學(xué)生用2018屆高中英語閱讀理解專題之猜測(cè)詞義

1、 2018屆高中英語閱讀理解專題之猜測(cè)詞義【命題特點(diǎn)】考查根據(jù)上下文推測(cè)生詞和短語的能力,突出考查對(duì)語境的分析和把握的能力?！境Ｒ娍挤ā?TOC o 1-5 h z The underlined word “” probably means.The word “” used in paragraph “” refers to/suggests.The phrase “” in the sentence can be replaced by .Which of the follo wing is the closest in meaning to the word “”?What is the

2、meaning of the underlined word in paragraph “”?By saying “”, we mean.What do you think of the expression “” stands for?The meaning of word “” in the passage is relate_d. to 一通過定義或解釋推測(cè)語義有些概念性生詞出現(xiàn)后，作者會(huì)給出它的定義、同位語、修飾性從句或是定語。這些修飾成分可以幫助我們推斷出生詞的語義（ 1 ） 定義句的謂語動(dòng)詞在文中多為：be, mean, deal with, be considered to be

3、, refer to, be called,be known as, define, represent, signify, constitute （指。 ） 等。（ 2）解釋則常用as you know, to be called, to mean, to refer to, that is （ to say） , in other words,namely 等詞語以及同位語和定語從句來提示下文將前面的信息加以重復(fù)或解釋。（ 3）有時(shí)作者會(huì)用復(fù)述的形式來解釋語義，而復(fù)述部分可以是詞、短語或從句。（ 4）還有下一些標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，如冒號(hào)、破折號(hào)、括號(hào)等都表示后文要繼續(xù)解釋說明前文。eg. 1. Th

4、e powerful poison was imperceptible when mixed in liquid, that is, it could not be tasted,seen, or smelled. （）The Greek marriage was monogamousmen and women were allowed only one spouse（配偶）at a time. （）Exercises:Pantomime refers to a short play in which no words are spoken. Anthropology is the scien

5、tific study of man. We will meet you in the foyer, the entrance hall of the theatre. He began to shave his whiskers, which had grown thick on both cheeks. Some computer scientists are developing artificial-intelligence machines that they say will think like people. Test 1 There is no cure for Alzhei

6、mer s. But a drug called ARICEPT has been used by millions ofpeople to help their symptoms.What is ARICEPT ？（）A medicine to cure Alzheimer sA medicine to delay signs of aging.A medicine to reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer s.A medicine to cure brain damage.Test 2 Here is The Pines, whose cook has dev

7、eloped a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou, wild boar and reindeer with surprising sauces.（ 1 ） According to the passage, The Pines is a . （）place in which you can see many mobile homesmountain where you can get a good view of the valleytown which happens to be near the Banff Nation

8、al Parkrestaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food二利用例證猜測(cè)語義某些閱讀文章為了證實(shí)或說明某一觀點(diǎn)，常會(huì)舉一些例子，而且時(shí)時(shí)會(huì)用一些標(biāo)志性語言或標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)來引出，如： 括號(hào)、 破折號(hào)、 冒號(hào)等或諸如for example, for instance, such as, andso on, just as, like, similarity 等連接詞或詞組。eg. 1. You may borrow from the library any periodicals: Nature, News Week, Time

9、s and The listener. 2. Some artists plan their paintings around geometric forms like squares, circles and triangles.Exercises:Finally the enemy surrendered. They threw down their weapons and walked out of the home with their hands over their heads. Apply an antiseptic, such as alcohol, on the skin.

10、In the corner there may be a Christmas tree with its branches decorated with shining ornaments such as colored lights and glass balls, and sometimes hung with gifts. Test The largest player Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Rental offers a wide variety of choices deluxe sedans， minivans， station wagons， co

11、aches， Santana sedans are the big favorite.56 The words “ deluxe sedans”， “ minivans” and “ station wagons” used in the text refers to .（）A. cars in the making B. car rental firms C. cars for rent D. car makers三利用反義關(guān)系或同義關(guān)系推測(cè)語義（ 1 ）利用反義關(guān)系推測(cè)語義有些生詞的后面往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)一個(gè)或幾個(gè)反義詞，或者表轉(zhuǎn)折意義的連詞，詞組等，抓住這些可以幫助我們推斷生詞語義。標(biāo)志詞有al

12、though, but, however, whereas（反之）,nevertheless（然而，不過） ， on the contrary, in contrast, on the one hand, on the other hand, for one thing, foranother, instead（ of） , rather than 等。（ 2）利用同義關(guān)系推測(cè)語義通常情況下，英語忌諱實(shí)詞重復(fù)。避免重復(fù)的方法之一是利用同義詞或近義詞代替。同義詞替換的修飾方法可以為我們推測(cè)詞義提供明顯的語境線索。標(biāo)志詞有：or, like, similarly 等。eg.1. 104 studi

13、es, involving 15,000 people is proving that optimism can help you to be happier, healthier and more successful. Pessimism leads, by contrast, to hopelessness, sickness and failure, and is linked to depression, loneliness and painful shyness. Mr. Smith loves to talk, and his wife is similarly loquaci

14、ous. Exercises:Though Tom s face has been washed quite clean, his neck remagirnusb by. Unlike the United States, where many different nationalities make up the population, Japanpopulation is quite homogeneous. Written language tends to be static, while spoken language constantly changes.He replied q

15、uickly. But after he considered the problem more carefully, he regretted having made such a hasty decision. Although people in many countries consider raw meat a delicacy ， we Chinese people seldom eat any meat that is uncooked. Test 1 The gunners like to describe what they do as character-building,

16、 but we knew that to wound an animal and watch it go through the agony of dying can make nobody happy.The underlined word “ agony” in the last paragraph probably means（）A. formB. conditionC. pain D. sadnessTest 2 The hot-air balloon took off. It was buoyant in the air as a cork （軟木塞）in water.The wor

17、d “ buoyant” in this sentence most probably means. （）A. able to be usedB. able to move from one place to anotherC. able to float or rise to the surfaceD. able to carry anything四用語境猜測(cè)語義（ 1 ） 利用 “小” 上下文推測(cè)詞義，即利用生詞附近的內(nèi)容推斷生詞詞義。如： I am a resoluteman. Once I set up a goal, I won t give up easily. （）（ 2）利用“

18、大”上下文推測(cè)詞義，即利用距離生詞較遠(yuǎn)的內(nèi)容，如整個(gè)段落、篇章等來推 斷。eg. Zip was stopped during the war and only after the war did it become popular. What a difference it has made to our lives! It keeps people at home much more. It has made the remote parts of the world more real to us. Photographs show a country, but only zip mak

19、es feel that a foreign country is real. Also we can see scenes in the street. Big occasions are zipped, such as the coronation（加冕典禮）in 1953 and the opening of Parliament. Perhaps the sufferers from zip arethe notable people, who, as they step out of an airplane, have to face the battery of zip camer

20、asand know that every movement, every gesture will be seen by a“ zip personality ” . Perhaps wsympathize when Members of Parliament say that they do not want debates to be zippedZip means （） A. cinema. B. photography. C. television. D. telephone.Exercises:When I got to the theatre, I was relieved to

21、 see that nobody was waiting inline. I was the first to get there and sure that I could get the ticket without any problem.The underlined word “ relieved ” in the passage may best be replace by .A. surprised B. pleased C. produced D. soldApple trees may not grow as tall as twelve meters. They do bes

22、t in areas that have very cold winters. Although no fruit is yielded during the winter, this cold period is good for the tree.The underlined word “ yielded ” in the last sentence means.A. improved B. increased C. produced D. soldTest These days a green building means more than just the color of the

23、paint. Green building can also refer to environmentally friendly houses, factories, and offices. Green building means, “ reducingt he impact of the building on the land ” T,a ryn Holowka of the U.S. Green buildingcouncil in Washington, D.C. said.In the second paragraph, the underlined phrase “ the b

24、uilding ” most probably refers to _.A. an ordinary buildingB. an energy-saving buildingC. a green-colored buildingD. a building in Washington, D.C.五利用構(gòu)詞法猜測(cè)語義掌握前后綴規(guī)律，如 un-, im-, in-, dis-, il- 等前綴與-less等后綴可構(gòu)成反義詞；后綴-ful,-ly, -ism, -ness等可改換詞性。而合成詞要在正確理解兩詞的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合上下文把握兩詞 之間的關(guān)系，猜測(cè)詞義；而對(duì)詞義的轉(zhuǎn)化，也要求結(jié)合上下文來猜測(cè)。e

25、g. 1. Car rentals are becoming more and more popular as an inexpensive way of taking to the road （）“ Even when a man is said to be a best friend,” Rubin writes “ the two share little aboutinnermost feelings Impressionism （） is a form of art which began in the 1870s. When you lookclosely at an impres

26、sionist （） painting, you see little dots of different colored paints.When you move away from the picture, the dots of colors blends and the painting look like it has light playing on the people and objects in the picture. Test Without examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly r

27、espected schools and from families known to them? A form of favoritism will replace equality.The word “ favoritism ” in paragraph 3 is used to describe the phenomenon that.bright children also need certification to get satisfying jobschildren from well-respected schools tend to have good jobspoor ch

28、ildren with certification are favored in job marketschildren attending ordinary schools achieve great success.六因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義常見的因果信號(hào)詞有：as a result, for, thus, because, for this reason, so, since, consequently,so that, so/such, that 等。eg. She wanted the hairdresser（發(fā)型師）to trim her hair a bit because it was

29、 to long. （）Exercises:The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow. _He didn t hear my knocking at the door because he was compleetenlyg rossed in TV.It rained, so the football match was postponed. The young man was so bashful that he didn t speak to the pre

30、tty girl. 七 . 利用文化背景、生活常識(shí)猜測(cè)詞義運(yùn)用邏輯推理能力，結(jié)合社會(huì)文化背景和自身的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)及生活常識(shí)，再根據(jù)上下文推測(cè)。eg. 1. Birds fly with their wings, and they pick up their foods and then eat them with their beaksand they use their claws （） for tearing（） , seizing（） , pulling or holding objects.2. Most of the roses are beginning to wither （） be

31、cause of the cold weather.Exercises:The driver tried to avert the accident by bringing the car to a sudden stop. _If a man feels very cold, he always huddles himself up. What could John expect? He had left his wet swimming trunks （游泳褲）in the dark closetfor over a week. Of course they had begun to mi

32、ldew. A fish breathes in water with gills. Test 1 Mark got on the motorbike, I sat behind him on the pillion, and we roared off into the night.（ 1 ） The word “ pillion ” in this sentence probably means .A. an object used for sleepingB. a bay on which on can restC. a seat for second person on a motor

33、cycleD. a place for sittingTest 2 One of Britain s bravest woman told yesterday how she helped to catch suspected（嫌 疑的） police Killer David Bieber and was thanked with flowers by the police. It was also said she could be in line for a share of up to 30,000 reward money.The underlined phrase “ be in

34、line for ” in paragraph 1 means .A. get B. be paid C. ask for D. own八熟詞生義猜測(cè)熟詞的陌生意義通常有三種情況：（ 1 ）該熟詞在新的具體語境中有了和原來考生所熟悉的意義不同的意思；如： fire vt. 解雇 fine vt. 罰款fall n. 秋天stand vt. 忍受（ 2）考查一些代詞的指代現(xiàn)象；（ 3）新詞在新的語境中變換了詞性。eg. 1.The major market force results in （在于）the growing population of white-collar （衣領(lǐng)） TOC o

35、 1-5 h z employees, who can afford the new service. （）When men and women lived by hunting 50,000 years ago, how could they even begin to picture modern life? （）Many people work to keep animals from being killed. Some people help animals as part of their job, others do it just because they like anima

36、ls.In this paragraph, the word“ their ” refers to .A. some people B. some animals C. many people D. many animals思考：延伸到完形填空Things were very bad that particular winter. Then a letter came from where her sewing machine was brought, announcing that they would have to pick up her machine the next day unl

37、ess payments were brought up to date. I remember that when she read the letter I became frightened. I could _41_ us starving （饑餓）to death and all sorts of things that could come tochild s mind.41. A. suppose B. picture C. stand D. regret （）九實(shí)戰(zhàn)訓(xùn)練1、 As you move around your home, take a good look at th

38、e things you have. It is likely that your living room will have a television set and a video, and your kitchen a washing machine and a microwave oven. Your bedroom drawers will be filled with almost three times as many clothes as you need. You almost certainly own a car and possibly a home computer,

39、 holiday abroad at least once a year and eat out at least once a week.Now, perhaps, more than ever before, people are wondering what life is all about, and what it is for. Seeking material success is beginning to trouble large numbers of people around the world. They feel that the long-hours work cu

40、lture to make more money to buy more things is eating up their lives, leaving them very little time or energy for family or pastimes. Many are turning to other ways of living and downshifting is one of them.Six percent of workers in Britain took the decision to downshift last year. One couple who do

41、wnshifted is Daniel and Liz. They used to work in central London. He was a newspaper reporter and she used to work for an international bank. They would go to work by train every day from their large house in the suburbs, leaving their two children with a nanny (保姆). Most eveningsDaniel wouldn t get

42、 home until eight or nine o clock, and nearly twice a month he would have to fly to New York for meetings. They both earned a large amount of money but began to feel that life was passing them by.Nowadays, they run a farm in the mountains of Wales. “ Ia lways wanted to have a farmhere, ” says Dani“e

43、l, and we took almost a year to make the decision to downshift. It s taken sogetting used to, but it s been worth it. We have to think twice now about spending money on carrepairs and we no longer have any holidays. However, I think itr as ma afadme iulys, stronge TOC o 1-5 h z and the children are

44、a lot happier.”Liz, however, is not quite sure.“ I used to enjoy my job, even though it was hard work andlong hours. I m not really a country girl, but I suppose I m gradually getting used to looking aftethe animals. One thing I do like, though, is being able to see more of my children. My advice fo

45、r other people wanting to do the same is not to think about it too much or you might not do it at all.”What does the underlined “ it” in the last paragraph refer to? ()A Child-caring.B Liz s advice.C DownshiftingD Liz s job.The underlined word “ downshifting ” in the second paragraph means. ()A repa

46、iring your car by yourselfspending money carefullyC moving out to the countryside to live a simpler and better lifeD living in a big house in the suburbs and dining out once a week2017 年廈門十中期中檢測(cè)Certain schools have chosen to re-evaluate their dress rules, with input from parents and students. Even W

47、oodford County High School home of t he “ collarbone ” i sb arenco nsidering its policies this month. But, at least for now, the dress rule debate is far from over.The underlined sentence in the last paragraph indicates that .the debate between parents and students will never be overfew school will

48、take measures to change their policythe problem of “ clothes distractions ” will lastthe argument on what to wear and how to dress will continue2013?東北三省三校第二次聯(lián)考，C 篇Dr. Drysdale explained that the feet issues become a particular problem among youngteenage girls, whose bones are “ plastic”and developi

49、ng when they are growing. “ If thatstructure is developing in an inappropriate way ， ” he said， “ then the ultimate structure will be deformed . ”The underlined worddeformed ”st iisn cmlA shaped B StrengthenedC reformedning to .D damaged北京十中2018 屆高三英語檢測(cè)卷Before birth, babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices. They can even distinguish their mother s voice from that of a female stranger. But when it comes to embryonic lear