科技論文寫作市公開課獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

1、第四章 背景材料與文獻(xiàn)回顧 導(dǎo)論部分之一第1頁(yè)第1頁(yè)導(dǎo)論有兩個(gè)主要功效，即闡述研究動(dòng)機(jī)和闡明研究目的。導(dǎo)論往往被認(rèn)為是論文最難寫部分之一。由于，必須在較少篇幅內(nèi)提及諸多研究信息，必須采用適當(dāng)?shù)刈珜戅k法和組織形式來敘述論文主題。不要直接重復(fù)摘要中內(nèi)容，更不要直接抄錄摘要中句子。第四章 背景材料與文獻(xiàn)回顧 導(dǎo)論之一第2頁(yè)第2頁(yè)第四章 背景材料與文獻(xiàn)回顧4.1 基本內(nèi)容及組織形式 普通，好導(dǎo)論應(yīng)清楚地闡明下列四個(gè)項(xiàng)目：主要研究工作研究工作目的進(jìn)行研究動(dòng)機(jī)或背景本研究工作在相關(guān)領(lǐng)域中地位 第3頁(yè)第3頁(yè)第四章 背景材料與文獻(xiàn)回顧4.1 基本內(nèi)容及組織形式 導(dǎo)論至少包括下列四個(gè)基本環(huán)節(jié)：環(huán)節(jié)一，背景資料。

2、簡(jiǎn)介相關(guān)研究領(lǐng)域信息，并針對(duì)研究論文將要探討問題或現(xiàn)象提供背景知識(shí)。環(huán)節(jié)二，文獻(xiàn)回顧。簡(jiǎn)介并評(píng)論其它學(xué)者對(duì)該問題或現(xiàn)象曾經(jīng)發(fā)表相關(guān)研究。環(huán)節(jié)三，指出問題。作者指出仍然有某個(gè)問題或現(xiàn)象值得進(jìn)一步研究。環(huán)節(jié)四，簡(jiǎn)介作者研究目的或研究活動(dòng)。第4頁(yè)第4頁(yè)第四章 背景材料與文獻(xiàn)回顧4.1 基本內(nèi)容及組織形式 幾乎每一篇科技研究論文導(dǎo)論中都會(huì)包括上述四個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。而環(huán)節(jié)五、六可有可無。環(huán)節(jié)五，指出本研究工作理論價(jià)值或應(yīng)用價(jià)值。環(huán)節(jié)六，闡明本研究論文組織結(jié)構(gòu)，以便讀者對(duì)作者簡(jiǎn)介研究結(jié)果方式有大體理解。第5頁(yè)第5頁(yè)4.2 背景資料（環(huán)節(jié)一）4.2.1 背景資料簡(jiǎn)介商定俗成辦法，即先指出和論文內(nèi)容所屬研究領(lǐng)域相關(guān)普

3、通事實(shí)；接著轉(zhuǎn)到此較大研究領(lǐng)域中其中一個(gè)次研究領(lǐng)域；最后應(yīng)當(dāng)把焦點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)到該次領(lǐng)域中更狹窄主題。因此，從簡(jiǎn)介背景資料句子內(nèi)容來看，通常先有一兩個(gè)范圍比較廣句子，然后句子內(nèi)容范圍逐步縮小，最后一兩句范圍應(yīng)當(dāng)相稱狹窄。第6頁(yè)第6頁(yè)4.2 背景資料（環(huán)節(jié)一）4.2.1 背景資料簡(jiǎn)介 例4-1 The separation of mixtures of alkanes is an important activity in the petroleum and petrochemical industries. For example, the products from a catalytic isome

4、rization reactor consist of a mixture of linear, mono-methyl and di-methyl alkanes. Of these, the di-branched molecules are the most desired ingredients in petrol because they have the highest octane number. It is therefore required to separate the di-methyl alkanes and recycle the linear and mono-m

5、ethyl alkanes back to the isomerizatio reactor. In the detergent industry, the linear alkanes are the desired components and need to be separated from the alkanes mixture.第7頁(yè)第7頁(yè)4.2 背景資料（環(huán)節(jié)一）4.2.1 背景資料簡(jiǎn)介 例4-1 The separation of mixtures of alkanes is an important activity in the petroleum and petroche

6、mical industries. For example, the products from a catalytic isomerization reactor consist of a mixture of linear, mono-methyl and di-methyl alkanes. Of these, the di-branched molecules are the most desired ingredients in petrol because they have the highest octane number. It is therefore required t

7、o separate the di-methyl alkanes and recycle the linear and mono-methyl alkanes back to the isomerizatio reactor. In the detergent industry, the linear alkanes are the desired components and need to be separated from the alkanes mixture.第8頁(yè)第8頁(yè)4.2 背景資料（環(huán)節(jié)一）4.2.1 背景資料簡(jiǎn)介 例4-1 The separation of mixtures

8、 of alkanes is an important activity in the petroleum and petrochemical industries. For example, the products from a catalytic isomerization reactor consist of a mixture of linear, mono-methyl and di-methyl alkanes. Of these, the di-branched molecules are the most desired ingredients in petrol becau

9、se they have the highest octane number. It is therefore required to separate the di-methyl alkanes and recycle the linear and mono-methyl alkanes back to the isomerizatio reactor. In the detergent industry, the linear alkanes are the desired components and need to be separated from the alkanes mixtu

10、re.第9頁(yè)第9頁(yè)4.2 背景資料（環(huán)節(jié)一）4.2.1 背景資料簡(jiǎn)介 Selective sorption on zeolites is often used for separation of alkanes mixtures 1-7. The choice of the zeolite depends on the specific separation task in hand. For example, small-pore zeolite A are used for separation of linear alkanes using the molecular sieving p

11、rinciple; the branched molecules cannot enter the zeolite structure. Both linear and branched molecules are allowed inside the medium-pore MFI matrix and the sorption hierarchy in MFI will be dictated both by the alkanes chain length and degree of branching.第10頁(yè)第10頁(yè)4.2 背景資料（環(huán)節(jié)一）4.2.1 背景資料簡(jiǎn)介假如背景資料內(nèi)容都

12、是該領(lǐng)域普通學(xué)者都認(rèn)可或熟知普遍事實(shí)，也可不引述參考文獻(xiàn)。撰寫導(dǎo)論背景資料，必須考慮研究論文讀者對(duì)象，以擬定背景資料范圍。第11頁(yè)第11頁(yè)4.2 背景資料（環(huán)節(jié)一）4.2.2 時(shí)態(tài)與“先舊后新”原則 背景資料中句子通常敘述相關(guān)現(xiàn)象或某個(gè)研究領(lǐng)域普遍事實(shí)，這些普遍事實(shí)不受時(shí)間影響，因此句子中主要?jiǎng)釉~應(yīng)當(dāng)使用普通現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。Delaminations (開膠,分層) in composite material result typically from impact (碰撞,撞擊) damage or manufacturing imperfections.Muscle pain in the sh

13、ouder/neck area and the upper extremities (上肢) is common among computer workers, especially women.第12頁(yè)第12頁(yè)4.2 背景資料（環(huán)節(jié)一）4.2.2 時(shí)態(tài)與“先舊后新”原則 然而，若在背景資料中指出作者專業(yè)領(lǐng)域里最近發(fā)生某種趨勢(shì)，或最近發(fā)生某個(gè)事件，則使用現(xiàn)在完畢時(shí)態(tài)。The study of scattering of elastic waves by subsurface defects has been the focus of interest of many recent studie

14、s due to its relevance to problems in nondestructive evaluation and material characterization. Various approaches such as modular (模塊) technique 10 and object oriented programming (OOP) 11-13 have been employed as programming tools.（程序設(shè)計(jì)工具）第13頁(yè)第13頁(yè)4.2 背景資料（環(huán)節(jié)一）4.2.2 時(shí)態(tài)與“先舊后新”原則 “先舊后新”原則是指在解釋較廣泛研究領(lǐng)域與

15、作者自己詳細(xì)研究題目之間關(guān)系時(shí)，作者應(yīng)當(dāng)在每一個(gè)句子中先重復(fù)一項(xiàng)“舊”信息，然后才提到“新”信息。采用“先舊后新”原則，目的在于使讀者清楚地理解每項(xiàng)新信息與整個(gè)研究背景之間關(guān)系。注意下例中紅字表示名詞、代詞或名詞短語(yǔ)。第14頁(yè)第14頁(yè)4.2 背景資料（環(huán)節(jié)一）4.2.2 時(shí)態(tài)與“先舊后新”原則 例4-2 Delaminations in composite materials result typically from impact damage or manufacturing imperfections. In general, they cause a considerable redu

16、ction in compressive strength and therefore reduce the performance advantage of composite materials1. One mechanism of compressive strength reduction in delaminated composites is buckling out of plane of the groups of plies above and below the delamination. This buckling subjects the remaining unbuc

17、kled plies to asymmetric loading, resulting in a reduced failure load for the laminate.第15頁(yè)第15頁(yè)4.3 文獻(xiàn)回顧（環(huán)節(jié)二）4.3.1 文獻(xiàn)回顧簡(jiǎn)介 4.3.1.1 文獻(xiàn)回顧常見問題論文中缺乏對(duì)相關(guān)研究引述，因而無法清楚地表示作者研究動(dòng)機(jī)及主要性。只需引述適當(dāng)參考文獻(xiàn)以便指出作者自己研究工作意義、動(dòng)機(jī)及目的，并闡明該研究能提供一些新資料或處理某個(gè)需要處理問題，而不是證實(shí)作者見聞廣博。第16頁(yè)第16頁(yè)4.3 文獻(xiàn)回顧（環(huán)節(jié)二）4.3.1 文獻(xiàn)回顧簡(jiǎn)介 4.3.1.2 文獻(xiàn)回顧長(zhǎng)度在專業(yè)期刊上發(fā)表論文中，文

18、獻(xiàn)回顧有時(shí)只包括幾種句子，但通常是有一兩個(gè)段落。假如是最近才提出非常專業(yè)試驗(yàn)手段或數(shù)學(xué)問題，則只需引用一兩篇參考文獻(xiàn)即可。假如是其它學(xué)者曾經(jīng)致力研究問題，則也許要引述許多參考資料并進(jìn)行評(píng)論。第17頁(yè)第17頁(yè)4.3 文獻(xiàn)回顧（環(huán)節(jié)二）4.3.1 文獻(xiàn)回顧簡(jiǎn)介 4.3.1.3 文件回顧組織形式 大致有三種類型：依照參考文件主題與作者研究論文關(guān)系密切程度排列資料；依照時(shí)間次序排列參考文件；依照所要討論參考資料不同類別排列參考文件。第18頁(yè)第18頁(yè)4.3.1.3 文獻(xiàn)回顧組織形式一、與作者研究論文關(guān)系密切程度 例4-3 In the literature there are many papers p

19、roposing various methods for identifying similar code fragments and/or components in a software system (2,5,11 and 17,18,21,22). However, the information gathered accounts for local similarities and changes. As a result, the overall picture describing the macro system changes is difficult to obtain.

20、 Moreover, if chunks of code migrate via copy/remove or cut-and-paste among modules or subsystems, the duplicated code may not be easily distinguished from freshly developed one.第19頁(yè)第19頁(yè)4.3.1.3 文獻(xiàn)回顧組織形式一、與作者研究論文關(guān)系密切程度 Indeed, only few papers have studied the evolution of similar code fragments among

21、 several versions of the same software system 1,19. As a software system evolves, new code fragments are added, certain parts deleted, modified or remain unchanged, thus giving raise to an overall evolution difficult to represent by fine-grained similarity measures.第20頁(yè)第20頁(yè)4.3.1.3 文獻(xiàn)回顧組織形式二、依照時(shí)間順序排列

22、參考文獻(xiàn) 例 4-4 Karim and Kundu (1991) considered the surface response of an orthotropic half plane with a horizontal subsurface crack due to a surface pulse. Datta et al. (1992) investigated the scattering of impact waves by a crack in a composite plate. Recently, Rajapakse and Gross (1995) examined the

23、 response of an orthotropic elastic medium with a circular cavity due to transient pressurization. 第21頁(yè)第21頁(yè)4.3.1.3 文獻(xiàn)回顧組織形式三、依照要討論參考資料不同類別把所要討論參考資料分為幾個(gè)不同類別。當(dāng)作者有很多參考資料需要討論時(shí)，常采取此種形式。在分類之后，又能夠采取上述形式1或2來引述各類中文件。在下面例 4-5 中，作者把要引述參考資料分為兩類：“Free generalized thermoelastic waves”和“Guided waves”，然后針對(duì)這兩類資料各采取依

24、照時(shí)間次序組織形式加以引述。第22頁(yè)第22頁(yè)4.3.1.3 文獻(xiàn)回顧組織形式三、依照要討論參考資料不同類別 例4-5 Free generalized thermoelastic waves have been considered in isotropic media by Puri (1973,1975), Agarwal(1979), and Tao and Prevost(1984). Guided waves were considered by several researchers. Nayfeh and Nemat-Nasser(1971), sinha and Sinha(1

25、975), and Agarwal(1978) studied thermoelastic Rayleigh waves. In contrast, little work has been conducted on thermoelastic waves in layered and/or composite media. 第23頁(yè)第23頁(yè)4.3 文獻(xiàn)回顧（環(huán)節(jié)二）4.3.2 文獻(xiàn)回顧慣用句型 文獻(xiàn)回顧中句子通?？煞譃橄铝兴姆N：資料導(dǎo)向引述；研究領(lǐng)域普通描述；多作者導(dǎo)向引述；論文作者導(dǎo)向引述。 每一類型都有特定句型，且其動(dòng)詞使用特定期態(tài)。第24頁(yè)第24頁(yè)4.3.2 文獻(xiàn)回顧慣用句型4.3.2

26、.1 資料導(dǎo)向引述 文獻(xiàn)回顧第一個(gè)句子經(jīng)常敘述與研究論文內(nèi)容相關(guān)普通事實(shí)，這種句子稱為“資料導(dǎo)向引述”。 In some climates, control of house dust mite allergen loads has been found to be possible by seasonal regulation of indoor relative humidity 2. (mite：虱蟲、螨； allergen：過敏原)第25頁(yè)第25頁(yè)4.3.2 文獻(xiàn)回顧慣用句型4.3.2.1 資料導(dǎo)向引述 在資料導(dǎo)向引述句子中，最慣用時(shí)態(tài)是普通現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完畢時(shí)。另外，有時(shí)會(huì)用普通過去時(shí)

27、來陳說過去事件或事實(shí)。 Low-threshold MUs were found to show periods of inactivity in combination with direct recruitment of MUs of higher thresholds. (1999) ( threshold：域、臨界點(diǎn)；MUs：機(jī)組；in combination with：與.結(jié)合；recruitment：重振)第26頁(yè)第26頁(yè)4.3.2 文獻(xiàn)回顧慣用句型4.3.2.2 研究領(lǐng)域普通描述此種句子內(nèi)容通常是大家公認(rèn)事實(shí)，因此普通而言不需要引述任何參考文獻(xiàn)。普通使用現(xiàn)在完畢時(shí)態(tài)，并經(jīng)常采用被

28、動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 第27頁(yè)第27頁(yè)4.3.2 文獻(xiàn)回顧慣用句型4.3.2.2 研究領(lǐng)域普通描述表4-1 研究程度描述原則句型之一研究程度動(dòng)詞（現(xiàn)在完畢時(shí)，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）主題MuchLittleWorkresearchhas been carried out onhas been performed onfuzzy voltage stability analysis.MuchLittleattentionhas been devoted to has been focused onthe heterogeneous distillation.ManySeveralstudieshave been cond

29、ucted onhave been published onthe effect of delamination in flat laminates.第28頁(yè)第28頁(yè)4.3.2 文獻(xiàn)回顧慣用句型4.3.2.2 研究領(lǐng)域普通描述表4-2 研究程度描述原則句型之二主題動(dòng)詞（現(xiàn)在完 成時(shí)，積極語(yǔ)態(tài)）研究程度時(shí)間（可有可無）The documentary structure of source codehas been the focus of a great deal of researchin recent years.in the last decade.The effects of densi

30、ty fluctuations on the changes of azimuthhave attractedmuch attentionmuch interestlittle attention第29頁(yè)第29頁(yè)4.3.2 文獻(xiàn)回顧慣用句型4.3.2.2 研究領(lǐng)域普通描述表4-3 研究程度描述原則句型之三主題動(dòng)詞（現(xiàn)在完畢時(shí)，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）及研究程度時(shí)間（可有可無）The documentary structure of source codehas been widely discussedhas been thoroughly investigatedsince 1992.in recent

31、years.The effects of densityfluctuations on the changes of azimuthhave been extensively examinedhave seldom been discussedsince 1992.in the last decade.第30頁(yè)第30頁(yè)4.3.2 文獻(xiàn)回顧慣用句型4.3.2.2 研究領(lǐng)域普通描述 尚有一個(gè)常見句型是使用“There has been”和“There have been”結(jié)構(gòu)來指出對(duì)某個(gè)問題研究程度。There has been much research on the documentary s

32、tructure of source code.There have been many studies on the documentary structure of source code.第31頁(yè)第31頁(yè)4.3.2 文獻(xiàn)回顧慣用句型4.3.2.3 多作者導(dǎo)向引述在文獻(xiàn)回顧開始時(shí)或在文獻(xiàn)回顧中新段落開始時(shí)，作者能夠使用一個(gè)句子來討論兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上學(xué)者曾經(jīng)做過研究工作。此種句子稱為“多作者導(dǎo)向引述”。采用現(xiàn)在完畢時(shí)。 第32頁(yè)第32頁(yè)4.3.2 文獻(xiàn)回顧慣用句型4.3.2.3 多作者導(dǎo)向引述表4-4 多作者導(dǎo)向引述慣用句型之一多作者動(dòng)詞（現(xiàn)在完畢時(shí)，積極語(yǔ)態(tài)）主題參考文獻(xiàn)Many inves

33、tigatorsSeveral researchersA number of authorsFew writershave studiedhave investigated have examinedhave reported onhave consideredthe fast decoupled continuation power flows.3,4,5,7第33頁(yè)第33頁(yè)4.3.2 文獻(xiàn)回顧慣用句型4.3.2.3 多作者導(dǎo)向引述表4-5 多作者導(dǎo)向引述慣用句型之二主題動(dòng)詞（現(xiàn)在完畢時(shí)，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）多作者參考引述The effects of devices such as VDTshave

34、been studied/ explored / consideredby several /few authors by many investigators(Forman,1986;McGee,1988)第34頁(yè)第34頁(yè)4.3.2 文獻(xiàn)回顧慣用句型4.3.2.3 多作者導(dǎo)向引述表4-6 多作者導(dǎo)向引述慣用句型之三多作者動(dòng)詞（現(xiàn)在完畢時(shí)，積極語(yǔ)態(tài)）That研究結(jié)果參考引述Several researchershave found /shown /reportedthatmuscle aches and joint pain can be reduced by the use of adjus

35、table workstation furniture(Kleeman,1988; Roberts,1990)第35頁(yè)第35頁(yè)4.3.2 文獻(xiàn)回顧慣用句型4.3.2.4 主要作者導(dǎo)向引述表4-7 作者導(dǎo)向引述慣用句型之一作者姓及文獻(xiàn)年代動(dòng)詞（普通過去時(shí)，積極語(yǔ)態(tài)）That研究結(jié)果Hedge(1982)showed/foundreported/notedsuggested/observedpointed outthatthe open office caused too many disturbances and distractions. 把某個(gè)學(xué)者姓作為句子主語(yǔ)，通常使用普通過去時(shí)態(tài)。而被引

36、述學(xué)者研究結(jié)果，則在動(dòng)詞后面名詞從句中加以敘述。 第36頁(yè)第36頁(yè)4.3.2 文獻(xiàn)回顧慣用句型4.3.2.4 主要作者導(dǎo)向引述 另外一個(gè)表示辦法，即第一句只描述某個(gè)學(xué)者研究活動(dòng)，第二句才敘述研究結(jié)果。這兩個(gè)句子主要?jiǎng)釉~都應(yīng)使用普通過去時(shí)態(tài)。表4-8 作者導(dǎo)向引述慣用句型之二作者姓及文獻(xiàn)年代動(dòng)詞（普通過去時(shí)，積極語(yǔ)態(tài)）主題第二句為作者導(dǎo)向引述Lee(1999)studiedexaminedinvestigatedexploredconsideredthe effect of environmental conditions on frost formation.He found that 第37

37、頁(yè)第37頁(yè)4.3.3 從句中動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)4.3.3.1 從句中資料為普遍有效事實(shí) 在作者導(dǎo)向引述和有些多作者導(dǎo)向引述復(fù)合句子中，主句中動(dòng)詞通常使用普通過去時(shí)，而從句時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)視句子表示內(nèi)容而定。 表4-9 賓語(yǔ)從句使用普通現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)作者姓及文獻(xiàn)年代動(dòng)詞（普通過去時(shí)）That研究結(jié)果（普通現(xiàn)在時(shí)）Marks(1932)showedfoundnotedpointed outthatwater boils at 100.Gorden(2)the gravity of the largest moon affects the orbits of the other moons.第38頁(yè)第38頁(yè)4.3.3 從句中動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)4.3.3.1 從句中資料為普遍有效事實(shí) 如其它學(xué)者曾經(jīng)提出辦法或技術(shù)，已成為一個(gè)原則辦法或技術(shù)，或者現(xiàn)在仍有些人使用，則此從句能夠用普通現(xiàn)在時(shí)。而主句用普通過去時(shí)，闡明提出辦法或技術(shù)是該學(xué)者過去行為。表4-10 定語(yǔ)從句使用普通現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)