機(jī)械手外文翻譯

1、外文出處：ManufacturingEngineeringandTechnologyMachiningManipulator Robotdevelopedinrecentdecadesashigh-techautomatedproductionequipment.Industrialrobotisanimportantbranchofindustrialrobots.Itfeaturescanbeprogrammedtoperformtasksinavarietyofexpectations,inbothstructureandperformanceadvantagesoftheirownpe

2、opleandmachines,inparticular,reflectsthepeoplesintelligenceandadaptability.Theaccuracyofrobotoperationsandavarietyofenvironmentstheabilitytocompletetheworkinthefieldofnationaleconomyandtherearebroadprospectsfordevelopment.Withthedevelopmentofindustrialautomation,therehasbeenCNCmachiningcenter,itisin

3、reducinglaborintensity,whilegreatlyimprovedlaborproductivity.However,theupperandlowercommoninCNCmachiningprocessesmaterial,usuallystillusemanualortraditionalrelay-controlledsemi-automaticdevice.Theformertime-consumingandlaborintensive,inefficient;thelatterduetodesigncomplexity,requiremorerelays,wiri

4、ngcomplexity,vulnerabilitytobodyvibrationinterference,whiletheexistenceofpoorreliability,faultmoremaintenanceproblemsandotherissues.ProgrammableLogicControllerPLC-controlledrobotcontrolsystemformaterialsupanddownmovementissimple,circuitdesignisreasonable,withastronganti-jammingcapability,ensuringthe

5、systemsreliability,reducedmaintenancerate,andimproveworkefficiency.Robottechnologyrelatedtomechanics,mechanics,electricalhydraulictechnology,automaticcontroltechnology,sensortechnologyandcomputertechnologyandotherfieldsofscience,isacross-disciplinaryintegratedtechnology.First,anoverviewofindustrialm

6、anipulatorRobotisakindofpositioningcontrolcanbeautomatedandcanbere-programmedtochangeinmulti-functionalmachine,whichhasmultipledegreesoffreedomcanbeusedtocarryanobjectinordertocompletetheworkindifferentenvironments.LowwagesinChina,plasticproductsindustry,althoughstillalabor-intensive,mechanicalhandu

7、sehasbecomeincreasinglypopular.ElectronicsandautomotiveindustriesthatEuropeandtheUnitedStatesmultinationalcompaniesveryearlyintheirfactoriesinChina,theintroductionofautomatedproduction.Butnowthechangesarethosefoundinindustrial-intensiveSouthChina,EastChinascoastalareas,localplasticprocessingplantsha

8、vealsoemergedinmechanicalwatchesbegantobecomeincreasinglyinterestedin,becausetheyhavetofaceahighturnoverrateofworkers,aswellasfortheworkerstopaywork-relatedinjuriesfeechallenges.WiththerapiddevelopmentofChinasindustrialproduction,especiallythereformandopeningupaftertherapidincreaseinthedegreeofautom

9、ationtoachievetheworkpiecehandling,steering,transmissionoroperationofbrazing,spraygun,wrenchesandothertoolsforprocessingandassemblyoperationssince,whichhasmoreandmoreattractedourattention.Robotistoimitatethemanualpartoftheaction,accordingtoagivenprogram,trackandrequirementsforautomaticcapture,handli

10、ngoroperationoftheautomaticmechanicaldevices.Inreallife,youwillfindthisaproblem.Inthemachineshop,theprocessingofpartsloadingtimeisnotannoying,andlaborproductivityisnothigh,thecostofproductionmajor,andsometimesman-madeincidentswilloccur,resultinginprocessingwereinjured.Thinkaboutwhatcouldreplaceitwit

11、htheprocessingtimeofatouraslongasthereareafewpeople,andcanoperate24hourssaturatedhumanright?Theanswerisyes,buttherobotcancometoreplaceit.Productionofmechanicalhandcanincreasetheautomationlevelofproductionandlaborproductivity;canreducelaborintensity,ensuringproductquality,toachievesafeproduction;part

12、icularlyinthehigh-temperature,highpressure,lowtemperature,lowpressure,dust,explosive,toxicandradioactivegasessuchaspoorenvironmentcanreplacethenormalworkingpeople.HereIwouldliketothinkofdesigningarobottobeusedinactualproduction.Whywouldarobotdesignedtoprovideapneumaticpower:pneumaticrobotreferstothe

13、compressedairaspowersource-drivenrobot.Withpressure-drivenandotherenergy-drivencomparisonhavethefollowingadvantages:1.Airinexhaustible,usedlaterdischargedintotheatmosphere,doesnotrequirerecyclinganddisposal,donotpollutetheenvironment.(Conceptofenvironmentalprotection)2.Airstickissmall,thepipelinepre

14、ssurelossissmall(typicallylessthanasphaltgaspathpressuredropofone-thousandth),tofacilitatelong-distancetransport.3.Compressedairoftheworkingpressureislow(usually4to8kg/persquarecentimeter),andthereforemovingthematerialcomponentsandmanufacturingaccuracyrequirementscanbelowered.4.Withthehydraulictrans

15、mission,comparedtoitsfasteractionandreaction,whichisoneoftheadvantagespneumaticoutstanding.5.Theaircleanermedia,itwillnotdegenerate,noteasytoplugthepipeline.Buttherearealsoplaceswhereitflyintheointment:1.Asthecompressibilityofair,resultinginpooraerodynamicstabilityofthework,resultingintheimplementin

16、gagenciesastheprecisionofthevelocityandnoteasilycontrolled.2.Astheuseoflowatmosphericpressure,theoutputpowercannotbetoolarge;inordertoincreasetheoutputpowerisboundtothestructureoftheentirepneumaticsystemsizeincreased.Withpneumaticdriveandcomparewithotherenergysourcesdrivehasthefollowingadvantages:Ai

17、rinexhaustible,usedlaterdischargedintotheatmosphere,withoutrecyclinganddisposal,donotpollutetheenvironment.Accidentalorasmallamountofleakagewouldnotbeaseriousimpactonproduction.Viscosityofairissmall,thepipelinepressurelossalsoisverysmall,easylong-distancetransport. Thelowerworkingpressureofcompresse

18、dair,pneumaticcomponentsandthereforethematerialandmanufacturingaccuracyrequirementscanbelowered.Ingeneral,reciprocatingthrustin1to2tonspneumaticeconomyisbetter.Comparedwiththehydraulictransmission,anditsfasteractionandreaction,whichisoneoftheoutstandingmeritsofpneumatic.Cleanairmedium,itwillnotdegen

19、erate,noteasytoplugthepipeline.Itcanbesafelyusedinflammable,explosiveandthedustbigoccasions.Alsoeasytorealizeautomaticoverloadprotection.Second,thecomposition,mechanicalhandRobotintheformofavarietyofforms,somerelativelysimple,somemorecomplicated,butthebasicformisthesameasthecompositionofthe,Usuallyb

20、ytheimplementingagencies,transmissionsystems,controlsystemsandauxiliarydevicescomposed.1.ImplementingagenciesManipulatorexecutingagencybythehands,wrists,arms,pillars.Handsarecrawlinginstitutions,isusedtoclampandreleasetheworkpiece,andsimilartohumanfingers,tocompletethestaffingofsimilaractions.Wrista

21、ndfingersandthearmconnectingthecomponentscanbeupanddown,left,androtarymovement.Asimplemechanicalhandcannotwrist.Pillarsusedtosupportthearmcanalsobemademobileasneeded.2.TransmissionTheactuatortobeachievedbythetransmissionsystem.Sub-transmissionsystemcommonlyusedmanipulatormechanicaltransmission,hydra

22、ulictransmission,pneumaticandelectricpowertransmissionandotherdriveseveralforms. 3.ControlSystemManipulatorcontrolsystemsmainroleistocontroltherobotaccordingtocertainprocedures,direction,position,speedofaction,asimplemechanicalhandisgenerallynotsetupadedicatedcontrolsystem,usingonlytripswitches,rela

23、ys,controlvalvesandcircuitscanbeachieveddynamicdrivesystemcontrol,sothatimplementingagenciesaccordingtotherequirementsofaction.Actionwillhavetousecomplexprogrammablerobotcontroller,themicro-computercontrol.Three,mechanicalhandclassificationandcharacteristicsRobotsaregenerallydividedintothreecategori

24、es:thefirstisthegeneralmachinerydoesnotrequiremanualhand.Itisanindependentnotaffiliatedwithaparticularhostdevice.Itcanbeprogrammedaccordingtotheneedsofthetasktocompletetheoperationoftheprovisions.Itischaracterizedwithordinarymechanicalperformance,alsohasgeneralmachinery,memory,intelligenceternarymac

25、hinery.Thesecondcategoryistheneedtomanuallydoit,calledtheoperationofaircraft.Itoriginatedintheatom,militaryindustry,firstthroughtheoperationofmachinestocompleteaparticularjob,andlaterdevelopedtooperateusingradiosignalstocarryoutdetectingmachinessuchastheMoon.Usedinindustrialmanipulatoralsofallintoth

26、iscategory.Thethirdcategoryisdedicatedmanipulator,themainsubsidiaryoftheautomaticmachinesorautomaticlines,tosolvethemachineupanddowntheworkpiecematerialanddelivery.ThismechanicalhandinforeigncountriesknownastheMechanicalHand,whichisthehostofservices,fromthehost-driven;exceptionofafewoutsidetheworkin

27、gproceduresaregenerallyfixed,andthereforespecial.Mainfeatures:First,mechanicalhand(theupperandlowermaterialrobot,assemblyrobot,handlingrobot,stackingrobot,helprobot,vacuumhandlingmachines,vacuumsuctioncrane,labor-savingspreader,pneumaticbalancer,etc.).Second,cantilevercranes(cantilevercrane,electric

28、chainhoistcrane,airbalancethehanging,etc.)Third,rail-typetransportsystem(hangingrail,lightrail,singlegirdercranes,double-beamcrane)Manipulatorinthemechanizationandautomationoftheproductionprocessdevelopedanewtypeofdevice.Inrecentyears,aselectronictechnology,especiallycomputerextensiveuseofrobotdevel

29、opmentandproductionofhigh-techfieldshasbecomearapidlydevelopedanewtechnology,whichfurtherpromotedthedevelopmentofrobot,allowingrobottobetterachievedwiththecombinationofmechanizationandautomation.Althoughtherobotisnotasflexibleasstaff,butithastothecontinuousduplicationofworkandlabor,Idonotknowfatigue

30、,notafraidofdanger,thepowersnatchweightcharacteristicswhencomparedwithmanuallarge,therefore,mechanicalhandhasbeenofgreatimportancetomanysectors,andincreasinglyhasbeenappliedwidely,forexample:(1)Machiningtheworkpieceloadingandunloading,especiallyintheautomaticlathe,combinationmachinetooluseismorecomm

31、on.(2)Intheassemblyoperationsarewidelyusedintheelectronicsindustry,itcanbeusedtoassembleprintedcircuitboards,inthemachineryindustryItcanbeusedtoassemblepartsandcomponents.(3)Theworkingconditionsmaybepoor,monotonous,repetitiveeasytosub-fatigueworkingenvironmenttoreplacehumanlabor.(4)Maybeindangerouss

32、ituations,suchasmilitarygoodshandling,dangerousgoodsandhazardousmaterialsremovalandsoon.(5)Universeandoceandevelopment.(6),militaryengineeringandbiomedicalresearchandtesting.Helpmechanicalhands:alsoknownasthebalancer,balancesuspended,labor-savingspreader,manualTransfermachineisakindofweightlessnesso

33、fmanualloadsystem,anovel,time-savingtechnologyformaterialhandlingoperationsboosterequipment,belongingtokindsofnon-standarddesignofseriesproducts.Customerapplicationneeds,creatingcustomizedcases.Manualoperationofasimulationoftheautomaticmachinery,itcanbeafixedprogramdrawshandlingobjectsorperformhouse

34、holdtoolstoaccomplishcertainspecificactions.Applicationofrobotcanreplacethepeopleengagedinmonotonousrepetitiveorheavymanuallabor,themechanizationandautomationofproduction,insteadofpeopleinhazardousenvironmentsmanualoperation,improvingworkingconditionsandensure personalsafety.Thelate20thcentury,40,th

35、eUnitedStatesatomicenergyexperiments,thefirstuseofradioactivematerialhandlingrobot,humanrobotinasaferoomtomanipulatevariousoperationsandexperimentation.50yearslater,manipulatorandgraduallyextendedtoindustrialproductionsector,forthetemperatures,pollutedareas,andloadingandunloadingtotakeplacetheworkpi

36、ecematerial,butalsoasanauxiliarydeviceinautomaticmachinetools,machinetools,automaticproductionlinesandprocessingcenterapplications,thecompletionoftheupperandlowermaterial,orFromthelibrarytakeplaceknifeknifeandsoonaccordingtofixedproceduresforthereplacementoperation.Robotbodymainlybythehandandsportsi

37、nstitutions.Agencieswiththeuseofhandsandoperationofobjectsofdifferentoccasions,oftenthereareclampingsupportandadsorptiontypeofcare.Movementorgansaregenerallyhydraulicpneumaticelectricaldevicedrivers.Manipulatorcanbeachievedindependentlyretractablerotationandliftingmovements,generally2to3degreesoffre

38、edom.Robotsarewidelyusedinmetallurgicalindustry,machinerymanufacture,lightindustryandatomicenergysectors.Canmimicsomeofthestaffandarmmotorfunction,afixedprocedureforthecapture,handlingobjectsoroperatingtools,automaticoperationdevice.Itcanreplacehumanlaborinordertoachievetheproductionofheavymechaniza

39、tionandautomationthatcanoperateinhazardousenvironmentstoprotectthepersonalsafety,whichiswidelyusedinmachinerymanufacturing,metallurgy,electronics,lightindustryandnuclearpowersectors.Mechanicalhandtoolsorotherequipmentcommonlyusedforadditionaldevices,suchastheautomaticmachinesorautomaticproductionlin

40、ehandlingandtransmissionoftheworkpiece,thereplacementofcuttingtoolsinmachiningcenters,etc.generallydonothaveaseparatecontroldevice.Someoperatingdevicesrequiredirectmanipulationbyhumans;suchastheatomicenergysectorperformshouseholdhazardousmaterialsusedinthemaster-slavemanipulatorisalsooftenreferredto

41、asmechanicalhand.Manipulatormainlybyhandandsportsinstitutions.Taskofhandisholdingtheworkpiece(ortool)components,accordingtograspingobjectsbyshape,size,weight,materialandoperationalrequirementsofavarietyofstructuralforms,suchasclamptype,typeandadsorption-basedcaresuchasholding.Sportsorganizations,sot

42、hatthecompletionofavarietyofhandrotation(swing),mobileorcompoundmovementstoachievetherequiredaction,tochangethelocationofobjectsbygraspingandposture.Robotistheautomatedproductionofakindusedintheprocessofcrawlingandmovingpiecefeaturesautomaticdevice,whichismechanizedandautomatedproductionprocessdevel

43、opedanewtypeofdevice.Inrecentyears,aselectronictechnology,especiallycomputerextensiveuseofrobotdevelopmentandproductionofhigh-techfieldshasbecomearapidlydevelopedanewtechnology,whichfurtherpromotedthedevelopmentofrobot,allowingrobottobetterachievedwiththecombinationofmechanizationandautomation.Robot

44、canreplacehumanscompletedtheriskofduplicationof boringwork,toreducehumanlaborintensityandimprovelaborproductivity.Manipulatorhasbeenappliedmoreandmorewidely,inthemachineryindustry,itcanbeusedforpartsassembly,workpiecehandling,loadingandunloading,particularlyintheautomationofCNCmachinetools,modularma

45、chinetoolsmorecommonlyused.Atpresent,therobothasdevelopedintoaFMSflexiblemanufacturingsystemsandflexiblemanufacturingcellinanimportantcomponentoftheFMC.Themachinetoolequipmentandmachineryinhandtogetherconstituteaflexiblemanufacturingsystemoraflexiblemanufacturingcell,itwasadaptedtosmallandmediumvolu

46、meproduction,youcansaveahugeamountoftheworkpiececonveyordevice,compact,andadaptable.Whentheworkpiecechanges,flexibleproductionsystemisveryeasytochangewillhelpenterprisestocontinuouslyupdatethemarketablevariety,improveproductquality,andbetteradapttomarketcompetition.Atpresent,Chinasindustrialrobottec

47、hnologyanditsengineeringapplicationlevelandcomparabletoforeigncountriesthereisacertain distance,applicationandindustrializationofthesizeofthelowlevelofrobotresearchanddevelopmentofadirectimpactonraisingthelevelofautomationinChina,fromtheeconomy,technicalconsiderationsareverynecessary.Therefore,thest

48、udyofmechanicalhanddesignisverymeaningful.譯文：機(jī)械手機(jī)械手是近幾十年發(fā)展起來的一種高科技自動化生產(chǎn)設(shè)備。工業(yè)機(jī)械手是工業(yè)機(jī)器人的一個(gè)重要分支。它的特點(diǎn)是可通過編程來完成各種預(yù)期的作業(yè)任務(wù)，在構(gòu)造和性能上兼有人和機(jī)器各自的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，尤其體現(xiàn)了人的智能和適應(yīng)性。機(jī)械手作業(yè)的準(zhǔn)確性和各種環(huán)境中完成作業(yè)的能力，在國民經(jīng)濟(jì)各領(lǐng)域有著廣闊的發(fā)展前景。隨著工業(yè)自動化的發(fā)展,出現(xiàn)了數(shù)控加工中心,它在減輕工人的勞動強(qiáng)度的同時(shí),大大提高了勞動生產(chǎn)率。但數(shù)控加工中常見的上下料工序,通常仍采用人工操作或傳統(tǒng)繼電器控制的半自動化裝置。前者費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)工、效率低;后者因設(shè)計(jì)復(fù)雜,需較多繼

49、電器,接線繁雜,易受車體振動干擾,而存在可靠性差、故障多、維修困難等問題。可編程序控制器PLC控制的上下料機(jī)械手控制系統(tǒng)動作簡便、線路設(shè)計(jì)合理、具有較強(qiáng)的抗干擾能力,保證了系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行的可靠性,降低了維修率,提高了工作效率。機(jī)械手技術(shù)涉及到力學(xué)、機(jī)械學(xué)、電氣液壓技術(shù)、自動控制技術(shù)、傳感器技術(shù)和計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)等科學(xué)領(lǐng)域，是一門跨學(xué)科綜合技術(shù)。一、工業(yè)機(jī)械手的概述機(jī)械手是一種能自動化定位控制并可重新編程序以變動的多功能機(jī)器，它有多個(gè)自由度，可用來搬運(yùn)物體以完成在各個(gè)不同環(huán)境中工作。在工資水平較低的中國，塑料制品行業(yè)盡管仍屬于勞動力密集型，機(jī)械手的使用已經(jīng)越來越普及。那些電子和汽車業(yè)的歐美跨國公司很早就在它

50、們設(shè)在中國的工廠中引進(jìn)了自動化生產(chǎn)。但現(xiàn)在的變化是那些分布在工業(yè)密集的華南、華東沿海地區(qū)的中國本土塑料加工廠也開始對機(jī)械手表現(xiàn)出越來越濃厚的興趣，因?yàn)樗麄円鎸と肆魇矢撸约盀楣と私还M(fèi)帶來的挑戰(zhàn)。隨著我國工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的飛躍發(fā)展，特別是改革開發(fā)以后，自動化程度的迅速提高，實(shí)現(xiàn)工件的裝卸、轉(zhuǎn)向、輸送或操作釬焊、噴槍、扳手等工具進(jìn)行加工、裝配等作業(yè)自化，已愈來愈引起我們重視。機(jī)械手是模仿著人手的部分動作，按給定的程序、軌跡和要求實(shí)現(xiàn)自動抓取、搬運(yùn)或操作的自動機(jī)械裝置。在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中，你是否會發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣一個(gè)問題。在機(jī)械工廠里，加工零件裝料的時(shí)候是不是很煩的，勞動生產(chǎn)率不高，生產(chǎn)成本大，有時(shí)候還會發(fā)生一

51、些人為事故，導(dǎo)致加工者受傷。想想看用什么可以來代替呢，加工的時(shí)候只要有幾個(gè)人巡視一下，且可以二十四個(gè)小時(shí)飽和運(yùn)作，人行嗎？回答是肯定的，但是機(jī)械手可以來代替它。生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用機(jī)械手可以提高生產(chǎn)的自動化水平和勞動生產(chǎn)率;可以減輕勞動強(qiáng)度、保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、實(shí)現(xiàn)安全生產(chǎn)；尤其是在高溫、高壓、低溫、低壓、粉塵、易爆、有毒氣體和放射性等惡劣的環(huán)境中能夠代替人進(jìn)行正常的工作。想到這里我就很想設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)機(jī)械手，來用于生產(chǎn)實(shí)際中。為什么選著設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)械手用氣動來提供動力：氣動機(jī)械手是指以壓縮空氣為動力源驅(qū)動的機(jī)械手。用氣壓驅(qū)動與其他能源驅(qū)動比較有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn)：1.空氣取之不竭，用過之后排入大氣，不需要回收和處理，不污染環(huán)境。

52、（環(huán)保的概念）2.空氣的沾性很小，管路中壓力損失也很?。ㄒ话銡饴纷枇p失不到油路的千分之一），便于遠(yuǎn)距離輸送。3.壓縮空氣的工作壓力較低(一般為48公斤/每平方厘米)，因此對動元件的材質(zhì)和制造精度要求可以降低。4.與液壓傳動相比，它的動作和反應(yīng)都快，這是氣動突出的優(yōu)點(diǎn)之一。5.空氣介質(zhì)清潔，亦不會變質(zhì)，管路不易堵塞。但是也有它美中不足的地方：1.由于空氣的可壓縮性，致使氣動工作的穩(wěn)定性差，因而造成執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動速度和定為精度不易控制。2.由于使用氣壓較低，輸出力不可能太大，為了增加輸出力，必然使整個(gè)氣動系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸加大。用氣壓驅(qū)動與用其他能源驅(qū)動比較有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn)：空氣取之不竭，用過之后排入大氣，

53、不需回收和處理，不污染環(huán)境。偶然的或少量的泄漏不致對生產(chǎn)發(fā)生嚴(yán)重的影響?？諝獾恼承院苄?，管路中壓力損失也就很小，便于遠(yuǎn)距離輸送。壓縮空氣的工作壓力較低，因此對氣動元件的材質(zhì)和制造精度要求可以降低。一般說來，往復(fù)運(yùn)動推力在12噸以下采用氣動經(jīng)濟(jì)性較好。與液壓傳動相比，它的動作和反應(yīng)都快，這是氣動的突出優(yōu)點(diǎn)之一?？諝饨橘|(zhì)清潔，亦不會變質(zhì)，管路不易堵塞。它可安全地應(yīng)用在易燃、易爆和粉塵大的場合。又便于實(shí)現(xiàn)過載自動保護(hù).二機(jī)械手的組成機(jī)械手的形式是多種多樣的，有的較為簡單，有的較為復(fù)雜，但基本的組成形式是相同的，一般由執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)、傳動系統(tǒng)、控制系統(tǒng)和輔助裝置組成。1.執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)機(jī)械手的執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)，由手、手腕

54、、手臂、支柱組成。手是抓取機(jī)構(gòu)，用來夾緊和松開工件，與人的手指相仿，能完成人手的類似動作。手腕是連接手指與手臂的元件，可以進(jìn)行上下、左右和回轉(zhuǎn)動作。簡單的機(jī)械手可以沒有手腕。支柱用來支撐手臂，也可以根據(jù)需要做成移動。2.傳動系統(tǒng)執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)的動作要由傳動系統(tǒng)來實(shí)現(xiàn)。常用機(jī)械手傳動系統(tǒng)分機(jī)械傳動、液壓傳動、氣壓傳動和電力傳動等幾種形式。3.控制系統(tǒng)機(jī)械手控制系統(tǒng)的主要作用是控制機(jī)械手按一定的程序、方向、位置、速度進(jìn)行動作，簡單的機(jī)械手一般不設(shè)置專用的控制系統(tǒng)，只采用行程開關(guān)、繼電器、控制閥及電路便可實(shí)現(xiàn)動傳動系統(tǒng)的控制，使執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)按要求進(jìn)行動作動作復(fù)雜的機(jī)械手則要采用可編程控制器、微型計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行控制

55、。三機(jī)械手的分類和特點(diǎn)機(jī)械手一般分為三類：第一類是不需要人工操作的通用機(jī)械手。它是一種獨(dú)立的不附屬于某一主機(jī)的裝置。它可以根據(jù)任務(wù)的需要編制程序，以完成各項(xiàng)規(guī)定的操作。它的特點(diǎn)是具備普通機(jī)械的性能之外，還具備通用機(jī)械、記憶智能的三元機(jī)械。第二類是需要人工才做的，稱為操作機(jī)。它起源于原子、軍事工業(yè)，先是通過操作機(jī)來完成特定的作業(yè)，后來發(fā)展到用無線電訊號操作機(jī)來進(jìn)行探測月球等。工業(yè)中采用的鍛造操作機(jī)也屬于這一范疇。第三類是用專用機(jī)械手，主要附屬于自動機(jī)床或自動線上，用以解決機(jī)床上下料和工件送。這種機(jī)械手在國外稱為“MechanicalHand”，它是為主機(jī)服務(wù)的，由主機(jī)驅(qū)動；除少數(shù)以外，工作程序一般是固定的，因此是專用的。主要特點(diǎn)：(1)機(jī)械手（上下料機(jī)械手、裝配機(jī)械手、搬運(yùn)機(jī)械手、堆垛機(jī)械手、助力機(jī)械手、真空搬運(yùn)機(jī)、真空吸吊機(jī)、省力吊具、氣動平衡器等）。(2