Maxwell超級(jí)電容課件

1、特卡特培訓(xùn)By:麥克斯維爾技術(shù) - 圣地亞哥特卡特培訓(xùn)By:About Maxwell電容器制造始于1965maxwell生產(chǎn)設(shè)施：歐美及亞洲麥克斯維爾是創(chuàng)新、高能效儲(chǔ)存及能源輸送解決方案的領(lǐng)先開(kāi)發(fā)者及生產(chǎn)者認(rèn)證:ISO 9001:2000ISO/TS 16949ISO 9002About Maxwell電容器制造始于1965認(rèn)證:ISOTable of Content什么時(shí)候我可以用超級(jí)電容?什么事超級(jí)電容?超級(jí)電容市場(chǎng)超級(jí)電容應(yīng)用規(guī)范你的系統(tǒng)Sizing your SystemSizing Examples超級(jí)電容系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)指引摘要Table of Content什么時(shí)候我可以用超級(jí)電容?什

2、么時(shí)候我可以用超級(jí)電容?需要高度可靠后備電力的應(yīng)用。1-60秒短時(shí)橋接電力，用于轉(zhuǎn)換到第二個(gè)電源或順序關(guān)閉很好地補(bǔ)償瞬時(shí)嚴(yán)重電壓凹陷的優(yōu)質(zhì)電力針對(duì)大瞬時(shí)高峰或電能浪涌的電力緩沖器什么時(shí)候我可以用超級(jí)電容?需要高度可靠后備電力的應(yīng)用。電力 vs 能量電力和能源有什么不同?電力 vs 能量電力和能源有什么不同?應(yīng)用模型應(yīng)用模型Peak Power Shaving超級(jí)電容提供尖峰電力 .可獲得電力需要的電力超級(jí)電容尖峰電力削減尖峰電力Peak Power Shaving超級(jí)電容提供尖峰電力 .Back-Up Power Support超級(jí)電容提供尖峰電力.還有后備電力.需要的電力可獲得的電力超級(jí)電容

3、后備電力后備電力Back-Up Power Support超級(jí)電容提供尖峰電什么是超級(jí)電容?什么是超級(jí)電容?超級(jí)電容的性能特性超級(jí)電容的表現(xiàn)在傳統(tǒng)電容器和電化學(xué)單元之間.快充快放能力高可逆過(guò)程, 10萬(wàn)個(gè)周期能力比單元低僅有單元能力的10% 能量比電解電容更高出色的低溫表現(xiàn)超級(jí)電容的性能特性超級(jí)電容的表現(xiàn)在傳統(tǒng)電容器和電化學(xué)單元之間什么是超級(jí)電容?C = er A/dd最小化A最大化E = 1/2 CV2電解質(zhì)金屬箔電解質(zhì)ECDL分離器 超級(jí)電容是: 100年的老技術(shù), 因現(xiàn)代材料而加強(qiáng) 基于電解質(zhì)的極化、高表面積電極及極小的充電點(diǎn)和分離 也就是電化學(xué)雙層電容電極 電解質(zhì)ECDL分離器什么是超

4、級(jí)電容?C = er A/d電解質(zhì)金屬箔電解質(zhì)ECD技術(shù)比較技術(shù)比較技術(shù)比較 (page 2)0,010,1110100100010100100010000動(dòng)力或電力密度/W/kg能量密度/Wh/kg雙層電容器10h1h0,1h36sec3,6sec0,36sec36msec鉛酸單元 Ni/CdLi-單元Al-ElcoU/C燃料單元技術(shù)比較 (page 2)0,010,11101001000超級(jí)電容 vs 單元技術(shù)超級(jí)電容 vs 單元技術(shù)超級(jí)電容市場(chǎng)超級(jí)電容市場(chǎng)超級(jí)電容市場(chǎng)超級(jí)電容全球市場(chǎng)消費(fèi)品數(shù)碼相機(jī)PDA玩具記憶備份應(yīng)急電源UPS風(fēng)力發(fā)電工業(yè)固定式燃料單元自動(dòng)化/機(jī)器人運(yùn)輸電動(dòng)巴士/卡車(chē)發(fā)

5、動(dòng)機(jī)啟動(dòng)輕量電動(dòng)車(chē)當(dāng)?shù)仉娏﹁F路超級(jí)電容市場(chǎng)超級(jí)電容全球市場(chǎng)消費(fèi)品數(shù)碼相機(jī)PDA玩具記憶備份已有產(chǎn)品 Available Products含水電解質(zhì): ESMA, Elit, Evan, Skeleton Technologies and Tavrima優(yōu)勢(shì):高電解導(dǎo)電率不需緊密密封以隔離 低環(huán)境影響弱勢(shì):低分解電壓 (1.23V)窄的工作區(qū)間(水的冰點(diǎn))有機(jī)電解質(zhì): Maxwell Technologies, Panasonic, EPCOS, Ness Capacitors, ASAHI GLASS優(yōu)勢(shì):高分解電壓寬的工作電壓弱勢(shì):低電解導(dǎo)電率需要緊密密封，隔離濕氣已有產(chǎn)品 Availabl

6、e Products含水電解質(zhì): 超級(jí)電容應(yīng)用超級(jí)電容應(yīng)用應(yīng)用汽車(chē) 14/42 V系統(tǒng) HEV 電力子系統(tǒng)牽引Traction 回復(fù)制動(dòng) 電壓穩(wěn)定 柴油機(jī)啟動(dòng)工業(yè) 電力質(zhì)量 Pitch systems Actuators消費(fèi)電子 AMR PDAs 數(shù)碼相機(jī) 對(duì)講機(jī) 掃描器 玩具小單元大單元應(yīng)用汽車(chē)牽引Traction工業(yè)消費(fèi)電子小單元大單元電力機(jī)車(chē)包制動(dòng)能源收集柴油機(jī)啟動(dòng)今日市場(chǎng)風(fēng)電廠風(fēng)漿系統(tǒng)突發(fā)電力Burst power小單元應(yīng)用Digital cameras, AMR, Actuators, Memory boards牽引工業(yè)消費(fèi)者 電力機(jī)車(chē)包制動(dòng)能源收集今日市場(chǎng)風(fēng)電廠風(fēng)漿系統(tǒng)突發(fā)電力Bu

7、Maxwell超級(jí)電容課件儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng): 基站或在車(chē)上時(shí)間 t11號(hào)車(chē)剎車(chē) 儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)儲(chǔ)存剎車(chē)能量時(shí)間 t22號(hào)車(chē)加速 儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)放出能量SITRAS SES - 解決方案優(yōu)勢(shì): 通過(guò)減少一次能源消耗降低成本應(yīng)用: 交替送出儲(chǔ)存的剎車(chē)能量，用于車(chē)輛再加速解決方案: 可以提供基站式或車(chē)上儲(chǔ)存系統(tǒng)儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng): 時(shí)間 t1時(shí)間 t2SITRAS SES - SITRAS SES - 益處SITRAS SES - 益處龐巴迪運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)的MITRAC MITRAC energy saver龐巴迪運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)的MITRAC MITRAC energy s柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的啟動(dòng) by Stadler柴油引擎車(chē)輛用的超級(jí)電容模塊

8、電壓平衡的結(jié)實(shí)構(gòu)造 容易放大以適應(yīng)額外的啟動(dòng)電力 容易與現(xiàn)有機(jī)殼集成 容易使用，免維護(hù)柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的啟動(dòng) by Stadler柴油引擎車(chē)輛用的超級(jí)電風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)變槳系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)代風(fēng)力渦輪機(jī) 由三葉可變速 渦輪構(gòu)成 獨(dú)立的機(jī)電 推動(dòng)裝置 控制和調(diào)節(jié) 旋翼槳葉最新技術(shù) uses the wind not only to produce wind energy but also for its own safety 風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)變槳系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)代風(fēng)力渦輪機(jī)變槳系統(tǒng)儲(chǔ)能裝置每個(gè)變槳系統(tǒng)配有一個(gè)超級(jí)電容緊急供電裝置超級(jí)電容因如下原因代表著一個(gè)理想的應(yīng)急供能系統(tǒng)：提高了安全水平高可靠性效率可擴(kuò)展性75 V, 81 F 超級(jí)

9、電容模塊4 模塊串聯(lián)驅(qū)動(dòng)300 V 3-5 MW風(fēng)電場(chǎng)的變槳距系統(tǒng) 開(kāi)關(guān)盒包含2600F的超級(jí)電容變槳系統(tǒng)儲(chǔ)能裝置75 V, 81 F 超級(jí)電容模塊開(kāi)關(guān)盒能量單元驅(qū)動(dòng)的叉車(chē)裝有能量單元的叉車(chē)單元系統(tǒng)級(jí)超級(jí)電容模塊BOOSTCAP module:48 BCAP0010112 V, 55 F40 kW 尖峰電力能量單元驅(qū)動(dòng)的叉車(chē)BOOSTCAP module:超級(jí)電容在汽車(chē)上的應(yīng)用 Distributed energy modules are located at the actuator level in the vehicle control hierarchy in close proxim

10、ity to the actuator power driver (should be within 18”).超級(jí)電容在汽車(chē)上的應(yīng)用 Distributed energy帶超級(jí)電容的能量單元超級(jí)電容已被接受為燃料單元普通儲(chǔ)能方式之一每一個(gè) 全球主要車(chē)廠都在測(cè)試燃料單元 作為傳動(dòng)動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)的替代方案之一。所有值得關(guān)注的 燃料單元公司正在用或在試驗(yàn)采用超級(jí)電容作為系統(tǒng)的集成部分.多家 主要汽車(chē)廠聲明了將帶超級(jí)電容的燃料單元作為他們的基本系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)。本田和現(xiàn)代已經(jīng)公開(kāi)，其它和我們合作的還沒(méi)有。“利用超級(jí)電容使我們獲得了能效優(yōu)勢(shì)，油門(mén)響應(yīng)and throttle responsiveness over

11、competitors that are pursuing the hybrid batteryfuel cell model”本田汽車(chē)公司帶超級(jí)電容的能量單元超級(jí)電容已被接受為燃料單元普通儲(chǔ)能方式之Sizing Your SystemSizing Your System數(shù)據(jù)表數(shù)據(jù)表數(shù)據(jù)表數(shù)據(jù)表如何檢測(cè)超級(jí)電容檢測(cè)超級(jí)電容你需要:雙向電源 (supply/load) OR separate power supply and programmable load (constant current capable) voltage vs. time measurement and recordin

12、g device (digital scope or other data acquisition) 電容和電阻Capacitance and Resistance:電容Capacitance = (Id * td)/(Vw - Vf) = (Id * td)/VdESR = (Vf - Vmin)/Id Vw = initial working voltage Vmin = minimum voltage under loadId = discharge current Vf = voltage 5 seconds after removal of load.td = time to dis

13、charge from initial voltage to minimum voltage如何檢測(cè)超級(jí)電容檢測(cè)超級(jí)電容你需要:基本公式電容的定義:C = Q/V (1)Charge = current * time: Q = I*t C = I*t/V (1a) Solving for voltage:V = I*t/C (2)動(dòng)態(tài)電壓:dV/dt = I/C (3)儲(chǔ)存能源E = C*V2 (4)At initial voltage Vo,Eo = C*Vo2At final voltage Vf,Ef = C*Vf2Delivered energy = Eo Ef E = C*(Vo2

14、Vf2) (5)基本公式電容的定義:C = Q/V (1)Charge電壓 & 電流 vs. 時(shí)間C = 15 farad; Resr = 100 milliohmVo = 48V; I = 30A-5-4-3-2-10123456789101112131415Time (sec)20253035404550Voltage (V)05101520253035404550Current (A)- Resr+C-iVoltageCurrentVoVminVfV = Q/CdVesr = I*ResrdV/dt = I/C ; dV = I*dt/CdVtotal = I*dt/C + I*Resr

15、E = C*(Vo2 Vf2)電壓 & 電流 vs. 時(shí)間C = 15 farad; Re基本模型Series/Parallel configurationsChanges capacitor size; profiles are the same串聯(lián)配置Series configurationsCapacitance decreases, Series Resistance increasesCs=Ccell/(#of cells in series)Rs=Rcell*(# of cells in series)平行配置Parallel configurationsCapacitance i

16、ncreases, Series Resistance decreasesCP=Ccell*(# of cells in parallel)RP=Rcell/(# cells in parallel)受控電流Use output current profile to determine dV/dtdV = I * (dt/C + ESR)受控電力Several ways to look at this:Pterm = I*Vcap I2*ESR (solve quadratic for I)I = Vcap - sqrt(Vcap2-4*ESR*Pterm)/(2*ESR)Solve for

17、dV/dt as in current-controlledJ=W*s=1/2CV2 Solve for C.基本模型Series/Parallel configurat帶單個(gè)儲(chǔ)能裝置的應(yīng)用Applications in which little total energy is required (i.e. memory backup)Possibly used with other energy sourcesShort duration, high power (i.e. pulse transmit)Long duration, low power (i.e UPS backup)Opp

18、ortunities for high charge rates (i.e toys)帶單個(gè)儲(chǔ)能裝置的應(yīng)用Applications in whic帶兩個(gè)儲(chǔ)能裝置的應(yīng)用Power vs. Energy design tradewhen using two components單原件與雙原件的比對(duì)Engines/Fuel cells/Batteries/Solar Arrays are energy rich/power poor (or poor response)Size these components for enough energy, system may be limited in

19、powerSize these components for power, system may have surplus of energyUltracapacitors are power rich/energy poorSize an ultracapacitor for enough energy, system may have a surplus of powerSize an ultracapacitor for power, system may be limited in energy雙元件Two componentsA primary source for energy;

20、Ultracapacitor for powerRequires appropriate definition of peak power vs. continuous power帶兩個(gè)儲(chǔ)能裝置的應(yīng)用Power vs. Energy des超級(jí)電容的老化Unlike batteries, Ultracapacitors do not have a hard end of life criteria.Ultracapacitors degradation is apparent by a gradual loss of capacitance and a gradual increase in

21、resistance.End of life is when the capacitance and resistance is out of the application range and will differ depending on the application.Therefore life prediction is easily done.超級(jí)電容的老化Unlike batteries, Ultra電容和 ESR vs 頻率電容和 ESR vs 頻率C and ESR Temperature DependencyC and ESR Temperature DependenBC

22、AP 自放電BCAP 自放電BCAP 循環(huán)能力BCAP 循環(huán)能力BCAP Cycling500000 cycles between 1.8 and 2.7 V, 100 AESR (1 Hz) increase 140 % (0.49 to 0.79 mOhm Capacitance decrease 38 % (2760 to 1780 F), 30% compared to rated capacitanceBCAP Cycling500000 cycles betBCAP 直流壽命 DC LifeCapacitance and ESR variation at U, T = 40 CBC

23、AP 直流壽命 DC LifeCapacitance BCAP DC Life Capacitance and ESR variation at U, T = 65 CBCAP DC Life Capacitance and E選型舉例選型舉例 Example sizing1) 定義系統(tǒng)需要15 W delivered for 10 seconds10V max; 5V min2) 確定總能量需求: J=WS=10W*10sec=150Ja) Determine Capacitance based on:J=1/2CV2b) Substitute the energy from above:1

24、50J=1/2C(Vmax2-Vmin2)c) Solve for C:C=300/(102-52)=4F3) 加20-40% 安全余量以覆蓋I2R 損失Csystem = 4.8F4) 計(jì)算串聯(lián)組中需要多少個(gè)單元 (因?yàn)樽罡邌卧妷?= 2.5V)10V/2.5V = 串聯(lián)組中需要4個(gè)單元5) Calculate cell-level capacitanceC = Csys * # of series cells = 4.8F* 4 = 19.2F per 2.5V “cell”6) 計(jì)算并聯(lián)單元的數(shù)量 (我們將假定一個(gè)10F單元)# in parallel = 19.2/10F = 2 x

25、 10F cells in parallel Example sizing1) 定義系統(tǒng)需要產(chǎn)品策略產(chǎn)品策略可提供的產(chǎn)品組合Enhance application cost effectiveness by filling the product portfolio ladder - Initial focus: MC Series3000 F2600F2000 F1500 F1200 F650 F電力梯級(jí)3000 F2600F2000 F1500 F1200 F650 F能源梯級(jí)11個(gè)新的超級(jí)電容單元可提供的產(chǎn)品組合Enhance application coMC系列用新產(chǎn)品組合 能源Ene

26、rgy電力Power29個(gè)新產(chǎn)品MC系列用新產(chǎn)品組合 能源Energy電力Power29個(gè)新設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)超級(jí)電容系統(tǒng)的指引設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)超級(jí)電容系統(tǒng)的指引超級(jí)電容單元的平衡為什么要有單元平衡?Achieve cell to cell voltage balanceAccounts for variations in capacitance and leakage current, initial charge and voltage dependent on capacitance, sustained voltage dependent on leakage currentReduces voltag

27、e stress on an individual cellIncrease overall reliability of the individual cells超級(jí)電容單元的平衡為什么要有單元平衡?超級(jí)電容單元的平衡如何進(jìn)行單元平衡?Resistor method, resistor placed in parallel, resistor value calculated at 10 x leakage current for slow balance, 100 x for faster balance, good for low cycle when efficiency or sta

28、nd by loss not an issueSurface Mount Resistor for low duty cycle application超級(jí)電容單元的平衡如何進(jìn)行單元平衡?Surface Moun超級(jí)電容單元的平衡Active method, use semiconductors to limit or balance voltage between cells, best for high duty cycle or when efficiency and stand by loss from leakage current are important, highest ce

29、ll reliability option Active cell to cell balance circuit超級(jí)電容單元的平衡Active method, use se單元平衡Low capacitance,high leakage cellNote high and low points;low capacitance cell1.5 hours of Vehicle cycling ( 200A) 低成本 Scalable balance current 10mA, 300mA circuits 很低的quiescent current (20A) No on/off require

30、d 模塊化安裝 N cells requires N-1 circuits 電壓獨(dú)立2600F cells; 4 in Series300mA balancer for 50 & 60mm cells10mA balancer for 5F & 10F cells單元平衡Low capacitance,high leak單元平衡Three cells with one cell balancing resistor removed:單元平衡Three cells with one cell 超級(jí)電容的并組為什么要并組?Ensure proper mechanical stressEnsure

31、robust low resistance interconnectEnsure proper electrical isolationEnsure proper thermal considerationsEnsure agency complianceIncrease overall cell reliabilityReduce or eliminate maintenance requirements超級(jí)電容的并組為什么要并組?電容單元的并組如何并組單元?Care should be taken for the electrical interconnect, a few key gui

32、delines to follow:Do not over torque. Over torque at the terminals may cause internal failure of contact points. For example, the Maxwell BCAP specification is 100 in.-lbsUse similar conductor metal interconnect bus bars to eliminate galvanic corrosion.Good surface to surface contact will reduce int

33、er-cell resistance, reducing voltage drop and temperature stress電容單元的并組如何并組單元?How to Package Cells?Cell to cell spacing should take into consideration two key points and can be accomplished by the design of the interconnect or the cell balancer:Depending on the cell some part of the outer case may be electrically the same as one of the terminals, ensure electrical isolation and watch for