溝通分析理論

1、Transactional analysis theory201210096王慧 社會工作Transactional analysis can serve as a sophisticated, elegant and effective system on which to base the practical activities of professionals in psychotherapy, counseling, education and organizational consultation.According to the International Transaction

2、al Analysis Association, TA is a theory of personality and a systematic psychotherapy for personal growth and personal change.As a theory of personality, TA describes how people are structured psychologically. It uses what is perhaps its best known model, the ego-state (Parent-Adult-Child) model, to

3、 do this. The same model helps explain how people function and express their personality in their behavior,As Berne set his Psychology up, there are four life positions that a person can hold and holding a particular psychological position has profound implications for how an individual operationali

4、zes his or her life. The positions are stated as:Im OK and you are OK. This is the healthiest position about life and it means that I feel good about myself and that I feel good about others and their competence.Im OK and you are not OK. In this position I feel good about myself but I see others as

5、damaged or less than and it is usually not healthy,Im not OK and you are OK. In this position the person sees him/herself as the weak partner in relationships as the others in life are definitely better than the self. The person who holds this position will unconsciously accept abuse as OK.Im not OK

6、 and you are not OK. This is the worst position to be in as it means the I believe that I am in a terrible state and the rest of the world is as bad. Consequently there is no hope for any ultimate supports.It is a theory of communication that can be extended to the analysis of systems and organisati

7、ons.It offers a theory for child development by explaining how our adult patterns of life originated in childhood. This explanation is based on the idea of a Life (or Childhood) Script: the assumption that we continue to re-play childhood strategies, even when this results in pain or defeat. Thus it

8、 claims to offer a theory of psychopathology.In practical application, it can be used in the diagnosis and treatment of many types of psychological disorders and provides a method of therapy for individuals, couples, families and groups.Ego StatesEach of our personalities is made up of various parts

9、: the Parent, the Adult, and the Child ego states. The Parent ego state is a set of thoughts,feelings, and behaviors that are learned or “borrowed” from our parents or other caretakers.The Parent ego state can be divided into two functions. One part includes the nurturing side and can be soft, lovin

10、g, and permission giving. This is called the Nurturing Parent ego state. It can also set limits in a healthy way.The other side of the Parentego state is called the Critical Parent. (It is also sometimes calledthe Prejudiced Parent.) This part of our personality contains the prejudged thoughts, feel

11、ings, and beliefs that we learned from our parents. Some of the messages that we hold in our Parent ego state can be helpful in living while other Parent messages are not. It is useful or us to sort out what information we carry around in our heads so we can keep the part that helps us in our lives

12、and change the part that does not.The Adult ego state is our dataprocessing center. It is the part of our personality that can process data accurately, that sees, hears, thinks, and can come up with solutions to problems based on the facts and not solely on our pre-judged thoughts or childlike emoti

13、ons.The Child ego state is the part of our personality that is the seat of emotions, thoughts, andfeelings and all of the feeling state “memories” that we have of ourselves from childhood. We carry around in our Child ego states all of the experiences we have had, and sometimes these childlike ways

14、of being pop up in our grown-up lives. This can be fun when we are in a situation in which it is safe and right to play and enjoy ourselves. It can be a problem when our Child view of the world causes us to distort the facts in a current situation and prevents our Adult ego state from seeing things

15、accurately.The Child ego state can also be divided into two parts: the Free Child ego state (also referred to as the Natural Child) and the Adapted Child ego state (which also contains the Rebellious Child ego state).The Free Child is the seat of spontaneousfeeling and behavior. It is the side of us

16、 that experiences the world in a direct and immediate way. Our Free Child ego state can be playful,authentic, expressive, and emotional. It, along with the Adult, is the seat of creativity. Having good contact with our own Free Child is an essential ingredient for having an intimate relationship. Wh

17、en we adapt in ways that make us less in touch with our true selves (our Free Child), we decrease the amount of intimacy we are able to have in our lives.The Adapted Child is the part of our personality that has learned to comply with the parental messages we received growing up. We all adapt in one

18、 way or another. Sometimes when we are faced with parental messages that are restricting, instead of complying with them, we rebel against them. This becomes our Rebellious Child ego state. This can be seen as an alternative to complying. It is still, however, a response to the parent messages, and

19、so it is a kind of adaptation all its own.TransactionsAnother important transactional analysis concept is that of transactions. Transactions are about how people interact with each other, specifically, which ego state in me is talking to which ego state in you. You may have noticed that sometimes co

20、mmunication continues in a straightforward, easy way that seems to go smoothly. But at other times, things seem to get all jumbled up, confusing, unclear, and unsatisfying. An understanding of transactions can help you keep your communication with others as clear as you would like it to be.StrokesEr

21、ic Berne defined a stroke as a “unit of human recognition”. A stroke can be a look, a nod, a smile, a spoken word, a touch. Any time one human being does something to recognize another human being, that is a stroke. Babies need strokes to survive.Strokes can be positive or negative. Most of us like

22、positive strokes better than negative ones. 11 feels better to hear “I love you” than tohear “I hate you.” But when children are not able to get positive strokes, they will make their best effort to get the negative ones, since negative strokes are better than no strokes at all. This is the reason t

23、hat some people grow up being more comfortable with negative stroking patterns. The kind of stroking patterns we develop tend to support our basic, existential life position, a stance in life that reflects how we feel about ourselves in relation to others.Life Scripts and Early DecisionsA life scrip

24、t is an unconscious life plan based on decisions made in early childhood about ourselves, others, and our lives. These decisions made sense when we were young and often helped us adapt in the world of our childhood. They do not always make sense when we are adults, but until we discover what our ear

25、ly decisions were, we often repeat the patterns that prove those early decisions to be true.The early decision (or sets of early decisions) is the most important part of our life script. We received certain messages (both directly and indirectly) from our parents and other caretakers about how we sh

26、ould be to obtain strokes from them. As we get older we receive even more messages from a wider circle of people who are important in our lives, including grandparents, siblings, and teachers. It is what we do with these messages that is so important. We make decisions about ourselves and our lives

27、that allow us to adapt as best we can to the particular situation in which we find ourselves.Existential PositionsBased on the messages received and the decisionsmade, a young child develops a basic life position. We call these “existential positions” because they influence how we view our own and o

28、thers existence. There are four basic life positions. These are:Im OK, Youre OKIm OK, Youre Not OKIm Not OK, Youre OKIm Not OK, Youre Not OKMost babies are born in the position of feeling OK about themselves and OK about others.If things go well they will be able to maintain that position throughout

29、 their life. This helps form the basis for a healthy life script.If a child is treated badly or abused, this may result in his or her feeling helpless, powerless, and angry, and he or she may move into a position of believing “Im OK, Youre Not OK.” Such an individual may build a life on this angry p

30、osition and continually prove to himself or herself that others are not OK. This position involves a lack of trust in others and makes it difficult for the person to form and maintain intimate friendships or relationships.If a child is not well cared for and receives script messages that decrease hi

31、s or her sense of self-worth, that child might move into the position of feeling like he or she is not OK while others are OK. This position also leaves the person with difficulty feeling good about himself or herself both in the work arena and in forming trusting and lasting relationships. When thi

32、ngs really go wrong during childhood,Many of the core TA models and concepts can be categorised intoStructural analysis - analysis of the individual psycheTransactional analysis proper - analysis of interpersonal transactions based on structural analysis of the individuals involved in the transactio

33、nGame analysis - repeating sequences of transactions that lead to a predetermined outcome subconsciously agreed to by the parties involved in the gameScript analysis - a lifeplan that may involve long term involvement in particular games in order to reach the life pay-off of the individual.Outside t

34、he therapeutic field, it has been used in education to help teachers remain in clear communication at an appropriate level, in counselling and consultancy, in management and communications training and by other bodies.The principal contribution that transactional analysis can make for behavioral pro

35、fessionals is to knit together under one comprehensive system a theoretical and practical framework that can help psychologists, counselors, educators and consultants to coordinate and extend their knowledge in an information based, systematic and elegant manner.Understanding transactional analysis

36、canhelp you understand yourself better. It can alsohelp you see more clearly how you interact withothers. One of the things that sets transacttionalanalysis therapy apart from some othertherapies is the belief that we are each responsiblefor our own future, regardless of whathappened to us in the pa

37、st.If you see things in yourself that you do notlike or that do not serve you well, transactionalanalysis provides some tools to help youchange. You can begin to change by deciding,for example, what kind of Parent ego state youwould like to have and then practice using anddeveloping that part of you

38、rself. You can decidewhat ego state you would like to use moreof and which one you might want to use less of.Would you like to use your Adult ego statemore often? Or perhaps you use your Adult almost all the time and would like to practice usingyour playful Child ego state. You can practice giving c

39、ertain kinds of strokes and askingfor the kind of strokes you want to receive. By paying attention to different kinds of transacttions,you can exert some control in conversations to make sure that communication proceedsin an honest, uncomplicated, straightforwardway.Many people use transactional ana

40、lysis in therapy because they want help in changing patterns in their lives that feel bad or are not productive. These are usually script patterns based on early decisions made during childhood. A therapist who uses transactional analysis can help you discover elements of your lifes cript and can he

41、lp you change your patterns. Those early decisions that you made when you were young made a lot of sense at the time, but hey may not really make sense at all anymore.You can change them now and make choices that allow you to live the life you want to live. That is what transactional analysis is all

42、 about.一、概況溝通分析理論(Transactional Analysis, TA)是20世紀(jì)60年代美國心理 學(xué)家埃里克伯恩(Eric Berne)創(chuàng)立的一種人格理論。他的主要著作包括：寫 于 1961 年的心理治療中的TA (Transaction Analysis Psychotherapy)和寫 于1964年人們玩的游戲(Games People Play)。這兩本書奠定7TA理論的基 礎(chǔ)。特別是人們玩的游戲一書出版后大受歡迎、極為暢銷，使得A理論聞名 于世。與其相關(guān)的社工理論分別為認知理論、遭遇、格式塔理論和再決定。溝 通分析理論主要是一種心理治療方法，作為一種了解并改變?nèi)穗H關(guān)

43、系的技術(shù)，它 與社會工作實務(wù)的正和水平還處于初始和認可的階段。目前，社會工作文獻關(guān)于 溝通分析理論的文獻數(shù)量還非常少，而且大多是關(guān)于心理治療方面的資料。二、理論的特質(zhì)溝通分析理論治療過程的本質(zhì)是讓案主對他們的命運和生活腳本承擔(dān)起責(zé) 任，認為每個人都有能力過上健康有活力的生活。用于治療的專業(yè)詞匯有：我很 好你也很好，積極的肯定，生活腳本，關(guān)系、治療。我很好你也很好是一種最健康的生活定位，這意味著我對自己感覺很很好， 同時我對他人和其他情況感覺也非常好，它表現(xiàn)了有益的自我接受和對他人的尊 重，最可能導(dǎo)致建設(shè)性的溝通，有益的沖突和彼此滿意的正視結(jié)果。肯定(Stroking)的定義為對另一個人表示認可

44、的任何行為。它適用于各種類 型的認可，例如人們之間身體上的、語言的和非語言的接觸。多數(shù)工作中，表示 肯定的主要方法是語言的?？隙梢允钦娴?、負面的或是正負面混合的。當(dāng)正 面的肯定(Positive strokes)被接受時，感覺很不錯，有助于接受者產(chǎn)生良好的 感覺。負面的肯定(Negative strokes)將產(chǎn)生身體上或感情上的傷害，使接受者 降低對她或他自己的良好感覺。生活腳本的定義是“潛意識里的人生計劃”，它的形成和早期價值觀的認定 及童年的心理地位有關(guān)，發(fā)自于“兒童”自我狀態(tài)，透過兒童與父母的“互動溝 通”編寫而成的。角本的形成最初是在嬰兒時期，由父母傳達的非語言訊息而產(chǎn) 生。在治

45、療過程中治療師的作用是協(xié)助案主對自己的生活腳本承擔(dān)起責(zé)任，溝通 分析的治療關(guān)系是一種平等的關(guān)系，治療者和案主共同達成目標(biāo)，治療者只能是 催化者和見證人，案主才是真正的行動者。治療者要幫助當(dāng)事人做出更適合“現(xiàn) 在”的決定，以對抗繼續(xù)生活在兒童時期的舊決定，并發(fā)掘自己內(nèi)心的改變力量;“允許”當(dāng)事人去發(fā)掘他們自己的力量。溝通分析中人際關(guān)系的實質(zhì)是治療者和 當(dāng)事人建立信任關(guān)系，治療者會同理、接納當(dāng)事人的困擾，培養(yǎng)其信任感。由此可以看出，溝通分析理論的特質(zhì)是相信案主自身有能力來選擇自己的生 活腳本，認為每個人都可以多上健康的生活方式，治療的過程就是治療者協(xié)助案 主來重新決定，幫助當(dāng)事人了解自己的生活腳本

46、與澄清他的自我狀態(tài)，并使之明 白自己是有能力可以改變目前的生活狀態(tài)，重新體驗選擇與創(chuàng)造的自由，進而為 自己建立全新且具生產(chǎn)力的生活態(tài)度及腳本。治療師在治療過程中不是起主導(dǎo)作 用，而是協(xié)助案主重新決定，兩者是平等的關(guān)系。三、價值基礎(chǔ)溝通分析理論的基本人性觀認為人先是好的，然后是壞的，最后是中立的。 人際關(guān)系的取向：個人、團體和家庭。時間取向是現(xiàn)在、過去和將來。溝通分析 理論首先是讓案主檢視自己目標(biāo)的生活狀態(tài)，然后把焦點放在幼年所做的決定， 并強調(diào)我們有重新做決定的能力，最終目的是在未來建立一個更健康更有活力的 生活腳本。溝通分析中人與自然的關(guān)系是一種和諧的關(guān)系。四、對人的理解溝通分析理論治療中理

47、性多于感性，溝通分析強調(diào)用人的理性來重新做決 定，用“成人”的方式來進行溝通。所以，整體而言，溝通分析在設(shè)計上是為了 獲得情緒與心智上的洞察，但是由于重點明顯地放在理性的層面，所以治療者大 部份會去注意訓(xùn)諭和認知課題，而較易忽略了當(dāng)事人情緒方面的課題。溝通分析 理論認為成熟的內(nèi)涵就在于過上充實和有生產(chǎn)力的生活，其治療的目的也在于 此。其人格變化的定義是改善人與人之間以及與社會的交流。五、治療溝通分析治療的主要目標(biāo)是使案主能夠積極解決問題，人生來都是好的都處 于一種健康的狀態(tài)，即是將一個人的生活型態(tài)加以改變，使個體學(xué)會“編寫自己 的腳本”而不要被牽著鼻子走。溝通分析的治療過程比較短，其預(yù)估方法是

48、識別 消極的生活腳本，診斷方法是確定消極的生活腳本。其治療的主要焦點在于行為、 感覺、模式、角色和價值。治療中變化的主要促動因素為案主、關(guān)系和技巧。運 用的主要技術(shù)有挑戰(zhàn)、洞察和角色扮演。六、治療師治療師的自我覺醒在治療過程中非常重要，治療師需要具備文化方面、人的 發(fā)展以及性格發(fā)展等所必需的知識基礎(chǔ)，和訪談以及建立關(guān)系的技巧，研究生畢 業(yè)的學(xué)歷。督導(dǎo)在治療關(guān)系中具有必不可少的作用。在溝通分析治療法中，并不 會強調(diào)專家與病人的角色，大部分的溝通分析使用者都強調(diào)“平等關(guān)系”的重要 性。治療者會幫助當(dāng)事人去發(fā)現(xiàn)過去不利的條件；而在這些條件下，使當(dāng)事人作 了一些決定而發(fā)展出與人相處的策略。而這些策略當(dāng)

49、事人也許希望去重新思考。 治療者的一項功能是鼓勵和教導(dǎo)當(dāng)事人去依賴自己的“成人”，而非治療者的“成 人”。也就是幫助當(dāng)事人做出更適合“現(xiàn)在”的決定，以對抗繼續(xù)生活在兒童時 期的舊決定，并發(fā)掘自己內(nèi)心的改變力量；“允許”當(dāng)事人去發(fā)掘他們自己的力 量。治療者的另一項功能即是運用他的專業(yè)知識，將與當(dāng)事人所定的契約加以清 晰化、明確化。七、應(yīng)用溝通分析理論具有高度的適用性，屬于微觀理論，其對個人的治療最具效果， 其次是兩人、團體和家庭，最后是社區(qū)。因為溝通分析理論主要針對的是個人人 際關(guān)系和溝通的改變，所以對個人治療效果最佳，當(dāng)案主規(guī)模擴大時，則給治療 帶來一定的難度。因為溝通分析理論是微觀型理論，所

50、以其所針對的問題也主要 是個人、人與人之間以及家庭之間的關(guān)系。溝通分析理論特定的服務(wù)人群目標(biāo)有 功能性良好的人，有共同興趣愛好的團體，發(fā)展性問題和角色性問題。其已知的 風(fēng)險是能讓人產(chǎn)生妄想，因為治療主要是讓案主意識到自己有能力來改變現(xiàn)實的 消極的生活腳本從而過上健康的有生產(chǎn)力的生活方式，所以可能會使案主過于相 信自己的能力，認為自己只需要再決定就可以拋棄過去不良的生活，繼而產(chǎn)生一 些不切實際的妄想。至于治療的局限則很少研究顯示溝通分析治療具有局限性。八、評價（一）貢獻1、溝通分析發(fā)展出來的“契約方法”其實是一項很大的貢獻，而此種訂定契約 的方法，事實上在任何諮商中都可以加入這個要素。2、溝通分

51、析的“游系分析”亦是一項偉大的貢獻，因為游戲是我們每個人都在 使用的，溝通分析教導(dǎo)當(dāng)事人更能覺察游戲結(jié)構(gòu)，使自己不再陷入心理游戲中而 不自覺，不再玩弄游戲行為。3、溝通分析在治療歷程中會激勵當(dāng)事人更清礎(chǔ)地覺察自己早年的決定，從而改 變不適合“現(xiàn)在”生活情境的早年決定，使其更能自在地生活著。4、另一個優(yōu)點即是溝通分析“開放的特性”，許多溝通分析實務(wù)者從其他理論 方法引進一些技術(shù)，這些實務(wù)工作者視溝通分析為一種人格理論，為治療工作 提供一種新的視野。在這個理論架構(gòu)里，他們可以自由的借用其他治療法中的處 理技術(shù)。（二）缺點1、溝通分析過于強調(diào)“結(jié)構(gòu)問題”，很容易仍然以一種把自己指治療者）置身 于事外的態(tài)度，來看待當(dāng)事人的價值觀、感覺及一些反應(yīng)。2、溝通分析的一項缺點是它僅止于心智上的經(jīng)驗。只強調(diào)當(dāng)事人可以在心智上 了解所有的事情，但卻無法感受和體驗他們自己的各個面。因此，溝通分析被 批評為“貶低情感因素的”。3、溝通分析最受指摘的一點是：溝通分析的觀念及程序不能加以客觀化驗證， 因而頗缺乏科學(xué)效度。九、案例分析（一）案例的具體描述：在企業(yè)里，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)這樣一種情況，管理者往往會對員