物理化學(xué)-專業(yè)詞匯中英文對照表

1、物理化學(xué)專業(yè)詞匯、術(shù)語中英文對照表第 2 章 熱力學(xué)第一定律 The First Law of Thermodynamics熱力學(xué)概論 introduction of thermodynamics熱力學(xué)的一些基本概念the basic concepts of thermodynamics系統(tǒng) system宏觀性質(zhì) macroscopic properties狀態(tài)函數(shù) state function途彳5 path封閉系統(tǒng) closed system單組分系統(tǒng) mono-component system均相系統(tǒng) homogeneous phase system敞開系統(tǒng) open system孤立系

2、統(tǒng) isolated system強(qiáng)度性質(zhì) intensive properties等壓過程 isobaric process絕熱過程 adiabatic process環(huán)境 surrounding熱力學(xué)平衡態(tài) thermodynamics equilibriumstate過程 process敞開系統(tǒng)open system孤立系統(tǒng)（隔離系統(tǒng)）isolated system多組分系統(tǒng) multi -component isolated system多相系統(tǒng) multiphase system封閉系統(tǒng) closed system廣延性質(zhì) extensive properties等溫過程 isoth

3、ermal process等容過程 isochoric process環(huán)狀過程（循環(huán)過程）cyclic process熱力學(xué)第一定律 the first law of thermodynamics熱 heat功 work外壓 external pressure內(nèi)壓 internal pressure活塞底面積 piston area活塞位移displacement體積變化 volume change熱力學(xué)能 thermodynamics energy可逆過程 reversible process焰和熱容enthalpy and heat capacity等容熱 heat of isometri

4、c process等壓熱 heat of isobaric process熱容 heat capacity理想氣體的熱力學(xué)能和焰the thermodynamic energy and enthalpy of real gas幾種熱效應(yīng)several thermal effect相變熱 heat of phase transition相 phase化學(xué)反應(yīng)熱 heat of chemical reaction溶解熱 heat of dissolve混合熱 heat of mixture化學(xué)反應(yīng)白勺始變The enthalpy changes of chemical reactions反應(yīng)進(jìn)度

5、extent of reaction赫斯定律 Hess Lawcombustion標(biāo)準(zhǔn)摩爾生成始standard molar enthalpy of 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)摩爾燃燒烙 standard molar enthalpy of formationcombustion基爾霍夫定律 Kirchhoff s Law第 3 章 熱力學(xué)第二定律 The SecondLaw of Thermodynamics熱力學(xué)第二定律 Second law of thermodynamics自發(fā)過程 spontaneous change非自發(fā)過程 non-spontaneous平衡 equilibrium不可逆 irreve

6、rsible熱機(jī) heat engine可逆 reversible卡諾循環(huán)和卡諾定理Carnot cycles and Carnot Law熱機(jī)效率 efficiency of the heat engineCarnot 定理 Carnot law可逆熱機(jī) revisable engine不可逆熱機(jī) irreversible engine冷凍系數(shù) freezing coefficient嫡的概念 the concept of entropy嫡 entropy克勞修斯不等式Clausius inequality嫡增原理 principle of entropy increasing嫡判據(jù) ent

7、ropy criterion嫡的物理意義和嫡變的計(jì)算Physical meaning of entropy Calculation of 國規(guī)定嫡 conventional entropy嫡變的計(jì)算 Calculation of entropy亥姆霍茲函數(shù)及吉布斯函數(shù)Helmholtz and Gibbs functionA 和 G 的定義 definition of Helmholtz and Gibbs function熱力學(xué)判據(jù) thermodynamic criterion熱力學(xué)函數(shù)之間的關(guān)系 The relations of thermodynamical functions第 4

8、章 多組分系統(tǒng)熱力學(xué) Thermodynamics in multi -components system多組分系統(tǒng)的組成表示法The Component of multi-components組分 component混合物 mixture溶液 solution溶劑 solvent溶質(zhì) solute組分濃度 concentration of components物質(zhì)的量濃度C molarity質(zhì)量摩爾濃度mBmolality物質(zhì)的量分?jǐn)?shù) X mole fraction)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù) w mass fraction偏摩爾量partial molar quantities化學(xué)勢 chemical po

9、tential稀溶液的兩個經(jīng)驗(yàn)定律Raoult law & Henry law氣體及其混合物各組分的化學(xué)勢chemical potential of gas and its mixture理想液態(tài)混合物及稀溶液的化學(xué)勢chemical potential of Ideal liquid mixture andIdeal dilute solution相對活度的概念relative activity稀溶液的依數(shù)性colligative properties of the dilute solution依數(shù)性 colligative properties滲透壓 osmotic pressure第

10、5 章化學(xué)平衡 Chemical equilibrium化學(xué)反應(yīng)等溫式isothermal equation of chemical reaction標(biāo)準(zhǔn)平衡常數(shù)standard equilibrium constant標(biāo)準(zhǔn)平衡常數(shù)的測定與計(jì)算determination and calculate about Standard equilibrium constant各種因素對化學(xué)平衡的影響effects of some factors on chemical equilibrium平衡移動 equilibrium shifts第7章 化學(xué)反應(yīng)動力學(xué) Chemical Reaction kin

11、etics動力學(xué)的基本概念basic concepts of kineticsreactantproduct反應(yīng)速率 reaction rate反應(yīng)機(jī)理 reaction mechanism宏觀與微觀 Macro and micro轉(zhuǎn)化速率 Conversion rate基元反應(yīng) elementary reaction反應(yīng)分子數(shù) molecularity of reaction速率系數(shù) rate coefficient質(zhì)量作用定律 Law of mass action反應(yīng)級數(shù) reaction order具有簡單級數(shù)反應(yīng)的特點(diǎn)the future of simple order reactio

12、n零級反應(yīng) Zero order reaction半衰期 half-time一級反應(yīng) first order reaction二級反應(yīng) second order reaction溫度對反應(yīng)速率的影響temperature dependence of rate equation指（數(shù)）前因子 pre-exponential factor活化能 activation energy典型的復(fù)雜反應(yīng) typical complex reactions對峙反應(yīng) opposing reaction平行反應(yīng) parallel reaction連續(xù)反應(yīng) consecutive reaction鏈反應(yīng) chain

13、 reaction自由基 free radical鏈引發(fā) chain initiation鏈傳遞 chain propagation鏈終止 chain termination第 8 章電化學(xué) Electrochemistry電化學(xué)的基本概念Basic concepts of electrochemistry導(dǎo)電體(導(dǎo)體)electrical conductor原電池 galvanic cell正極positive electrode電解池 electrolytic cell負(fù)極negative electrode陰極 anode氧化oxidation陽極 cathode還原 reduction

14、Faraday 定律 Faraday s Law for Electrolysis 電遷移 electric migration離子淌度 ionic mobility遷移數(shù) transfer number電導(dǎo)及其應(yīng)用 Conductance and its Application電導(dǎo) G electric conductance電導(dǎo)率 e electric conductivity摩爾電導(dǎo)率 Am molar conductivity電導(dǎo)滴定 conductometric titration弱電解質(zhì)的解離度和解離常數(shù)dissociation constant of weak electroly

15、te難溶鹽的溶解度和溶度積solubility product for slightly soluble salt強(qiáng)電解質(zhì)溶液理論簡介The theory of strong electrolyte電解質(zhì)的化學(xué)勢chemical potential of離子平均活度 mean activity of ionselectrolyte離子平均活度因子mean activity coefficient離子平均質(zhì)量摩爾濃度mean molality of ionsof ions離子強(qiáng)度 ionic strength可逆電池和可逆電極Reversible cell and electrode國際理論和應(yīng)

16、用化學(xué)聯(lián)合會IUPAC(International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry)化學(xué)電源 electrochemical cell可逆電池?zé)崃W(xué)reversible cell thermodynamics電極電勢和電池的電動勢electrode potentials and electromotive force電動勢測定的應(yīng)用application of determination of electromotive force結(jié)構(gòu)化學(xué)第1章 量子力學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識 Foundations of quantum mechanicsBackground經(jīng)典物

17、理學(xué) Classical physics統(tǒng)計(jì)力學(xué) Statistical mechanics經(jīng)典力學(xué) Classical mechanics微觀粒子 microscopic particle 1電動力學(xué) Electrodynamics宏觀物體 macroscopic object結(jié)構(gòu)與性能關(guān)系Struture - Effect Ralation量子力學(xué) quantum mechanics1.1 微觀粒子的運(yùn)動特征 The characteristics of microscopic particles黑體車M 射 Blackbody Radiation動量 momentum能里里子化 quan

18、tization of energy波長 wavelength光電效應(yīng) Photoelectric Effect頻率 frequency學(xué)說 Photon theory波數(shù) wavenumberphoton線性動量 Linear momentum光的本質(zhì) The nature of light德布羅意關(guān)系式de Broglie relation1波粒二象性 Wave-Particle Duality電子顯微鏡Electron microscope掃描電鏡 Scanning electron microscopy , SEM幾率 probability自 由電子 free electron幾率密

19、度 probability density測不準(zhǔn)關(guān)系 uncertainty principle氫原子 hydrogen atom1.2 量子力學(xué)基本假設(shè) Quantum mechanical principles波函數(shù)wavefunction單粒子函數(shù)和多粒子函數(shù)Single particle歸一化波函數(shù) normalized -functionand multi -particles function復(fù)函數(shù) complex function實(shí)函數(shù) real function奇函數(shù) odd function偶函數(shù) even function連續(xù)函數(shù)和間斷函數(shù)Continuous and di

20、scontinuous functions單值 single-value定態(tài)stationary state連續(xù) continuous有限finite物理量 mechanical quantities算符operators線性算符 linear operator自軻算符 Hermitian operator本征方程 eigen equation本征函數(shù) eigenfunction本征值 eigenvalue薛定格方程 Schr?dinger equation能量本征方程 energy eigen equation偏微分方程 Partial differential equation常微分方程

21、ordinary differential equation歸一 Normalization止交 orthogonality泡禾 U不相容原理Pauli exclusion principles1.3 勢阱體系 Sch?dinger 方程及其解Schrodinger equation of the particles in the box一維勢阱體系 one dimensional well 零點(diǎn)能效應(yīng)zero-energy effect離域效應(yīng) delocalization effect 激發(fā)態(tài) the excited state 節(jié)點(diǎn)/節(jié)面 nodal plane 立方箱 Cubic bo

22、x 簡井態(tài) degenerate state能里里子化 quantization of energy能級與躍遷 energy and transition躍遷 transition基態(tài) the ground state立方箱 square well簡并 degeneracy 簡并度 degeneracy 峰 peak第 2 章 原子的結(jié)構(gòu)和性質(zhì) The Structure and properties of atom單電子原子的 Schr? ?dinger 方程及其解 Schrodinger equation of single electron atom and its solution!核

23、固定近似 Born-Oppenheimer approximationi 歐拉公式 Eulers formulai 原子軌道 atomic orbital, AOj 直角坐標(biāo)系 Cartesian coordinate system ?球極坐標(biāo)系 spherical polar coordinate system i!復(fù)函藪/復(fù)軌適 complex functioni實(shí)函藪/實(shí)而看real functioni 第一激發(fā)態(tài) the first excited state量子數(shù)的物理意義Quantum number and its physical meaning量子數(shù) quantum numbe

24、r物理意義 physical meaning主量子數(shù) (n) principal quantum number主量子數(shù) (n) principal quantum number角量子數(shù) (l) angular momentum quantum磁量子數(shù)(m) magnetic quantum number 角動量的方向量子化 The direction ofnumber電子自旋運(yùn)動 number電子自旋運(yùn)動 Electron spin motion(殼)層 shell自旋磁量子數(shù)(ms) spin magneticquantum angular momentum自旋量子數(shù) (s) spin qu

25、antum numbe自旋一軌道 spin-orbital自旋spinquantum number波函數(shù)和電子云的圖像The diagram of electronic cloud and wave function徑向分布圖radial distributed diagram角度分布圖 the angular distribution diagram多電子原子結(jié)構(gòu) The structures of many - electron atoms原子單位 atomic unit, a.u.中心場理論 Central field theory屏蔽效應(yīng) shielding effect鉆穿效應(yīng) pn

26、entration effect電離能 Ionization energies核夕卜電子 extranuclear electrons排布 arrangement原貝U principlePauli 不相容原理Pauli exclusion principle能量最低原理 The lowest Energy PrincipleHund 規(guī)貝U Hund s rule構(gòu)造原理 construction principle能級交錯 Energy level crossing第3章 共價(jià)鍵和雙原子的結(jié)構(gòu)化學(xué) The covalent bond and Structure& properties of

27、 diatomic molecule化學(xué)鍵概述 Introduction to the chemical bonds定義 definition多樣性定義 definition多樣性variety次級鍵 the secondary bond氫鍵 hydrogen bond類型type弱相互作用weak interaction范德華力 Van der Waals force疏水作用 hydrophobic interaction3.2 H2 +的線性變分法處理和共價(jià)鍵的本質(zhì) 3.2 H2 +的線性變分法處理和共價(jià)鍵的本質(zhì) bondH2+ hydrogen molecule ion線性變分法 lin

28、ear variational method 近似能量 approximate energyThe structure of H 2+ and the nature of covalent變分原理 variation theory近似波函數(shù) approximate wave function久期方程 secular equation試探函數(shù) trial function庫侖積分（a） Coulomb integral共價(jià)鍵的本質(zhì) the nature of covalent bond 非鍵軌道 non-bonding orbital交換積分（3） exchange integral 重疊積分（

29、S ab）overlap integral成鍵軌道 bonding orbital 反鍵軌道 anti-bonding orbital3.3 分子軌道理論和雙原子分子結(jié)構(gòu)Molecular orbital theory and the structure of diatomicmolecules簡單分子軌道理論molecular orbitaltheory, MO成鍵三原貝U three Bonding Principles異核雙原子分子 heteronuclear diatomicmolecular鍵級 bond orde原子軌道的線性組合LCAOMO linearcombination of atomic orbitals 對稱性匹配 symmetry matching 同核雙原子分子 homonuclear diatomic mole