a mixture of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon gases methanes, ethanes, propanes, butanes, pentanes, and small amounts of hexanes and heavier. C1 mole% 7098， C2 mole%20%時誤差3%) 5、Adjust the z-factor 天然氣壓縮因（2） CO2的影響 (4%時誤差5%) 如果天然氣中同時含有CO

54、2和N2時（3） H2S的影響（2） CO2的影響 (4%時誤差5%)油層物理英文版1、Conception: The volume factor is defined as the actual volume occupied by a certain amount of gas at a specified pressure and temperature （P、T）, divided by the volume occupied by the same amount of gas at standard conditions （20，0.1MPa）. 一定量的天然氣在油氣層條件（某一P、

55、T）下的體積V與其在地面標準狀態(tài)下（20，0.1MPa）所占體積Vsc之比。 Unit: m3/m3 , ft3/scf Bg3MPa)下天然氣粘度的求法 (1) 根據(jù)天然氣的組成求出天然氣的比重，并根據(jù)所得比重（查圖）求出天然氣在一個大氣壓情況下的粘度 . 2、高壓(3MPa)下天然氣粘度的求法2、高壓(3MPa)下天然氣粘度的求法 (2) 根據(jù)天然氣的組成求天然氣的臨界壓力和臨界溫度. (3) 求天然氣的對比壓力和對比溫度. (4) 查圖得 (5) 2、高壓(3MPa)下天然氣粘度的求法習 題油層物理習題集：10 已知某氣井井深4554米，地層壓力為54.414MPa，地面平均溫度為17.

56、1，地溫梯度為1 /50m，天然氣的壓縮因子為1.148，比重為0.574，求天然氣的地下密度12 某油田氣的組成如下表：某天然氣的組成、分子量及臨界參數(shù)油層溫度為32 ，油層壓力為8.3MPa，（1）求出氣體的壓縮因子；（2）求出氣體的體積系數(shù)；（3）若油井日產(chǎn)氣10000m3（標態(tài)下），它在地下所占的體積為多少；（4）計算該氣體的壓縮系數(shù)；（5）計算該氣體的粘度；組分yiMiPci（MPa）Tci（K）CH40.90216.04.54190.6C2H60.04530.14.82305.4C3H80.03144.14.19369.8nC4H100.02158.13.75425.2習 題油層物

57、理習題集：組分yiMiPci（MPa）Tci（ 第四節(jié) 濕天然氣和天然氣水合物 4.1 天然氣的含水量 由于天然氣在地下長期與地層水接觸，天然氣或多或少會溶解在水中，同時一部分水蒸汽進入天然氣中。 1、絕對濕度每1m3的濕天然氣所含水蒸汽的質(zhì)量稱為絕對濕度，其關系式如下： （266）式中：X絕對濕度，kg/m3； W 水蒸汽的質(zhì)量，kg； V濕天然氣的體積，m3； Psw水蒸汽的分壓，Pa； T濕天然氣的絕對溫度，K； Rw水蒸汽的氣體常數(shù)，。 第四節(jié) 濕天然氣和天然氣水合物 4.1 天然氣的含水量 2、相對濕度 在同樣的溫度下，絕對濕度與飽和絕對濕度之比，稱為相對濕度： （268）絕對干燥的

58、天然氣， ， 則 ；當濕天然氣達到飽和時 則 ， 對一般濕天然氣有： 。3、天然氣含水量的確定方法在實踐中廣泛應用實驗曲線方法計算天然氣中含水蒸汽量。這里簡要介紹。Mcketta和Wehe于1958年根據(jù)實測資料研制出計算天然氣中含水量相關圖（圖213）。該圖表示不同溫度和壓力下天然氣的飽和含水蒸汽量圖，又稱天然氣的露點圖。 2、相對濕度 油層物理英文版二、 天然氣水合物 1、什么是水合物 在一定溫度、壓力條件下，天然氣能夠與水結(jié)合，形成結(jié)晶狀水化物(或稱水合物)。 天然氣水合物是由水和低分子量烴或非烴組分所形成的結(jié)晶狀籠形化合物，其中水分子借助氫鍵形成主體結(jié)晶網(wǎng)絡，晶格中孔穴內(nèi)充滿輕烴或非烴

59、氣體分子。 依據(jù)與水相接觸的氣體分子的大小與形狀，水分子形成一定結(jié)構的構架，而其孔穴填滿的程度取決于體系的溫度和壓力。二、 天然氣水合物 油層物理英文版2、石油工業(yè)中研究水合物有三個方面的工程意義：（1）水合物作為一種資源，可能儲存在一定條件的地層中，（2）天然氣開采過程中，井筒或氣嘴后出現(xiàn)的水合物，對天然氣流動有重要影響，（3）在地面上，氣態(tài)的天然氣可轉(zhuǎn)化為水合物狀態(tài)，從而實現(xiàn)高效的儲運。 油層物理英文版（1）、水合物的形成與天然氣水合物資源 由于儲層內(nèi)部含有地層水，因而一般認為在地層條件下，處于氣相的烴類氣體混合物實際上是被水蒸汽所飽和。但在一定溫度、壓力下，天然氣會與水相互作用而形成水合

60、物。水合物為固體結(jié)晶物，像雪或冰，密度為0.880.90gcm3，一般而言，1m3氣體水合物中含有0.9m3的水和70240m3（標）的氣，含氣量的多少取決于氣體的組成。 幾種氣體形成水合物的條件見圖214。由圖可以看出，為了形成氣體水合物，必須具備一定的溫度、壓力。 （1）、水合物的形成與天然氣水合物資源 （2）、天然氣開采過程中，防止井筒出現(xiàn)水合物 在天然氣從地層向地面流動過程中，壓力和溫度都會降低，特別當氣體通過油嘴或針形閥時，因節(jié)流而降壓，氣體發(fā)生膨脹，溫度大大降低，為天然氣中所含水蒸汽形成水合物創(chuàng)造了條件。一旦水合物形成，就會堵塞管線，使氣流受阻或中斷(停產(chǎn))，影響正常生產(chǎn)。 天然氣